cystitis: Chronic cystitis: Chronic cystitis, or interstitial cystitis, is a recurrent or persistent inflammation of the bladder. No causative virus or bacterium is known. The condition may possibly arise from an autoimmune disorder, in which the body’s immune system attacks healthy cells of the bladder, or as a…

headache: Tension and chronic daily headaches: Chronic daily headaches have many of the same clinical features as episodic tension-type headaches but occur more often, sometimes on a daily basis. Their most common causes are depression, anxiety, anger, or frustration. Chronic daily headaches may also arise from excessive use of pain medications.…

bronchitis: …two conditions is known as chronic destructive pulmonary disease. Chronic bronchitis is sometimes also caused by prolonged inhalation of environmental irritants or organic substances such as acid vapours or hay dust (see farmer’s lung). In some countries chronic bronchitis is caused by daily inhalation of wood smoke from improperly ventilated…

bronchitis: …a long-standing, repetitive condition, called chronic bronchitis, that results in protracted and often permanent damage to the bronchial mucosa.

Bright disease: Chronic glomerulonephritis usually follows the other two stages, if the affected person survives long enough, but it has been found in a few individuals who apparently have not had previous kidney disease. In this stage the kidney is reduced mostly to scar tissue. It is…

chronic granulomatous disease, a group of rare inherited diseases characterized by the inability of certain white blood cells called phagocytes to destroy invading microorganisms. Individuals born with this defect are vulnerable to many bacterial and fungal infections, particularly Staphylococcus

hepatitis: Other causes: …are similar regardless of the hepatitis virus responsible. Patients may experience a flulike illness, with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, and, less commonly, rash and joint pain. Sometimes jaundice, a

pregnancy: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: …Blood Pressure in Pregnancy: (1) chronic hypertension, (2) preeclampsia and eclampsia, (3) preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension, (4) transient hypertension, and (5) unclassified.

inflammation: Chronic inflammation: If the agent causing an inflammation cannot be eliminated, or if there is some interference with the healing process, an acute inflammatory response may progress to the chronic stage. Repeated episodes of acute inflammation also can give rise to chronic inflammation. The physical…

blood disease: Leukemia: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) occurs most often in people over age 50 and worsens gradually over time. It is mainly characterized by an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood and bone marrow, often accompanied by more or less generalized enlargement of lymph…

human respiratory system: High altitudes: …lose this acclimatization and develop chronic mountain sickness, sometimes called Monge disease, after the Peruvian physician who first described it. This disease is characterized by greater levels of hemoglobin. In Tibet some infants of Han origin never achieve satisfactory acclimatization on ascent to high altitude. A chemodectoma, or benign tumour,…

Gulf War syndrome, cluster of illnesses in veterans of the Persian Gulf War (1990–91). Gulf War syndrome is characterized not by any definable medical condition or diagnostic test but by variable and nonspecific symptoms. While not fatal, it is associated with considerable distress and disability.

blood disease: Leukemia: Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by the appearance in the blood of large numbers of immature white blood cells of the myelogenous series in the stage following the myeloblast, namely, myelocytes. The spleen becomes enlarged, anemia develops, and the affected person may lose weight.…

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), progressive respiratory disease characterized by the combination of signs and symptoms of emphysema and bronchitis. It is a common disease, affecting tens of millions of people and causing significant numbers of deaths globally. Sources of noxious

therapeutics: Pain: Chronic pain serves a less useful function and is often more difficult to treat. Although acute pain requires immediate attention, its cause is usually easily found, whereas chronic pain complaints may be more vague and difficult to isolate.

stress: Types of stress and effects: Chronic stress is characterized by the persistent presence of sources of frustration or anxiety that a person encounters every day. An unpleasant job situation, chronic illness, and abuse incurred during childhood or adult life are examples of factors that can cause chronic stress. This type…

R.E.M.: released Chronic Town, its 1982 debut extended-play recording. Stipe, obsessed with his own passions and hatreds, was a rounded tenor who draped vague words in sonically reassuring cadences, and Buck, with a wider-ranging view of rock, was a guitarist drawn to fun and ideas; they met…

