Native American art, the visual art of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas, often called American Indians. For a further discussion of the visual art of the Americas produced in the period after European contact, see Latin American art. The very use of the word art suggests one of the basic

Indian sculpture, the sculptural traditions, forms, and styles of the civilizations of the Indian subcontinent. A brief treatment of Indian sculpture follows. For full treatment, see South Asian arts: Indian sculpture. Sculpture was the favoured medium of artistic expression on the Indian

Indian Shaker Church, Christianized religious movement among Northwest American Indians. It is not connected with the Shaker communities developed from the teachings of Ann Lee. In 1881 near Olympia, Washington, John Slocum, a Squaxon logger and a baptized Roman Catholic, reported that he had

continental shield: …rocks are termed, appropriately, the Indian Shield, the Australian Shield, and the Antarctic Shield.

canna: Edible canna, or Indian shot (Canna indica), and achira (C. discolor) have edible starchy rhizomes and are grown agriculturally in some places; the latter is sometimes listed as a synonym of C. indica.

otter: 6 pounds) in the Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus, formerly Amblonyx cinereus) to 26 kg (57 pounds) in the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) and 45 kg (99 pounds) in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Fur colour is various shades of brown with lighter underparts.

equatorial current: There is, however, an Indian South Equatorial Current. Flowing westerly with the trades north of latitude 22° S, it divides to form the East Africa Coastal Current, moving northward, and a south-flowing stream. The latter passes by Madagascar as the Mozambique (west) and Mascarene currents, which become the Agulhas…

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Indian space agency, founded in 1969 to develop an independent Indian space program. Its headquarters are in Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), Karnataka. ISRO’s chief executive is also chair of the Indian government’s Space Commission and the secretary of

Indian cobra, (Naja naja), species of highly venomous snake in the cobra family (Elapidae). It is one of the so-called “big four” species of snakes that inflict the majority of snakebites in India, the other three being the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), the saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus),

spitting cobra: Species, range, and conservation status: Some populations of the monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia), or Indian spitting cobra, have also surprised herpetologists with the ability to spit venom, though at a much smaller angle as compared with other spitting cobras. These snakes are found in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Coos: …populated, was known as the Republic of Indian Stream in 1832–40. Principal industries are tourism and the manufacture of paper products and plastics. Area 1,801 square miles (4,664 square km). Pop. (2000) 33,145; (2010) 33,055.

Tenjiku, (Japanese: “Indian Style”), one of the three main styles of Japanese Buddhist architecture in the Kamakura period (1192–1333). The style is impressive for the size and multiplicity of its parts. Its unique and most characteristic feature is the elaborate bracketing of beams and blocks

Indian subcontinent, subregion of Asia, consisting at least of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, and other areas may also be included in some uses of the term, which is frequently, but not always, interchangeable with the term South Asia. The region was called simply

Indian summer, period of dry, unseasonably warm weather in late October or November in the central and eastern United States. The term originated in New England and probably arose from the Indians’ practice of gathering winter stores at this time. This autumn warm period also occurs in Europe,

Robert Motherwell: …of elegant calligraphy, while “Indian Summer, #2” (1962–64) combines the bravura brushwork typical of Abstract Expressionism with the broad areas of evenly applied colour characteristic of the then-emerging Colour Field Painting style. By the end of the decade, paintings in his “Open” series (1967–69) had abandoned Abstract Expressionism in…

Sri Lanka: Ethnic composition: …descendants from southeastern India) and Indian Tamils (recent immigrants from southeastern India, most of whom were migrant workers brought to Sri Lanka under British rule). Slightly more than one-eighth of the total population belongs to the former group. Muslims, who trace their origin back to Arab traders of the 8th…

Indian Territory, originally “all of that part of the United States west of the Mississippi, and not within the States of Missouri and Louisiana, or the Territory of Arkansas.” Never an organized territory, it was soon restricted to the present state of Oklahoma, excepting the panhandle and Greer

