shrew rat: Natural history: The Philippine striped rats (genus Chrotomys) and the blazed Luzon shrew rat (Celaenomys silaceus) have a stripe running down the back. Fur is generally short, dense, and soft. Its texture is either velvety or woolly, although the prickly coat of the Sulawesi spiny rat (Echiothrix leucura)…

Samit Point, headland and peninsula on the Gulf of Thailand, southwestern Cambodia, forming the western enclosure of shallow Kampong Saom Bay. Behind the cape sits the town of Phumi Samit. Located on the opposite side of the bay is the modern city of Sihanoukville, which is the site of the

Vietnam: Languages: as the Rade (Rhade), Jarai, Chru, and Roglai—speak Austronesian languages, linking them to the Cham, Malay, and Indonesian peoples; others—including the Bru, Pacoh, Katu, Cua, Hre, Rengao, Sedang, Bahnar

pupa, life stage in the development of insects exhibiting complete metamorphosis that occurs between the larval and adult stages (imago). During pupation, larval structures break down, and adult structures such as wings appear for the first time. The adult emerges by either splitting the pupal

algae: Annotated classification: …freshwater; approximately 1,200 species; includes Chrysamoeba, Chrysocapsa, Lagynion, and Ochromonas. Class Dictyochophyceae Predominantly marine flagellates, including silicoflagellates that form skeletons common in diatomite deposits; fewer than 25 described species.

Friedrich Chrysander was a German music historian and critic, whose collection of the works of George Frideric Handel and authoritative writings on many other composers established him as a pioneer of 19th-century musicology. Chrysander’s early career was as a private tutor, but his strong interest

chrysanthemum, (genus Chrysanthemum), genus of about 40 species of flowering plants in the aster family (Asteraceae), native primarily to subtropical and temperate areas of the Old World. Chrysanthemums are especially common in East Asia, where they are often depicted in art, and many are popular

chrysanthemum, (genus Chrysanthemum), genus of about 40 species of flowering plants in the aster family (Asteraceae), native primarily to subtropical and temperate areas of the Old World. Chrysanthemums are especially common in East Asia, where they are often depicted in art, and many are popular

costmary, (Tanacetum balsamita), aromatic perennial herb of the aster family (Asteraceae) with yellow button-shaped flowers. Its bitter, slightly lemony leaves may be used fresh in salads and fresh or dried as a flavouring, particularly for meats, poultry, and English ale. The dried leaves are also

pyrethrum: Species: Dalmation pellitory, or pyrethrum daisy (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium), is daisylike in appearance, with white ray flowers surrounding a yellow centre. The blue-gray leaves are deeply divided. The plant is native to the Balkans and is important commercially as a source of pyrethrin.

Shih Tzu, Tibetan toy dog developed from the Pekingese and the Lhasa Apso and called in Chinese shih-tzu kou (“lion dog”) for its hairy face and often long flowing hair. The lion is a prominent symbol in Buddhism, the religion of Tibet, where the breed was developed more than 1,000 years ago and

oxeye daisy, (Leucanthemum vulgare), perennial plant in the aster family (Asteraceae), commonly grown as an ornamental. The oxeye daisy is native to Europe and Asia and has naturalized in the United States. The plant grows about 60 cm (2 feet) high and has notched oblong leaves and long petioles

gall midge: …Europe and North America the chrysanthemum midge (Diarthronomyia hypogaea) makes small galls in the leaves. The rose midge (Dasyneura rhodophaga) infests the young buds and shoots of roses and is a serious pest in greenhouses but rarely outside. Some other serious pests are the wheat midge, sorghum midge, rice midge,…

tansy: Tansies, especially feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) and costmary (T. balsamita), are sometimes cultivated in herb gardens and are used in traditional medicines in some places. Florists’ pyrethrum (T. coccineum, sometimes Chrysanthemum coccineum) is the source of the organic insecticide pyrethrin.

tansy: Common tansy, or garden tansy (T. vulgare), is sometimes known as golden-buttons and is an invasive species in many places outside its native range.

Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japan’s highest and most exclusive order, established in 1877 by the Meiji emperor, awarded mainly to members of Japan’s royal family and to foreign royalty or heads of state. The order has only one class and is exclusively for men. The badge consists of a white enameled

Byzantine chant: …as too complex, and Archbishop Chrysanthos of Madytos introduced a simplified version that spread through printing and is used in all Greek Orthodox liturgical music books.

Gorgon: …ran from her neck sprang Chrysaor and Pegasus, her two offspring by Poseidon. Medusa’s severed head had the power of turning all who looked upon it into stone. Carved masks of the hideously grotesque type of the Gorgon’s head were used as a protection against the evil eye.

Chrysaora, genus of marine jellyfish of the class Scyphozoa (phylum Cnidaria) that is found in all temperate and tropical seas around the world. The principal species of this jellyfish is Chrysaora hysoscella, also often called the compass jellyfish. The bell-shaped body of this variety is roughly

Chrysaora: …hysoscella, also often called the compass jellyfish. The bell-shaped body of this variety is roughly hemispherical and smooth and measures as much as 200 mm (8 inches) in diameter. Sixteen brown, V-shaped radial markings point to the centre of the bell, typically against a background of cream to yellowish brown,…

Byzantine Empire: The empire at the end of the 5th century: …by the termination of the chrysargyron, a tax in gold paid by the urban classes. If, by way of compensating for the resulting loss to the state, the rural classes had then to pay the land tax in money rather than kind, the mere fact that gold could be presumed…

Comana, ancient city of Cappadocia, on the upper course of the Seyhan (Sarus) River, in southern Turkey. Often called Chryse to distinguish it from Comana in Pontus, it was the place where the cult of Ma-Enyo, a variant of the great west Asian mother goddess, was celebrated with orgiastic rites.

Chryse Planitia, flat lowland region in the northern hemisphere of the planet Mars that was chosen for the landing sites of the U.S. Viking 1 and Mars Pathfinder planetary probes. The Viking 1 lander, which touched down at 22.48° N, 47.97° W, on July 20, 1976, revealed that Chryse Planitia is a

chryselephantine, (from Greek chrysos, “gold,” and elephantinos, “ivory”), type of figural sculpture in which the flesh was made of ivory and the drapery of gold. Statuettes of ivory and gold were produced in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Crete. Chryselephantine statues were made in Greece from

painted turtle, (Chrysemys picta), brightly marked North American turtle (family Emydidae) found from southern Canada to northern Mexico. The painted turtle is a smooth-shelled reptile with a shell about 14 to 18 cm (5.5 to 7 inches) long in adults. The upper shell, which is relatively flat, is

cuckoo wasp, (family Chrysididae), any member of a large and widely distributed family of solitary (non-social) parasitic wasps. All cuckoo wasps are brood parasites, mostly exploiting bee or wasp larvae. More than 1,000 species of the genus Chrysis alone have been described. Read Britannica’s 10

Chrysippus was a Greek philosopher from Soli (Soloi) who was the principal systematizer of Stoic philosophy. He is considered to have been, with Zeno, cofounder of the academy at Athens Stoa (Greek: “Porch”). Credited with about 750 writings, he was among the first to organize propositional logic

Chrysler, American subsidiary of the automotive company Stellantis NV. It was first incorporated as Chrysler Corporation in 1925. It was reorganized and adopted the name Chrysler Group LLC in 2009, and in 2014 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat SpA. In 2021 Fiat Chrysler merged with the

Chrysler Building, office building in New York City, designed by William Van Alen and often cited as the epitome of the Art Deco skyscraper. Its sunburst-patterned stainless steel spire remains one of the most striking features of the Manhattan skyline. Built between 1928 and 1930, the Chrysler

Chrysler, American subsidiary of the automotive company Stellantis NV. It was first incorporated as Chrysler Corporation in 1925. It was reorganized and adopted the name Chrysler Group LLC in 2009, and in 2014 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat SpA. In 2021 Fiat Chrysler merged with the