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), degenerative brain disease typically associated with repetitive trauma to the head. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) originally was known as dementia pugilistica, a term introduced in the 1920s and ’30s to describe mental and motor deficits associated

chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), condition in which the veins in the legs no longer efficiently return blood to the heart, causing blood to pool in the lower extremities. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) occurs when one-way valves in veins that lie deep beneath the surface of the skin become

prion: …called mad cow disease), and chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk. For decades physicians thought that these diseases resulted from infection with slow-acting viruses, so-called because of the lengthy incubation times required for the illnesses to develop. These diseases were, and sometimes still are, referred to as slow…

Snoop Dogg: Dr. Dre and Doggystyle: …and on his landmark album The Chronic (both 1992). Snoop’s prominent vocals on the hit singles “Dre Day” and “Nuthin’ but a ‘G’ Thang” fueled a rapid ascent to stardom. His work on the latter single garnered him his first Grammy Award nomination. His own album Doggystyle (1993) became the…

Otto Of Freising: Otto’s Chronica sive historia de duabus civitatibus is a history of the world from the beginning to 1146. Following St. Augustine, it interprets all secular history as a conflict between the civitas Dei (“the realm of God”) and the world; and it views its contemporary period…

Sulpicius Severus: In 400 he wrote Chronica, 2 vol., (c. 402–404), sacred histories from the Creation to his own time but omitting the Gospels; the latter part is a valuable contemporary document, especially for the tragic history of the Priscillianists, followers of an unorthodox Trinitarian doctrine teaching that the Son differs…

Roger Of Hoveden: His Chronica are in two parts: the first is based on Bede’s Ecclesiastical History and Its Continuation by Simeon and Henry of Huntingdon (732–1154), and the second treats the period from 1155 to 1201. This, the lengthy part of the chronicle, is by far the most…

Cornelius Nepos: …of distinguished Romans and foreigners; Chronica (in 3 books), which introduced to the Roman reader a Greek invention, the universal comparative chronology; Exempla (in at least 5 books), which consisted of anecdotes; possibly a universal geography to match the Chronica; and biographies of the elder Cato and Cicero. There survive…

Gervase Of Canterbury: …he began to compile his Chronica, starting with the reign of King Stephen (1135–54). A second history, the Gesta regum, traces in less detail the political and military fortunes of Britain from the 1st century bc to 1209 or 1210. The earlier portions of both works are derivative, but Gervase…

Chronica Hungarorum, the first book printed in Hungary, issued from the press of András Hess in Buda, now Budapest, on June 5, 1473. Hess, who was probably of German origin, dedicated the book to his patron, László Karai, provost of Buda, who had invited him to Hungary from Rome. The first 24 parts

Matthew Paris: His Chronica majora (“Major Chronicles”) incorporates Roger Wendover’s Flores historiarum (“Flowers of History”) and continues it from 1235 to 1259. His other chronicles—the Historia Anglorum (“History of the English”), the Flores historiarum, and the Abbreviatio chronicorum (“Summary of the Chronicles”)—are all abridged from his Chronica majora…

Otto Of Freising: Otto’s Chronica sive historia de duabus civitatibus is a history of the world from the beginning to 1146. Following St. Augustine, it interprets all secular history as a conflict between the civitas Dei (“the realm of God”) and the world; and it views its contemporary period…

Helmold Of Bosau: …who wrote Chronica Slavorum (Chronicle of the Slavs). Completed in about 1172, this work was a history of the lower Elbe River region from about 800 to 1170.

Sebastian Franck: Franck’s major work, Chronica: Zeitbuch und Geschichtsbibel (1531; “Chronica: Time Book and Historical Bible”), is a wide-ranging history of Christianity that seeks to give heresies and heretics their due.

