extraterrestrial life: Searching for technical civilizations: …words of Loren Eiseley (from The Immense Journey [1957]),

Theodor Woldsen Storm: …most important early works is Immensee (1850; Eng. trans., 1863), a moving story of the vanished happiness of childhood, which, like so many of his works, is coloured by a haunting nostalgia. As his writing matured his novellas displayed subtler psychological insight, greater realism, and a wider scope of themes—including…

Karl Leberecht Immermann was a dramatist and novelist whose works included two forerunners in German literary history: Die Epigonen as a novel of the contemporary social scene and Der Oberhof as a realistic story of village life. The son of a civil servant, Immermann interrupted his legal studies

immersed tube, technique of underwater tunneling used principally for underwater crossings. The method was pioneered by the American engineer W.J. Wilgus in the Detroit River in 1903 for the Michigan Central Railroad. Wilgus dredged a trench in the riverbed, floated segments of steel tube into

Baptist: Contents: …were led to insist upon immersion as the apostolic form of the rite.

immersion foot, a painful disorder of the foot involving damage to the skin, nerves, and muscle that is caused by prolonged exposure to cold dampness or by prolonged immersion in cold water. See

french fries: …then typically fried in a deep fryer. The oil causes french fries to be high in fat, which is linked to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Flavouring with salt also poses risks to the heart. Amid growing health concerns, many fast-food chains, including McDonald’s, stopped using oil that contains trans fat

microscope: Optics: An immersion objective requires a liquid, usually a transparent oil of the same R.I. as glass, to occupy the space between the object and the front element of the objective.

Robert E. Park: In The Immigrant Press and Its Control (1922), Park argued that foreign-language newspapers would, in the long run, promote assimilation of immigrants. Three volumes of his Collected Papers, edited by Everett C. Hughes and others, were published between 1950 and 1955. The second volume deals with…

The United States, by far, attracts more international migrants than any other country, making it “the top destination in the world” for people seeking a new life in a new country. It has been a focal point of emigration and immigration—leaving one country (emigration) and migrating to another one

immigration, process through which individuals become permanent residents or citizens of another country. Historically, the process of immigration has been of great social, economic, and cultural benefit to states. The immigration experience is long and varied and has in many cases resulted in the

eugenics: Eugenics organizations and legislation: …ultimately led to a new immigration law in 1924 that severely restricted the annual immigration of individuals from countries previously claimed to have contributed excessively to the dilution of American “good stock.”

United States: The Great Society: The Immigration Act of 1965 abolished the discriminatory national-origins quota system. The minimum wage was raised and its coverage extended in 1966. In 1967, social security pensions were raised and coverage expanded. The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Area Redevelopment Act of 1966 provided aid to cities…

Chinese Exclusion Act, U.S. federal law that was the first and only major federal legislation to explicitly suspend immigration for a specific nationality. The basic exclusion law prohibited Chinese labourers—defined as “both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining”—from

Amy Coney Barrett: Federal judgeship: …term “public charge” in the Immigration and Nationality Act (1952), which would greatly reduce the number of immigrants granted admission to or legal permanent residency in the United States, was not unreasonable. Scholarly analyses of her time on the Seventh Circuit found her to be among the most conservative judges…

cybercrime: Counterfeiting and forgery: …had been missed by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). Finally, a 2002 report by the GAO reported that more than 90 percent of certain types of benefit claims were fraudulent and further stated that immigration fraud was “out of control.” Partially in response to these revelations, the INS was…

John Howard: …the early 21st century, illegal immigration also became a key issue in Australia as an increasing number of foreigners sought asylum in the country. Howard’s strict immigration policy, which included a ban on boat refugees, proved popular with Australians and played an important role in his reelection in 2001. In…

Australia: The Chinese: …newly formed government was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. This legislation, known as the “White Australia” policy, was specifically designed to end Asian migration to the country in order to maintain a “white” population. It severely limited the size of Chinese communities in Australia for more than 50 years,…

Immingham, dock system 6 miles (10 km) north of Grimsby, unitary authority of North East Lincolnshire, Eng. It was built in 1912 on the southern shore of the Humber Estuary, where the deep water enabled vessels to enter and leave unaided at all levels of the tide. The docks have more than 9,000

mineral deposit: Immiscible melts: …of magmatic segregation involves liquid immiscibility. A cooling magma will sometimes precipitate droplets of a second magma that has an entirely different composition. Like oil and water, the two magmas will not mix (i.e., they are immiscible). The chemical principle governing precipitation of an immiscible liquid is the same as…

The Immoralist, novella by André Gide, published as L’Immoraliste in 1902, one of the tales Gide called récits. Inspired by Nietszchean philosophy, Gide undertook the work as an examination of the point at which concern for the self must be superseded by moral principles based on empathy for

Aharon Appelfeld: …Life), Bartfus ben ha-almavet (1988; The Immortal Bartfuss), Katerinah (1989; Katerina), Mesilat barzel (1991; “The Railway”), and Unto the Soul (1994). Beyond Despair: Three Lectures and a Conversation with Philip Roth was published in 1994.