Chrysler, American subsidiary of the automotive company Stellantis NV. It was first incorporated as Chrysler Corporation in 1925. It was reorganized and adopted the name Chrysler Group LLC in 2009, and in 2014 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat SpA. In 2021 Fiat Chrysler merged with the

Chrysler, American subsidiary of the automotive company Stellantis NV. It was first incorporated as Chrysler Corporation in 1925. It was reorganized and adopted the name Chrysler Group LLC in 2009, and in 2014 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat SpA. In 2021 Fiat Chrysler merged with the

Walter P. Chrysler was an American engineer and automobile manufacturer, founder of Chrysler Corporation. (Read Lee Iacocca’s Britannica entry on Chrysler.) Chrysler was the third of four children of Henry (“Hank”) and Anna Marie (“Mary”) Chrysler. When he was three, his family moved to Ellis,

Walter P. Chrysler was an American engineer and automobile manufacturer, founder of Chrysler Corporation. (Read Lee Iacocca’s Britannica entry on Chrysler.) Chrysler was the third of four children of Henry (“Hank”) and Anna Marie (“Mary”) Chrysler. When he was three, his family moved to Ellis,

Malpighiales: The Chrysobalanaceae group: In Chrysobalanaceae, Balanopaceae, Trigoniaceae, Dichapetalaceae, and Euphroniaceae, each ovary chamber usually has only two ovules, and the seeds have at most slight endosperm. Within this group, Chrysobalanaceae, Trigoniaceae, Dichapetalaceae, and Euphroniaceae are especially close. All have leaf margins that lack teeth; there are often flat, rarely…

coco plum, (species Chrysobalanus icaco), evergreen tree, in the family Chrysobalanaceae, native to tropical America and Africa. The tree, up to 9 m (30 feet) tall, has roundish shiny green leaves and clusters of white flowers. The fruit, up to 4 cm (1.5 inches) long, is a pulpy drupe, sweet but

chrysoberyl, gemstone, beryllium and aluminum oxide (BeAl2O4). A variety that is often cloudy, opalescent, and chatoyant is known as cymophane. Some cymophane, when cut en cabochon (in convex form), comprises the most highly prized cat’s-eye. Alexandrite is a remarkable and valued variety that when

diplomatics: The Roman and Byzantine empire: …century, a simplified form, the chrysobullon sigillion, was used for privileges of lesser importance. It was not signed by the emperor himself but was held to be validated by the insertion, by the emperor, in red ink of the menologema, a statement of month and indiction. It, too, was sealed…

diplomatics: The Roman and Byzantine empire: …form of privilege was the chrysobullos logos, so named because the word logos, meaning the emperor’s solemn word, appeared in it three times, picked out in red ink. Written in the carefully embellished chancery script reserved for the emperor’s personal documents, the text consists of the usual parts—that is, the…

algae: Annotated classification: 1,200 species; includes Chrysamoeba, Chrysocapsa, Lagynion, and Ochromonas. Class Dictyochophyceae Predominantly marine flagellates, including silicoflagellates that form skeletons common in diatomite deposits; fewer than 25 described species. Order Pedinellales

golden mole: Classification and paleontology: Family Chrysochloridae (golden moles) 18 species in 6 genera. Genus Chlorotalpa (African golden moles) 5 species. Genus Ambylosomus (South African golden moles) 4 species. Genus Chrysochloris

golden mole, (order Chrysochloridea), any of 18 species of blind and tailless burrowing insectivores that live in sub-Saharan Africa. They are sufficiently different from other moles and insectivores to constitute their own mammalian order. Golden moles have a cylindrical body, short limbs, and no

algae: Annotated classification: …more fossil coccolithophores known; includes Chrysochromulina, Emiliania, Phaeocystis, and Prymnesium. Class Raphidophyceae (Chloromonadophyceae) Flagellates with mucocysts (mucilage-releasing bodies) occasionally found in freshwater or marine environments; fewer than 50 species; includes Chattonella,