Peter Langtoft: His Chronicle deals with the history of England from the earliest times to the death of Edward I and seems to have as its aim the glorification of that king. The early part relies ultimately upon Geoffrey of Monmouth and other writers, but for the reign…

chronicle, a usually continuous historical account of events arranged in order of time without analysis or interpretation. Examples of such accounts date from Greek and Roman times, but the best-known chronicles were written or compiled in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. These were composed in

Apollodorus of Athens: …known for his Chronika (Chronicle) of Greek history. Apollodorus was a colleague of the Homeric scholar Aristarchus of Samothrace (both served as librarians of the great library in Alexandria, Egypt). Apollodorus left Alexandria about 146 for Pergamum and eventually settled at Athens. The Chronicle, written in the iambic trimeter…

Italy: Cultural developments: …Ezzelino da Romano in his Chronicle. While in exile from Florence in the early 1300s, Dante, the greatest of all Italian poets, completed his towering epic poem, The Divine Comedy. Dante’s literary art found its visual equivalent in the brilliant frescoes of Giotto in Padua (Arena Chapel), Florence (Santa Croce),…

chronicle play, drama with a theme from history consisting usually of loosely connected episodes chronologically arranged. Plays of this type typically lay emphasis on the public welfare by pointing to the past as a lesson for the present, and the genre is often characterized by its assumption of a

Henry V, British dramatic film, released in 1944, that was an adaptation of William Shakespeare’s historical play of the same name. It marks the triumphant directorial debut of Laurence Olivier, who also coproduced and starred in the film. It is widely considered among the best film adaptations of

Ismail Kadare: Fiction: Kronikë në gur (1971; Chronicle in Stone) is an autobiographical novel that is as much about Kadare’s childhood in wartime Albania as about the town of Gjirokastër itself.

cinéma vérité: …Rouch’s Chronique d’un été (1961; Chronicle of a Summer) and Chris Marker’s Le Joli Mai (1963; “The Lovely Month of May”).

Ramón José Sender: Crónica del alba (1966; Before Noon), a series of nine novels published over more than two decades, explores the relationship between social and individual needs. In Las criaturas saturnianas (1968; “The Saturnian Creatures”) and other works Sender explores mythological and mystical subjects.

The Chronicle of Higher Education, independent weekly newspaper devoted to national issues affecting higher education. First published in 1966, the Washington, D.C.-based newspaper quickly became an authoritative source of in-depth news coverage for college administrators, faculty, students, and

Inoue Yasushi: Waga haha no ki (1975; Chronicle of My Mother), his moving and humorous account of his mother’s decline, exemplifies the characteristics of a Japanese poetic diary as well as the classical zuihitsu, a highly personal mode of recording experiences and observations. One of his late novels is Kōshi (1989; Confucius),…

The Primary Chronicle, medieval Kyivan Rus historical work that gives a detailed account of the early history of the eastern Slavs to the second decade of the 12th century. The chronicle, compiled in Kyiv about 1113, was based on materials taken from Byzantine chronicles, west and south Slavonic

Robert Of Gloucester: …with the work called “The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester”—a vernacular history of England from its legendary founding by Brut (Brutus), great-grandson of Aeneas, to the year 1270. It was written, probably around 1300, in rhymed couplets. Two versions exist, and it is now believed that only one part, dealing…

Japanese performing arts: Tokugawa period: Ichinotani futaba gunki (1751; Chronicle of the Battle of Ichinotani) contains a migawari (“child substitution”) scene, typical of puppet history plays, which is, if anything, even more tear-provoking: in response to the wishes of his lord Yoshitsune, General Kumagai slays his own son, so that the son’s head may…

Sir Richard Baker: …British writer and author of A Chronicle of the Kings of England.

Helmold Of Bosau: …who wrote Chronica Slavorum (Chronicle of the Slavs). Completed in about 1172, this work was a history of the lower Elbe River region from about 800 to 1170.

chronicle play, drama with a theme from history consisting usually of loosely connected episodes chronologically arranged. Plays of this type typically lay emphasis on the public welfare by pointing to the past as a lesson for the present, and the genre is often characterized by its assumption of a

Jean Froissart: …poet and court historian whose Chronicles of the 14th century remain the most important and detailed document of feudal times in Europe and the best contemporary exposition of chivalric and courtly ideals.

Raphael Holinshed: …with many illustrations, as the Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande, 2 vol. (dated 1577).