Bengal tiger, (subspecies Panthera tigris tigris), subspecies of tiger (Pantheria tigris) inhabiting the hot and humid forests, and wetlands of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal. The Bengal tiger’s appearance is distinguished from other tiger subspecies by its orange coat accented by prominent

Indian time zone, time zone in India observing Indian Standard Time (IST)—five and a half hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)—based on the Indian standard meridian (82°30′ E), which passes through Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. IST is the sole time zone observed in India across its vast

Indian tobacco, (species Lobelia inflata), annual plant of the family Campanulaceae, native to open woodlands of North America. It was once considered a medicinal plant because of the emetic alkaloid present in the plant parts, especially the roots, but is now regarded as poisonous. The Indian

Stockbridge, town (township), Berkshire county, western Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Housatonic River in the Berkshire Hills, 12 miles (19 km) south of Pittsfield. In 1737 John Sergeant and Timothy Woodbridge chartered a Christian mission on the site, which became known as Indian Town.

jack-in-the-pulpit, (species Arisaema triphyllum), a North American plant of the arum family (Araceae), noted for the unusual shape of its flower. The plant is native to wet woodlands and thickets from Nova Scotia to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas. It is a stoutish perennial, 1 to 2.5

vulture: Old World vultures: …(Sarcogyps calvus), often called the Pondicherry vulture or the Indian (black) vulture, is an Old World vulture ranging from Pakistan to Malaysia. It is about 75 cm (30 inches) long and has a wingspan of about 2.7 metres (8.9 feet). It is black with white down on the breast and…

Plains Wars, series of conflicts from the early 1850s through the late 1870s between Native Americans and the United States, along with its Indian allies, over control of the Great Plains between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The initial major confrontation, sometimes known as the

Indio, city, Riverside county, southern California, U.S. Located in the Coachella Valley, Indio lies between Palm Springs (northwest) and the Salton Sea (southeast). The area was originally inhabited by Cahuilla Indians and was the site of Spanish and Mexican exploration in the late 18th century;

dhole, (Cuon alpinus), wild Asian carnivore of the dog family (Canidae), found in central and southeastern wooded areas and distinguished structurally by the lack of one pair of lower molars. Its length ranges between 76 and 100 cm (30 and 40 inches), exclusive of the 28–48-centimetre (11–19-inch)

The decades following India’s independence in 1947 were a formative period for science in the country. Laboratories were established, disciplines took shape, and research began to align with national needs. Women were among those working across medicine, engineering, and other sciences,

Dioscoreaceae: bulbifera); and yampee, or cush-cush (D. trifida).

Natalie Curtis Burlin: …publication in the field was The Indians’ Book (1907), which enjoyed two later editions and remains a vital source book for students and scholars of the subject. The lore and music in the book were drawn from 18 tribes, mainly those of the Southwest but also some groups from as…

Monarda, genus of 12 North American plants variously known as bergamot, horsemint, and bee balm, belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae), order Lamiales. The flowers are red, rose, lavender, yellow, or white; tubular; two-lipped; and in clusters surrounded by leaflike bracts. M. fistulosa, growing

Cenozoic Era: Geologic processes: …formed some time after the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate. These lofty mountains marked the culmination of the great uplift that occurred during the late Cenozoic when the Indian Plate drove many hundreds of kilometres into the underbelly of Asia. They are the product of the low-angle underthrusting…

crested swift: A widespread species is the crested tree swift (Hemiprocne longipennis), ranging from Southeast Asia eastward to the Celebes. It is about 20 cm (8 inches) long and has pale blue-gray upperparts, dark brown wings and tail, and reddish cheeks. The 29-centimetre-long whiskered tree swift (H. mystacea) of Southeast Asia is…

Indiana, county, west-central Pennsylvania, U.S., bounded to the south by the Conemaugh River. It consists of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau that rises to the Allegheny Mountains in the southeast and is drained by Crooked, Yellow, Two Lick, Blacklick, and Little Mahoning creeks. Other