dogbane beetle, (Chrysochus auratus), species of leaf beetle native to eastern North America. It feeds on dogbane and milkweed plants and is toxic to other animals that ingest it. The dogbane beetle is oval, convex, and between about 8 to 11 mm (less than 0.5 inch) in length. One of the most

cobalt milkweed beetle, (Chrysochus cobaltinus), species of leaf beetle found throughout the far western United States. The milkweed beetle is a beautiful dark cobalt blue in color. The cobalt milkweed beetle feeds on milkweed and dogbane plants. It is a close relative of, and a bit shorter than,

woodpecker: The crimson-backed woodpecker (Chrysocolaptes lucidus) is common in open woodlands from India to the Philippine Islands. The green woodpecker (Picus viridis) ranges throughout the woodlands of temperate Eurasia and south to North Africa. The deciduous forests of the southeastern United States are the habitat of the…

chrysocolla, a silicate mineral, hydrated copper silicate, CuSiO3·2H2O, formed as a decomposition product of copper minerals in most copper mines, especially in arid regions. It occurs as crusts or masses in the upper parts of copper ore veins where the copper minerals have been altered by water

maned wolf, (Chrysocyon brachyurus), rare large-eared member of the dog family (Canidae) found in remote plains areas of central South America. The maned wolf has a foxlike head, long reddish brown fur, very long blackish legs, and an erectile mane. Its length ranges from 125 to 130 cm (50 to 52

chrysography, in calligraphy, the art of writing in letters of gold or a piece of calligraphic work so set off. Chrysography perhaps reached its highest perfection in the West during the Middle Ages under the impetus of the 8th- and 9th-century Carolingian literary renaissance, when a number of

dye: Azo dyes: An early commercial success was chrysoidine, which had been synthesized by coupling aniline to m-phenylenediamine; it was the first azo dye for wool and has been in use since 1875.

Aegean civilizations: Period of the Early Palaces in Crete (c. 2000–1700): …just outside the city at Mallia might have been the tomb of the royal clan there. The local inhabitants plundered it during the 19th century, and its modern name—Chrysolakkos (“Gold Hole”)—suggests what they found. A gold cup and jewelry, including elaborate earrings and pendants, acquired by the British Museum in…

chinquapin: …of the genus Castanopsis and Chrysolepis.

chrysoberyl: Chrysoberyl is often mistaken for chrysolite, because of their similar colour, and has been called oriental chrysolite. The name chrysolite, however, should properly be restricted to a pale-green olivine, a silicate mineral that is softer and less dense than chrysoberyl.

Saint Peter Chrysologus ; feast day July 30) was the archbishop of Ravenna, whose orthodox discourses earned him the status of doctor of the church. The title Chrysologus (Golden Orator) was added to his name at a later date, probably to create a Western counterpart to the Eastern patriarch St.

pheasant: …West are two species of ruffed pheasants: Lady Amherst’s (Chrysolophus amherstiae) and the golden pheasant (C. pictus).

pheasant: …ruffed pheasants: Lady Amherst’s (Chrysolophus amherstiae) and the golden pheasant (C. pictus).

aviculture: …rare species, such as the golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and the Chinese silver pheasant (a subspecies of Lophura nycthemera), are maintained primarily in aviaries and zoos, where they are abundant.

Manuel Chrysoloras was a Greek scholar who was a pioneer in spreading Greek literature in the West. The Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus sent him to Italy to get help against the Ottoman Turks. From 1394 onward he travelled in Europe and accompanied Manuel on his tour of the European

leaf beetle, (family Chrysomelidae), any of approximately 35,000 species of beetles that occur throughout the world but are concentrated in the tropics. They are oval-shaped and short-legged, with the antennae about half the body length, and tend to be less than 12 mm (0.5 inch) long. The family