Wole Soyinka: Novels and poetry collections: …Season of Anomy (1973), and Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth (2021), the latter of which drew particular praise for its satirical take on corruption in Nigeria. Upon its release, Soyinka told The Guardian that he had attempted to complete it before the 60th anniversary of…

Tobermory: …published in the 1911 collection The Chronicles of Clovis. This miniature masterpiece about a cool and malicious talking cat who threatens to reveal secrets he has heard at a country party satirizes the pretensions and hypocrisies of Edwardian society. Written in supple prose, this once much-anthologized story epitomizes its author’s…

Raphael Holinshed: …with many illustrations, as the Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande, 2 vol. (dated 1577).

The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of seven children’s books by C.S. Lewis: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (1950), Prince Caspian (1951), The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952), The Silver Chair (1953), The Horse and His Boy (1954), The Magician’s Nephew (1955), and The Last Battle (1956).

Peter Dinklage: …films as Underdog (2007) and The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008).

Jim Broadbent: …in 1950s England, and in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (2005), the film adaptation of the beloved children’s novel by C.S. Lewis. He subsequently appeared in the quirky action-comedy Hot Fuzz (2007) and as King William IV in the historical drama The Young Victoria…

Vin Diesel: …character in two more films, The Chronicles of Riddick (2004) and Riddick (2013).

Chronica Hungarorum, the first book printed in Hungary, issued from the press of András Hess in Buda, now Budapest, on June 5, 1473. Hess, who was probably of German origin, dedicated the book to his patron, László Karai, provost of Buda, who had invited him to Hungary from Rome. The first 24 parts

books of the Chronicles, two Old Testament books that were originally part of a larger work that included the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. These three (Ezra and Nehemiah were one book in the Jewish canon) were the final books of the Hebrew Bible. Together they survey Israel’s history from Adam to

Polish literature: Religious writings: …of these works are the Chronicon, which was compiled about 1113 by a Benedictine known only as Gallus Anonymous, and the Annales seu cronicae incliti regni Poloniae, brought up to 1480 by Jan Długosz, archbishop of Lwów. These two works parallel similar achievements in western Europe. Use of the vernacular…

Regino Von Prüm: …most famous work is his Chronicon in two books: the first, covering the period from Christ’s birth to the year 718, comprises excerpts from previous chronicles, including that of Bede; the second, covering the period from the death of Charles Martel (741) to the year 907, was written by Regino…

Marianus Scotus: Marianus’ Chronicon, written in Germany, maintains that the Paschal calendar dated Christ’s birth 22 years too early. His chronological system never replaced the Paschal calendar, however.

Otto Of Freising: Otto’s Chronica sive historia de duabus civitatibus is a history of the world from the beginning to 1146. Following St. Augustine, it interprets all secular history as a conflict between the civitas Dei (“the realm of God”) and the world; and it views its contemporary period…

Sigebert Of Gembloux: …and chronicler known for his Chronicon ab anno 381 ad 1113, a universal history widely used as a source by later medieval historians, and for his defense (1075) of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV’s role in the Investiture Controversy, the struggle between emperors and popes for control over the investiture…

Adhémar De Chabannes: …Frankish chronicler whose major work, Chronicon Aquitanicum et Francicum (“Chronicle of Aquitaine and France”), traces the history of Aquitaine and of the Franks from the times of the legendary king Pharamond.

Florence Of Worcester: …accepted as the author of Chronicon ex chronicis, which is valuable for late Anglo-Saxon and early post-Conquest history. Its basis is the universal history (from the creation to 1082) compiled by Marianus Scotus, an Irish recluse at Mainz. The author of the Chronicon, like Marianus, was a careful annalist with…

Gilg Tschudi: …importance rests especially on the Chronicon Helveticum, 2 vol. (1734–36), a “Swiss Chronicle” covering the years 1000–1470. Many assiduously collected documents were incorporated in it; others were fabricated, in an attempt to give a coherent and comprehensive chronology. His chronicle was the leading authority until the 19th century, when much…

George Sphrantzes: …what is known as the Chronicon maius (“Great Chronicle”). It was written for the Corfiotes and deals with the last years of the Palaeologi in Constantinople and the Peloponnese, and it shows marked aversion to the Ottomans and the Latins.