Indiana, constituent state of the United States of America. The state sits, as its motto claims, at “the crossroads of America.” It borders Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, Kentucky to the south, and Illinois to the west, making it an integral part of the

Indiana, borough (town), seat of Indiana county, west-central Pennsylvania, U.S., in the foothills of the Allegheny Mountains, 46 miles (74 km) northeast of Pittsburgh. Settled about 1764, it was laid out in 1805 on land donated for a county seat by George Clymer of Philadelphia, a signer of the

George Sand: …new pseudonym, George Sand, for Indiana, a novel in which Sandeau had had no part. That novel, which brought her immediate fame, is a passionate protest against the social conventions that bind a wife to her husband against her will and an apologia for a heroine who abandons an unhappy…

DePauw University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Greencastle, Ind., U.S., 40 miles (64 km) west of Indianapolis. It is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. Strictly an undergraduate university, DePauw offers a curriculum in the liberal arts and sciences as well as

Magnoliales: Fruit: …fruits are referred to as Indiana bananas). An alcoholic beverage may be made from the fruit.

white nose syndrome: Future impacts and management: …bat (Myotis lucifugus), the endangered Indiana bat (M. sodalis), and the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). The disease has since been detected in other species, several of which are endangered. However, more than 20 bat species found in the contiguous United States and Canada hibernate and, therefore, presumably are susceptible…

Indiana University, state system of higher education consisting of the campuses in Bloomington (main), Gary (known as Northwest), South Bend, Kokomo, New Albany (known as Southeast), and Richmond (known as East), as well as schools operated in cooperation with Purdue University at Fort Wayne (known

Indiana Dunes, area of sand dunes, woodlands, wetlands, and other environments located on the southern shore of Lake Michigan in northwestern Indiana, U.S. Much of the region is within Indiana Dunes National Park, which includes Indiana Dunes State Park. The national park extends almost 25 miles

Indiana Fever, American professional basketball team based in Indianapolis that plays in the Eastern Conference of the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA). The team has won three conference titles (2009, 2012, and 2015) and one WNBA championship (2012). The Fever joined the WNBA as an

Indiana Jones, American film character, an archaeologist and adventurer featured in a series of popular movies. The film Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), set in 1936, introduced Dr. Henry (“Indiana”) Jones, a young professor of archaeology and history at fictional Marshall College, whose

Antonio Banderas: Later films: The Legend of Zorro and Pain and Glory: In 2023 Banderas appeared in Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny, which also starred Harrison Ford and Phoebe Waller-Bridge. His credits from 2024 include the erotic drama Babygirl, in which he played the husband of a CEO (Nicole Kidman) who pursues her sexual fantasies, and the family film Paddington…

Cate Blanchett: Hepburn, Dylan, and Academy Awards: …Irina Spalko in Steven Spielberg’s Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), another addition to the series of action-adventure films following the dashing archaeologist. In 2008 she also starred opposite Brad Pitt in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, a drama about a man who ages backward.…

Steven Spielberg: Commercial success: …closed out the 1980s with Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) and Always (1989), an adaptation of the 1943 film A Guy Named Joe. Although Indiana Jones was a hit, Always failed to find an audience.

Steven Spielberg: Commercial success: After directing Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), Spielberg adapted Alice Walker’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Color Purple (1985). The film explores an African American woman’s almost unbearably harsh, yet ultimately fulfilling, life. Color was roundly criticized for downplaying the novel’s lesbian element, for perpetuating…

Valparaiso University, private, coeducational institution of higher education in Valparaiso, Ind., U.S. It is affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. It grants associate, bachelor’s, master’s, and professional degrees. The college of arts and sciences is the largest academic division,

Indiana Pacers, American professional basketball team based in Indianapolis that plays in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). While playing in the American Basketball Association (ABA), the Pacers won three league championships (1970, 1972, 1973). The franchise was

Indiana University, state system of higher education consisting of the campuses in Bloomington (main), Gary (known as Northwest), South Bend, Kokomo, New Albany (known as Southeast), and Richmond (known as East), as well as schools operated in cooperation with Purdue University at Fort Wayne (known