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Mostly wood or plant feeders; body shape very variable; antennae not clubbed. Multiple families, the 2 largest described below. Family Cerambycidae (long-horned beetles) Some large in size; plant feeders; many brightly colored; larval stage usually wood-boring, sometimes cause tree damage; about 25,000

chrysomonad, any aquatic, algaelike, solitary or colonial protozoa of the phytoflagellate (plantlike) order Chrysomonadida. Chrysomonads are minute, have one or two anterior flagella, often near a red eyespot, and contain yellowish or brown pigments in chromatophores. Most chrysomonads are

chrysomonad, any aquatic, algaelike, solitary or colonial protozoa of the phytoflagellate (plantlike) order Chrysomonadida. Chrysomonads are minute, have one or two anterior flagella, often near a red eyespot, and contain yellowish or brown pigments in chromatophores. Most chrysomonads are

blow fly: Major genera and species: Chrysomyia megacephala, which breeds in excrement and decaying material in Pacific and East Asian regions, is an important carrier not only of dysentery but also possibly of jaundice and anthrax. Protocalliphora sucks blood from nestling birds.

flying snake, (genus Chrysopelea), any of five species of nonvenomous snakes constituting the genus Chrysopelea in the family Colubridae. These slender arboreal snakes are found in South Asia and the Indonesian archipelago. They are able to glide through the air as far as about 100 metres (300

flying snake: …which is sometimes called the golden treesnake, can reach as much as 100 cm (40 inches) long. It is usually black or greenish, with yellow or reddish markings. The paradise tree snake (C. paradisi) of India, Southeast Asia, western Indonesia, and the Philippines grows to 91 cm (36 inches) in…

porgy: …Japan a related species, the red tai (C. major), is another important food fish.

golden algae, (class Chrysophyceae), class of about 33 genera and some 1,200 species of algae (division Chromophyta) found in both marine and fresh waters. The group is fairly diverse in form, and its taxonomy is contentious. Most golden algae are single-celled biflagellates with two specialized

star apple, (Chrysophyllum cainito), tropical American tree, of the sapodilla family (Sapotaceae), native to the West Indies and Central America. It is cultivated for its edible fruit, which is the size and shape of an apple and is named for the star-shaped core. The surface of the fruit is firm

green lacewing: None: See also list of insects.

grassland: Biota: …grasses such as Aristida and Chrysopogon are important in drier sites, and Themeda occurs in cooler places at higher altitudes. Herbivorous mammals include wildebeests, several antelope species, and—where they still survive—rhinoceroses, buffalo, and elephants. Carnivores include various dogs (jackals), cats (cheetahs, lions), hyenas, and mongooses.

Üsküdar, former city, northwestern Turkey, now a district of Istanbul. It lies at the foot of the Bulgurlu Hills on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus Strait opposite central Istanbul. Known as Chrysopolis in ancient times, it was a dependency of the older and better-sited colony of Chalcedon (modern

chrysoprase, brittle, translucent, semiprecious chalcedony (q.v.), a variety of the silica mineral quartz. It owes its bright apple-green colour to colloidally dispersed hydrated nickel silicate; heating or prolonged exposure to sunlight will cause the colour to fade. Its physical properties are

horse fly: The genus Chrysops, usually known as deer fly, is slightly smaller than Tabanus and has dark markings on the wings.

Baradā River, river of western Syria. It rises in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and flows southward for 52 miles (84 km) through Damascus to intermittent Lake Al-ʿUtaybah and its marshes. The Baradā River sets out peacefully on its course only to become within 20 miles a raging torrent, its volume

golden mole: Natural history: The largest is the giant golden mole (Chrysospalax trevelyani) of South Africa, with a body 20 to 24 cm (7.9 to 9.4 inches) long; it is a forest dweller that dens in burrows but travels and forages along the surface. The smallest is Grant’s golden mole, weighing less than…

St. John Chrysostom ; Western feast day September 13; Eastern feast day November 13) was an early Church Father, biblical interpreter, and archbishop of Constantinople. The zeal and clarity of his preaching, which appealed especially to the common people, earned him the Greek surname meaning

Dio Chrysostom was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher who won fame in Rome and throughout the empire for his writings and speeches. Dio was banished in 82 ce for political reasons from both Bithynia and Italy. He wandered for 14 years through the lands near the Black Sea, adopting the life of

chrysotile, (Greek: “hair of gold”), fibrous variety of the magnesium silicate mineral serpentine; chrysotile is the most important asbestos mineral. Chrysotile fibres have a higher tensile strength than other asbestos minerals, but they are less acid-resistant than the fibrous amphiboles.