Gilles Li Muisis: His two Latin chronicles, Chronicon majus and Chronicon minus, are reasonably trustworthy sources because he was close to political events, harboured prominent persons at his abbey, and had a critical historical view. He drew upon eyewitness testimony and was critical of reported miracles.

Gilles Li Muisis: …Latin chronicles, Chronicon majus and Chronicon minus, are reasonably trustworthy sources because he was close to political events, harboured prominent persons at his abbey, and had a critical historical view. He drew upon eyewitness testimony and was critical of reported miracles.

Pope Joan: …in many manuscripts of the Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum (“Chronicle of the Popes and Emperors”) by the 13th-century Polish Dominican Martin of Troppau. Support for the version that she died in childbirth and was buried on the spot was derived from the fact that in later years papal processions used…

Wilhelm Raabe: …novel, published under his pseudonym, Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse (1857; “The Chronicle of Sperling Street”), which depicts episodes in the lives lived out on one small street. In 1856 Raabe returned to Wolfenbüttel, determined to make a living as a writer. He published a number of novels and story collections,…

George Acropolites: …and statesman, the author of Chronike Syngraphe (“Written Chronicle”), a history of the Byzantine Empire from 1203 to 1261. He also played a major diplomatic role in the attempt to reconcile the Greek and Latin churches.

cinéma vérité: …Rouch’s Chronique d’un été (1961; Chronicle of a Summer) and Chris Marker’s Le Joli Mai (1963; “The Lovely Month of May”).

Georges Chastellain: Only about one-third of his Chronique des ducs de Bourgogne has survived. The chronicle extends, with gaps, from 1419 to 1474. Its interest lies in its description and factual information and in its shrewd assessment of contemporary figures and motives. Chastellain does not hesitate at times to lay blame upon…

Georges Duhamel: In the Pasquier cycle, Duhamel relates the history of a French middle-class family from the 1880s to the 1920s. In this work, critics have found his gifts of humour, sympathy, and observation particularly apparent. Duhamel became a member of the Académie Française in 1935.

François Bonivard: …1542 he began compiling his Chroniques de Genève, a history of Geneva from the earliest times. His manuscript was submitted to the reformer John Calvin for correction in 1551, but it was not published until 1831. He also wrote De l’ancienne et nouvelle police de Genève (1555; “The Old and…

Islamic arts: Skills required of the writer: …to be able to handle chronograms, codes based on the numerical values of a phrase or verse, which, when understood, gave the date of some relevant event. Later writers sometimes supplied the date of a book’s compilation by hiding a chronogram in its title. A favourite device in poetry was…

chronograph, an instrument which can be used to measure elapsed time in terms of split seconds, seconds, or minutes. In addition, some chronographs indicate day, month, year, and phases of the moon on separate dials or openings which are superimposed on the face of the timepiece. A chronograph

church year: Christmas: …(the Chronographer of 354, or Philocalian Calendar), which indicates that the festival was observed by the church in Rome by the year 336.

Slavic religion: Principal divine beings: …6th-century Byzantine writer John Malalas’ Chronographia mentions a god named Svarog. Of all these figures only two, Perun and Svarog, are at all likely to have been common to all the Slavs. In Polish, piorun, the lightning, is derived from the name of Perun, and not vice versa. In the…

Sextus Julius Africanus: Africanus’ greatest work was Chronographiai (221), a five-volume treatise on sacred and profane history from the Creation (which he placed at 5499 bc) to ad 221. Relying on the Bible as the basis of his calculations, he incorporated and synchronized Egyptian and Chaldaean chronologies, Greek mythology, and Judaic history…

applied logic: Temporal logic: Temporal notions have historically close relationships with logical ones. For example, many early thinkers who did not distinguish logical and natural necessity from each other (e.g., Aristotle) assimilated to each other necessary truth and omnitemporal truth (truth obtaining at all times), as well…

primitivism: …erstwhile condition of excellence (chronological primitivism) or holds that salvation lies in a return to the simple life (cultural primitivism). Linked with this is the notion that what is natural should be a standard of human values. Nature may mean what is intrinsic, objective, normal, healthy, or universally valid.…