Gary Oldman: Sid and Nancy, JFK, and Hannibal: …of Ludwig van Beethoven in Immortal Beloved (1994).

Adolf Anderssen: …games was dubbed the “Immortal Game” because chess players thought that its fame would last forever. Anderssen studied mathematics and philosophy and taught mathematics and German at the Friedrichs Gymnasium.

Rutland Boughton: …was the tuneful Romantic opera The Immortal Hour (1913), which ran for 216 performances in London. His other operas include The Queen of Cornwall (1924), The Lily Maid (1934), and Galahad (1944). With Reginald Buckley, his partner in the Glastonbury scheme, he published a book, The Music Drama of the…

Iron Fist: …in yet another new comic, The Immortal Iron Fist (2006–09). The series, created by writers Ed Brubaker and Matt Fraction and featuring the distinctively dynamic art of David Aja, revealed that K’un-L’un was just one of the “capital cities of Heaven” and that each was championed by a martial artist…

immortal jellyfish, (Turritopsis dohrnii), species of tiny, translucent, jellyfish-like invertebrate animals of the phylum Cnidaria, which is renowned for its ability to evade death by cycling repeatedly between its polyp and medusa forms. The immortal jellyfish is not a true jellyfish, however, as

Oprah Winfrey: The Oprah Winfrey Show and films: …in the HBO TV movie The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (2017), portraying the daughter of a woman whose cancerous cells were, unbeknownst to her and her family, used in research that led to numerous scientific advances. Winfrey then appeared as Mrs. Which in the 2018 film adaptation of Madeleine…

Anna Pavlova: …included in a compilation called The Immortal Swan, together with some extracts from her solos filmed one afternoon in Hollywood, in 1924, by the actor Douglas Fairbanks, Sr.

Irving Stone: …of 19 defeated presidential candidates; Immortal Wife (1944), the story of Jesse Benton Frémont, wife of the explorer John Frémont; President’s Lady (1951), based on the life of Rachel Jackson, wife of the seventh U.S. president; Love Is Eternal (1954), a fictionalized account of the marriage of Mary Todd and…

immortality, in philosophy and religion, the indefinite continuation of the mental, spiritual, or physical existence of individual human beings. In many philosophical and religious traditions, immortality is specifically conceived as the continued existence of an immaterial soul or mind beyond the

Kim Hong-do: …his portrayal of the “Sennin” (“Immortals”), whom he depicts in an unusual heroic style, showing them full-figured and robust.

Henry Cavill: The Tudors and films of the early 2010s: …playing Greek hero Theseus in Immortals (2011) and the son of a CIA agent (played by Bruce Willis) in The Cold Light of Day (2012).

everlasting: …especially the true everlastings, or immortelles, species of the genus Helichrysum. Helichrysum—native to North Africa, Crete, and the parts of Asia bordering on the Mediterranean—is cultivated in many parts of Europe. The immortelles have one or more whorls of dry, scalelike or membranous bracts (leaves borne below flowers) that preserve…

Alain Robbe-Grillet: …pictures he directed, among them L’Immortelle (1963; “The Immortal”), Trans-Europ-Express (1966), and L’Homme qui ment (1968; The Man Who Lies). His best-known work in the medium, however, is the screenplay for Alain Resnais’s film L’Année dernière à Marienbad (1961; Last Year at Marienbad). Ultimately, Robbe-Grillet’s work raises questions

real and personal property, a basic division of property in English common law, roughly corresponding to the division between immovables and movables in civil law. At common law most interests in land and fixtures (such as permanent buildings) were classified as real-property interests. Leasehold

blood group: The importance of antigens and antibodies: Immune antibodies are evoked by exposure to the corresponding red cell antigen. Immunization (i.e., the production of antibodies in response to antigen) against blood group antigens in humans can occur as a result of pregnancy, blood transfusion, or deliberate immunization. The combination of pregnancy and…

immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), class of drugs that enhance the ability of the immune system to detect and attack cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are so-named because they block proteins known as checkpoints, which normally help regulate the immune system by preventing it from