Indianapolis: The contemporary city: 5-foot (87-metre) Indiana Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Monument. The Indiana War Memorial Plaza (1927) is a five-block area just to the north that honours the state’s war dead and includes the American Legion National Headquarters building. The State Capitol (1878–88), just west of the circle, is constructed of…

Indiana University of Pennsylvania, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Indiana, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is part of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. The university comprises the Eberly College of Business and colleges of Education, Fine Arts, Health and Human

Indianapolis: The contemporary city: The Indiana State Fairgrounds, with more than 55 permanent buildings, including the Art Deco-style Pepsi Coliseum (1939), is a focus of trade and social activities. The annual state fair (August) attracts large crowds, as do the Indiana Black Expo Summer Celebration (July) and the Indy Jazz…

Indiana State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Terre Haute, Ind., U.S. It comprises colleges of arts and sciences, business, education, nursing, technology, and health and human performance and a graduate school. The university offers a range of undergraduate

Ball State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning located in Muncie, Ind., U.S. The university comprises the colleges of applied sciences and technology, sciences and humanities, fine arts, architecture and planning, communication, information, and media, and business as

Indiana State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Terre Haute, Ind., U.S. It comprises colleges of arts and sciences, business, education, nursing, technology, and health and human performance and a graduate school. The university offers a range of undergraduate

William Henry Harrison: Early years: …governor of the newly created Indiana Territory, which comprised, until 1809, a much larger area than the present state of Indiana. He would serve as governor for 12 years. In 1803 Harrison also became a special commissioner charged with negotiating with Native Americans “on the subject of boundary or lands.”…

Indiana University, state system of higher education consisting of the campuses in Bloomington (main), Gary (known as Northwest), South Bend, Kokomo, New Albany (known as Southeast), and Richmond (known as East), as well as schools operated in cooperation with Purdue University at Fort Wayne (known

Indiana University of Pennsylvania, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Indiana, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is part of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. The university comprises the Eberly College of Business and colleges of Education, Fine Arts, Health and Human

Fort Wayne: …Indiana Institute of Technology (1930), Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne (1917), and the University of St. Francis (1890). The Lincoln Library and Museum houses a large collection of Abraham Lincoln memorabilia. The Embassy Theatre (1928), a vaudeville and movie palace of mixed Spanish and Italianate design, hosts the city’s philharmonic…

Indiana: Education: …Terre Haute in 1865, and Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), which is Indiana’s major urban university campus. IUPUI was founded in 1969 as a collaboration between Indiana and Purdue universities; the institution is managed by Indiana University. IUPUI began to show especially rapid growth in the 1980s, and by the…

Indianapolis: The contemporary city: The Indiana War Memorial Plaza (1927) is a five-block area just to the north that honours the state’s war dead and includes the American Legion National Headquarters building. The State Capitol (1878–88), just west of the circle, is constructed of Indiana limestone and has a central…

In 1916, the centennial of Indiana statehood, the Daughters of the American Revolution held a flag design competition. The winning design, by Paul Hadley, was approved as the “state banner” on May 31, 1917. The flag is defined by law as having design elements in either gold or buff, although in

Robert Indiana was an American artist who was a central figure in the Pop art movement beginning in the 1960s. The artist spent his childhood in and around Indianapolis. After military service, he attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago on the G.I. Bill and graduated in 1953 with a

USS Indianapolis, U.S. Navy heavy cruiser that was sunk by a Japanese submarine on July 30, 1945, shortly after delivering the internal components of the atomic bombs that were later dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Up to 900 men initially survived the sinking, but many succumbed to shark

Indianapolis, city, seat (1822) of Marion county and capital of Indiana, U.S. It lies on the White River at its confluence with Fall Creek, near the centre of the state. The city is built on a level plain surrounded by low, gently sloping hills. It is a planned municipality, its layout resembling