Ludwig, Ritter von Köchel: …to produce his great catalog, Chronologisch-thematisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amade Mozarts (1862; “Chronological Thematic Catalog of the Collected Musical Works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart”). Unlike most later composers, Mozart did not enumerate his works with a consecutive set of opus numbers, and he had not always dated his compositions;…

chronology, any method used to order time and to place events in the sequence in which they occurred. The systems of chronology used to record human history, which are closely related to calendar systems, vary in scope, accuracy, and method according to the purpose, degree of sophistication, and

al-Bīrūnī: Works: …and extent of coverage, is The Chronology of Ancient Nations, which is devoted to a universal anthropological account of various cultures and which even records the lore of long-dead cultures or of other cultures that were about to disappear. Taken together, these two works preserve the best premodern description of…

The term astronaut is commonly applied to an individual who has flown in outer space. More specifically, astronauts are those persons who went to space aboard a U.S. spacecraft; individuals who first traveled aboard a spacecraft operated by the Soviet Union or Russia are known as cosmonauts, and

Kristen Stewart: Later performances: …her full-length directorial debut with The Chronology of Water (2025), an adaptation of writer Lidia Yuknavitch’s memoir, with Imogen Poots in the lead role. The feature received broadly positive reviews from critics.

chronometer, portable timekeeping device of great accuracy, particularly one used for determining longitude at sea. Although there were a couple of earlier isolated uses, the word was originally employed in 1779 by the English clock maker John Arnold to describe his sensationally accurate pocket

geologic history of Earth: Time scales: …the other is absolute, or chronometric. The chronostratigraphic scale has evolved since the mid-1800s and concerns the relative order of strata. Important events in its development were the realization by English engineer and geologist William Smith that in a horizontal sequence of sedimentary strata what is now an upper stratum…

time: Quantum mechanical aspects of time: …up of discrete intervals (chronons). These suggestions are open to a very serious objection—viz., that the mathematics of quantum mechanics makes use of continuous space and time (for example, it contains differential equations). It is not easy to see how it could possibly be recast so as to postulate…

burlesque: …Henry Carey’s “most tragical tragedy” Chrononhotonthologos (1734) are the outstanding survivals from an age when burlesque was cruelly satirical and often defamatory. The heroic Bombardinion’s lines in the following fragment from Carey’s play resemble the more kindly, punning Victorian burlesque, however:

History of film: Origins: Marey invented the chronophotographic gun, a camera shaped like a rifle that recorded 12 successive photographs per second, in order to study the movement of birds in flight. These images were imprinted on a rotating glass plate (later, paper roll film), and Marey subsequently attempted to project them.…

history of photography: Photography of movement: Étienne-Jules Marey to develop chronophotography. Whereas Muybridge had employed a battery of cameras to record detailed, separate images of successive stages of movement, Marey used only one, recording an entire sequence of movement on a single plate. With Marey’s method, the images of various phases of motion sometimes overlapped,…

Sir Andrew Noble, 1st Baronet: …he applied his invention, the chronoscope, a device for measuring very small time intervals, to determine the velocity of shot in gun barrels. His experiments helped establish the science of ballistics and also led to new types of gunpowder, the redesigning of guns, and new methods of loading. Noble was…

geologic history of Earth: Time scales: One is relative, or chronostratigraphic, and the other is absolute, or chronometric. The chronostratigraphic scale has evolved since the mid-1800s and concerns the relative order of strata. Important events in its development were the realization by English engineer and geologist William Smith that in a horizontal sequence of sedimentary…

cardiovascular drug: Effects on heart function: …heartbeat, or heart rate (chronotropic effects); or they can affect the regularity of the heartbeat (rhythmic effects).

cardiovascular drug: Effects on heart function: …heartbeat, or heart rate (chronotropic effects); or they can affect the regularity of the heartbeat (rhythmic effects).

Saint Clotilda ; feast day June 3) was the queen consort of Clovis I, king of the Franks, in whose momentous conversion to Christianity she played a notable part. Clotilda was the granddaughter of Gundioc, king of Burgundy, who was related to the Visigothic kings and shared their Arian Christian