immunodeficiency, defect in immunity that impairs the body’s ability to resist infection. The immune system may fail to function for many reasons. Primary immunodeficiency disorders—many of which are inherited, being caused by a genetic defect—are usually evident early in life. Secondary

blood transfusion: Transfusion procedures and blood storage: Exchange transfusion is a procedure in which much or all of a patient’s blood is gradually removed and replaced with donor…

immune system: Interferons: beta interferon by fibroblasts, and gamma interferon by natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (killer T cells). All interferons inhibit viral replication by interfering with the transcription of viral nucleic acid. Interferons exert additional inhibitory effects by regulating the extent to which lymphocytes and other cells express certain important…

allergy: …effects are the result of antibody-antigen responses (i.e., they are the products of B-cell stimulation). These can be divided into three basic types.

Baruj Benacerraf: …development of the concept of immune response (Ir) genes, which control the immune system’s ability to respond to antigens (infectious agents or foreign materials that enter the body). More than 30 Ir genes were subsequently found, and that genetic material was determined to be part of the major histocompatibility complex,…

antiserum, blood serum that contains specific antibodies against an antigen (foreign agent), such as an infective organism or poisonous substance. Antibodies in antiserum work by detecting and subsequently neutralizing antigens. Antiserums are produced in animals, most commonly horses, sheep, oxen,

therapeutics: Immunoglobulins: Immune serum globulin (ISG), obtained from the plasma of a pool of healthy donors, contains a mixture of immunoglobulins, mainly IgG, with lesser amounts of IgM and IgA. It is used to provide passive immunity to a variety of diseases such as measles, hepatitis A,…

cancer: Immune surveillance: …small tumors is known as immune surveillance.

immune system, the complex group of defense responses found in humans and other advanced vertebrates that helps repel disease-causing organisms (pathogens). Immunity from disease is actually conferred by two cooperative defense systems, called nonspecific, innate immunity and specific, acquired (or

immune system disorder, any of various failures in the body’s defense mechanisms against infectious organisms. Disorders of immunity include immune deficiency diseases, such as AIDS, that arise because of a diminution of some aspect of the immune response. Other types of immune disorders, such as

immune system disorder: Type III hypersensitivity: Type III, or immune-complex, reactions are characterized by tissue damage caused by the activation of complement in response to antigen-antibody (immune) complexes that are deposited in tissues. The classes of antibody involved are the same ones that participate in type II reactions—IgG…

immunity, in biology, the ability of the body to prevent or defeat infection from invading microorganisms or parasites. This protection relies on the coordinated actions of the immune system. The body defends itself against infection through two main types of immunity: innate (or natural) and

immunity, in law, exemption or freedom from liability. In England and the United States legislators are immune from civil liability for statements made during legislative debate. They are also immune from criminal arrest, although they are subject to legal action for crime. French law and practice

immunization, process by which resistance to disease is acquired or induced in plants and animals. This discussion focuses on immunization against infectious diseases specifically in humans. Active immunization via the administration of vaccines is one of the most cost-effective public health

biochemistry: Blood: …their interrelationship is known as immunochemistry.

blood: Lymphocytes: …to foreign substances is called immunologic competence (immunocompetence). Immunologic competence, which begins to develop during embryonic life, is incomplete at the time of birth but is fully established soon after birth. If an antigen is introduced into a person’s body before immunologic competence has been established, an immune response will…

biochemistry: Blood: …their interrelationship is known as immunochemistry.

immunodeficiency, defect in immunity that impairs the body’s ability to resist infection. The immune system may fail to function for many reasons. Primary immunodeficiency disorders—many of which are inherited, being caused by a genetic defect—are usually evident early in life. Secondary

antigen: …the antigen directly—is called an immunogen.

human genetics: Immunogenetics: Immunity is the ability of an individual to recognize the “self” molecules that make up one’s own body and to distinguish them from such “nonself” molecules as those found in infectious microorganisms and toxins. This process has a prominent genetic component. Knowledge of the…

antibody, a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen. Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens in order to remove them from the body. A wide range of substances are regarded by the body as antigens, including

blood transfusion: Transfusion-induced immune reactions: These patients, described as IgA-deficient because they do not make IgA, can have a severe allergic reaction characterized by anaphylaxis with vascular collapse, severe drop in blood pressure, and respiratory distress. This problem can be treated by using washed red cells to remove the remaining plasma containing IgA or…

antibody: Antibody structure and classes: IgA, IgD, and IgE. The classes of antibody differ not only in their constant region but also in activity. For example, IgG, the most common antibody, is present mostly in the blood and tissue fluids, while IgA is found in the mucous membranes lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal…

mesothelioma: Diagnosis and subtypes of mesothelioma: …requires that a battery of immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests be performed on each tumour to determine whether it is mesothelioma or perhaps another type of tumour that has spread to the thoracic or abdominal cavity. IHC uses colorimetric antibodies directed at proteins on the surfaces of cells. A pattern of both…

immunologic blood test, any of a group of diagnostic analyses of blood that employ antigens (foreign proteins) and antibodies (immunoglobulins) to detect abnormalities of the immune system. Immunity to disease depends on the body’s ability to produce antibodies when challenged by antigens.