Indianapolis 500, U.S. automobile race held annually from 1911, except for the war years 1917–18 and 1942–45. The race, which is 500 miles (800km), is always run at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, a suburban enclave of Indianapolis, Indiana. Known as “The Greatest Spectacle in Racing,” it

More than 100 drivers have won the Indianapolis 500 an iconic automobile race at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, a suburban enclave of Indianapolis, Indiana. The race has been held annually since 1911, except for the war years 1917–18 and 1942–45, and it occurs over the U.S. holiday

Jeff Gordon: …year he won the inaugural Brickyard 400, the first major stock-car race held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, and in 1995 claimed his first season points championship. During the 1997 season Gordon became the youngest driver to win the sport’s premier event, the Daytona 500, and the first to win…

Oscar Charleston: …in 1954 he guided the Indianapolis Clowns to a Negro World Championship. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1976. The magnitude of Charleston’s accomplishments as a player were obscured for many years as a result of the incompleteness of Negro league statistics. However, research efforts during…

Indianapolis Colts, American professional football team based in Indianapolis that plays in the American Football Conference (AFC) of the NFL. The franchise, originally known as the Baltimore (Maryland) Colts (1953–84), has won three NFL championships (1958, 1959, 1968) and two Super Bowls (1971,

Indianapolis 500: …(800km), is always run at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, a suburban enclave of Indianapolis, Indiana. Known as “The Greatest Spectacle in Racing,” it is considered the premier event of the IndyCar Series. Drawing crowds of several hundred thousand people, the Indianapolis 500 is among the world’s best-attended single-day sporting…

pottery: Faience, or tin-glazed ware: ) Brilliant indianische Blumen (flower motifs that were really Japanese in origin but that were thought to be Indian because the decorated porcelain was imported by the East India companies) were painted in a palette that included a carmine similar to the Chinese overglaze rose (“purple of…

Indianista novel, Brazilian literary genre of the 19th century that idealizes the simple life of the South American Indian. The tone of the Indianista novel is one of languid nostalgia and saudade, a brooding melancholy and reverence for nature. The Indian had appeared as a fictional character in

Indianola, city, Warren county, south-central Iowa, U.S., 17 miles (27 km) south of Des Moines. Founded in 1849 as the county seat, its name was taken from a newspaper account of a Texas town of the same name. The economy is based on feed milling, diversified manufactures (agricultural supplies,

West Indies, crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch

Indo-Aryan languages, subgroup of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. In the early 21st century, Indo-Aryan languages were spoken by more than 800 million people, primarily in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Linguists generally recognize three major

Indic writing systems, writing systems that include the syllabic Kharosthi and semialphabetic Brahmi scripts of ancient India. No systems of writing subsequently developed from the Kharosthi script. Brahmi, however, is thought to be the forerunner of all of the scripts used for writing the

Nearchus: …which is included in Arrian’s Indica (2nd century ad). Nearchus was unable to play any significant role in the struggles following Alexander’s death (323); the statement of a late source that he recovered his former satrapies is doubtful.

origins of agriculture: Early historic period: In his four-volume Indica, he wrote:

horsepower: …sizes, is often expressed as indicated horsepower, which is determined from the pressure in the cylinders. Brake or shaft horsepower is less than indicated horsepower by the amount of power lost to friction within the engine itself, which may amount to 10 percent or more of the indicated horsepower. Electric…

mood: …distinguish grammatically three moods: the indicative, the imperative, and the subjunctive. The indicative is generally used for factual or neutral situations, as in English “John did his work” and Spanish “Juan hizo su trabajo.” The imperative conveys commands or requests—for example, “Do your work.” It is distinguished by the absence…

dirigisme: …dirigisme took the form of indicative planning, which entailed government credit policies and subsidies, developing new technologies, and the regulation of employment overseen by a special planning commission, the Commissariat au Plan. The French government also embarked on ambitious projects, encouraging the formation of national champions in large industry groups,…