blood: Lymphocytes: …to foreign substances is called immunologic competence (immunocompetence). Immunologic competence, which begins to develop during embryonic life, is incomplete at the time of birth but is fully established soon after birth. If an antigen is introduced into a person’s body before immunologic competence has been established, an immune response will…

human disease: Autoimmune disorders: …state is referred to as immunologic ignorance. Autoimmune diseases arise when this mechanism fails and self-reactive lymphocytes are activated by self-antigens in the host’s own tissues, often with devastating effects. Systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroiditis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of this type of disorder.

lymphocyte: Types and functions of lymphocytes: These cells account for immunologic “memory,” a more rapid, vigorous response to a second encounter with the same antigen.

allergy: …effects are the result of antibody-antigen responses (i.e., they are the products of B-cell stimulation). These can be divided into three basic types.

immune system, the complex group of defense responses found in humans and other advanced vertebrates that helps repel disease-causing organisms (pathogens). Immunity from disease is actually conferred by two cooperative defense systems, called nonspecific, innate immunity and specific, acquired (or

immunology, the scientific study of the body’s resistance to invasion by other organisms (i.e., immunity). In a medical sense, immunology deals with the body’s system of defense against disease-causing microorganisms and with disorders in that system’s functioning. The artificial induction of

rapamycin: It acts specifically on FK-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), a substance commonly referred to as an immunophilin because it binds to immunosuppressive drugs. In turn, the rapamycin-FKBP12 complex binds to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase (an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other molecules) that plays a…

plant disease: Technological advances in the identification of pathogenic agents: …microscopy have been applied to immunosorbent electron microscopy, in which the specimen is subject to an antigen-antibody reaction before observation and scanning tunneling microscopy, which provides information about the surface of a specimen by constructing a three-dimensional image.

immunosuppressant, any agent in a class of drugs that is capable of inhibiting the immune system. Immunosuppressants are used primarily to prevent the rejection of an organ following transplantation and in the treatment of autoimmune disease disease. Among the agents that are most effective for

immunosuppression, reduction in the ability of the immune system to defend against disease or infection. Immunosuppression may be induced by certain diseases, such AIDS, lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or type 1 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, suppression of immunity often occurs as a

immunosuppressant, any agent in a class of drugs that is capable of inhibiting the immune system. Immunosuppressants are used primarily to prevent the rejection of an organ following transplantation and in the treatment of autoimmune disease disease. Among the agents that are most effective for

immunotherapy, medical treatment in which the body’s own cells or chemicals are used to help the natural immune response work against disease. Immunotherapy is mainly used in the treatment of cancer, though it is also sometimes used to treat autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy leverages the ability

weather forecasting: Establishment of weather-station networks and services: …1880 they had formed the International Meteorological Organization (IMO).

Imo, state, southern Nigeria. Imo is bordered by the states of Anambra to the north, Abia (until 1991 part of Imo state) to the east, and Rivers to the south and west. The British first entered the territory in 1901, when they established a military post in the region. Imo consists of coastal

International Maritime Organization (IMO), United Nations (UN) specialized agency created to develop international treaties and other mechanisms on maritime safety; to discourage discriminatory and restrictive practices in international trade and unfair practices by shipping concerns; and to reduce

antidiarrheal drug: such as codeine and loperamide (Imodium), and anticholinergic drugs, such as dicyclomine and atropine, may be used to slow intestinal motility and to relieve pain associated with abdominal cramping. The opiate derivative diphenoxylate typically is given with atropine in a combination marketed as Lomotil. Although opioids carry a risk…

Cymbeline: …Britain, decides that his daughter, Imogen, must marry his horrid stepson Cloten. When Cymbeline learns that Imogen is secretly married to Posthumus, he banishes Posthumus, who heads for Rome. In a conversation with a villainous Italian, Iachimo, Posthumus finds himself drawn unwisely into betting Iachimo that Imogen’s fidelity to her…

clay mineral: Imogolite and allophane: Imogolite is an aluminosilicate with an approximate composition of SiO2 · Al2O3 · 2.5H2O. This mineral was discovered in 1962 in a soil derived from glassy volcanic ash known as “imogo.” Electron-optical observations indicate that imogolite has a unique morphological feature of…