United Kingdom: Indicative votes, May’s pledge to resign, a third defeat for her plan, and a new deadline: …in order to hold “indicative votes” on alternative proposals to May’s plan. Eight of those proposals were put to a vote on March 27, but none was able to gain the support of the majority, though a plan to seek to create a “permanent and comprehensive U.K.-wide customs union…

Food and Agriculture Organization: In 1969 the organization published An Indicative World Plan for Agricultural Development, which analyzed the main problems in world agriculture and suggested strategies for solving them. The 1974 World Food Conference, held in Rome during a period of food shortages in the southern Sahara, prompted the FAO to promote programs…

La Belle Dame sans merci: …10, 1820, issue of the Indicator. The poem, whose title means “The Beautiful Lady Without Pity,” describes the encounter between a knight and a mysterious elfin beauty who ultimately abandons him. It is written in the style of a folk ballad, with the first three stanzas a query to the…

chemical indicator, any substance that gives a visible sign, usually by a colour change, of the presence or absence of a threshold concentration of a chemical species, such as an acid or an alkali in a solution. An example is the substance called methyl yellow, which imparts a yellow colour to an

chemical analysis: Potentiometry: The potential of the indicator electrode varies, depending on the concentration of the analyte, while the potential of the reference electrode is constant. Potentiometry is probably the most frequently used electroanalytical method. It can be divided into two categories on the basis of the nature of the indicator electrode.…

ratel: …calls of a bird, the greater, or black-throated, honey guide (Indicator indicator); the ratels break open the bees’ nests to feed on the honey, and the birds in return obtain the remains of the nest. Ratels are strong, fearless fighters but in captivity can become tame and playful. A litter…

indicator species, organism—often a microorganism or a plant—that serves as a measure of the environmental conditions that exist in a given locale. For example, greasewood indicates saline soil; mosses often indicate acid soil. Tubifex worms indicate oxygen-poor and stagnant water unfit to drink.

probability theory: Random variables: …random variable is 1[A], the indicator variable of the event A, which equals 1 if A occurs and 0 otherwise. A “constant” is a trivial random variable that always takes the same value regardless of the outcome of the experiment.

An economic indicator is a statistic that analysts use, along with other indicators, in an attempt to determine the general state of current economic activity and expectations of future activity. Indicators can be grouped into three general categories, depending when each may change relative to

honey guide, any of about 17 species of birds constituting the family Indicitoridae (order Piciformes). The honey guide gets its name from two African species, the greater, or black-throated, honey guide (Indicator indicator) and the scaly-throated honey guide (I. variegatus), that exhibit a unique

Cosmas was a merchant, traveler, theologian, and geographer whose treatise Topographia Christiana (c. 535–547; “Christian Topography”) contains one of the earliest and most famous of world maps. In this treatise, Cosmas tried to prove the literal accuracy of the Biblical picture of the universe,

Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, 1st Baronet: His Indictable Offences Bill (late 1870s), though never enacted in Great Britain, has continued to influence attempts to recast the criminal law of Commonwealth nations and other English-speaking countries.

indiction, in ancient Rome, the fiscal year. During the inflation of the 3rd century ad the Roman government supplied court and army employees by ordering the requisition, or by compulsory purchase (indictio), of food and clothing. Such indictiones were irregular, often oppressive, and inequitable.

indictment, in the United States, a formal written accusation of crime affirmed by a grand jury and presented by it to a court for trial of the accused. The grand jury system was eliminated in England in 1933, and current law there provides for a bill of indictment to be presented to the court when

In March 2023 Donald Trump became the first current or former U.S. president to be charged with a crime. In the months that followed, three additional indictments were filed. In October 2023 Trump also faced a civil charges that grew out of a lawsuit brought by New York’s attorney general. The

Pixies: Subsequent albums included Indie Cindy (2014) and Head Carrier (2016).

History of film: United States: …the emergence of a self-designated independent film movement. Its origins perhaps lay in the perceived diminution of opportunities for personal filmmaking in the post-1970s commercial industry. To take up the slack, organizations such as the Independent Feature Project and the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah, were founded to…