Imola, town and episcopal see, Emilia-Romagna regione, northern Italy. Imola lies along the Santerno River, southeast of Bologna. Its Forum Cornelii was a station on the Roman road Via Aemilia. The town was devastated in the 6th century by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I but was rebuilt and

rimu, (Dacrydium cupressinum), coniferous timber tree of the family Podocarpaceae, native to New Zealand. The rimu tree may attain a height of 45 metres (150 feet) or more. The wood is reddish brown to yellowish brown, with a distinctive figuring, or marking, of light and dark streaks. It is made

Imhotep was a vizier, sage, architect, astrologer, and chief minister to Djoser (reigned c. 2592–c. 2566 bce), the first king of Egypt’s third dynasty, who was later worshipped as the god of medicine in Egypt and in Greece, where he was identified with the Greek god of medicine, Asclepius. He is

Robert Kahn: …group that designed the network’s Interface Message Processor, which would mediate between the network and each institution’s host computer. Second, and perhaps more important, in 1972 Kahn helped organize the first International Conference on Computer Communication, which served as the ARPANET’s public debut.

collision, in physics, the sudden, forceful coming together in direct contact of two bodies, such as, for example, two billiard balls, a golf club and a ball, a hammer and a nail head, two railroad cars when being coupled together, or a falling object and a floor. Apart from the properties of the

meteorite crater: The impact-cratering process: Craters with megaterraces are called impact basins.

meteorite crater, depression that results from the impact of a natural object from interplanetary space with Earth or with other comparatively large solid bodies such as the Moon, other planets and their satellites, or larger asteroids and comets. For this discussion, the term meteorite crater is

impact event, collision of astronomical objects. Most collisions involve asteroids, comets, or meteoroids colliding with larger objects, such as planets or moons. Most impact events involve relatively small objects, but others involve large objects ranging from 100 metres (300 feet) to many

forging: Impact forging is essentially hammer forging in which both dies are moved horizontally, converging on the workpiece. Counterblow forging is similar, except that the dies converge vertically. A principal advantage of these last two methods is that the two dies mutually absorb energy, eliminating the…

bomb: Guidance and arming: Impact fuzes, historically the most common type, are set in the bomb’s nose and detonate upon impact, setting off the main charge. A time fuze, by contrast, acts after a controlled delay. Another type, the proximity fuze, senses when a target is close enough to…

bomb: Guidance and arming: Impact fuzes, historically the most common type, are set in the bomb’s nose and detonate upon impact, setting off the main charge. A time fuze, by contrast, acts after a controlled delay. Another type, the proximity fuze, senses when a target is close enough to…

impact injury, the damage caused by the collision of a body with a moving or stationary object. Impact injuries can occur in any accident involving moving vehicles, such as automobiles, motorcycles, and trains, parachute landings, seat ejections, aircraft crashes, rocket accelerations and

mass spectrometry: Electron bombardment: Electron impact has remained the most widely used method of ionization in mass spectrometry. It is subject to problems common to the arc: an almost total lack of selectivity as to the chemical element ionized and, to a lesser extent, the production of ions with degrees…

collective behavior: Impact and stocktaking period: In disasters such as floods and some hurricanes there is a distinctly long period of impact, which can be separated from a subsequent period of stocktaking or immobility. In earthquakes and explosions, on the other hand, the impact is so brief…

information processing: Printers: …they produce images on paper: impact and nonimpact. In the first type, images are formed by the print mechanism making contact with the paper through an ink-coated ribbon. The mechanism consists either of print hammers shaped like characters or of a print head containing a row of pins that produce…

impact structure, remains of an ancient meteorite impact on Earth’s surface, generally in the form of a circular scar of crushed and deformed bedrock. Because such telltale features as crater walls, fused silica glass, and meteorite fragments are heavily modified over time by erosion and

impact test, Test of the ability of a material to withstand impact, used by engineers to predict its behaviour under actual conditions. Many materials fail suddenly under impact, at flaws, cracks, or notches. The most common impact tests use a swinging pendulum to strike a notched bar; heights

Earth impact hazard: …depression of surface temperatures—a so-called impact winter—leading to loss of photosynthesizing plant life and worldwide starvation and disease.

wrench: Power or impact wrenches are used for tightening or loosening nuts quickly. They are essentially small handheld electric or pneumatic motors that can rotate socket wrenches at high speed. They are equipped with a torque-limiting device that will stop the rotation of the socket wrench when a…