Pop art: Pop art in the United States: Ruscha, Yayoi Kusama, Wayne Thiebaud, Chryssa, Marjorie Strider, Joe Goode, Dorothy Grebenak, Richard Artschwager, Billy Al Bengston, Allan D’Arcangelo, Ray Johnson, Mel Ramos, and John Wesley.

Yanni is a Greek-born American composer and keyboardist who was a leading figure in late 20th-century New Age music—a characteristically nonarousing genre of popular music, often entirely instrumental and used for relaxation or meditation. Yanni Chryssomallis was born into a middle-class family in

Chrzanów, city, Małopolskie województwo (province), south-central Poland. Chrzanów forms part of the highly developed Upper Silesian industrial and mining area. Chrzanów is located 15 miles (25 km) southeast of Katowice in the Jaworzno-Chrzanów district. The area is one of Poland’s major

Erechtheus: …of whom was appropriately named Chthonia. At war with neighbouring Eleusis and its ally King Eumolpus, Erechtheus learned from the god Apollo that Athens would win if he sacrificed his daughter. He sacrificed Chthonia, and her sisters insisted on sharing her fate. Erechtheus won the battle, but, in the moment…

chthonic, of or relating to earth, particularly the Underworld. Chthonic figures in Greek mythology included Hades and Persephone, the rulers of the Underworld, and the various heroes venerated after death; even Zeus, the king of the sky, had earthly associations and was venerated as Zeus

Russian literature: The intelligentsia: …utopian novel Chto delat (1863; What Is to Be Done?). Although appallingly bad from a literary point of view, this novel, which also features a fake suicide, was probably the most widely read work of the 19th century.

children’s literature: Russia/Soviet Union: …finest teenage novels, Vadim Frolov’s Chto k chemu (Eng. trans., What It’s All About, 1965), is quite untouched by dogma of any kind. Soviet children’s literature, and especially its vast body of popularized science and technology for the young, however, was in general governed by the ideals of socialist realism,…

Marxism: Lenin: …oni voyuyut protiv Sotsial-Demokratov? (What the “Friends of the People” Are, and How They Fight the Social-Democrats), Lenin took up Marx’s distinction between “material social relations” and “ideological social relations.” In Lenin’s eyes the importance of Das Kapital was that “while explaining the structure and the development of the…

Leo Tolstoy: Fiction after 1880 of Leo Tolstoy: In Chto takoye iskusstvo? (1898; What Is Art?) he argued that true art requires a sensitive appreciation of a particular experience, a highly specific feeling that is communicated to the reader not by propositions but by “infection.” In Tolstoy’s view, most celebrated works of high art derive from no real…

Chu, one of the most important of the small states contending for power in China between 770 and 223 bce. Originally one of the duke states under the Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty (1046–771 bce), Chu rose in the mid-8th century bce around the present province of Hubei, in the fertile valley of the

China: The Shiguo (Ten Kingdoms): …the Nan Ping (924–963), the Chu (927–951), the Qian (Former) Shu (907–925), the Hou (Later) Shu (934–965), the Min (909–945), the Bei (Northern) Han (951–979), the Nan Han (917–971), and the Wu-Yue (907–978), the last located in China’s most rapidly advancing area—in and near the lower Yangtze delta.

Tao Sheng was an eminent Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar. Tao Sheng studied in the capital city of Chien-k’ang (Nanking) under Chu Fa-t’ai, spent seven years with Hui Yüan in the monastery at Lu-shan, and then went north to Ch’ang-an where, in association with Kumārajīva, he became one of the

Japan: The Tokugawa status system: …moral ideals of Confucianism were chū, or “loyalty,” and kō, or “filial piety.” But in contrast to China, Tokugawa thinkers like Razan placed more emphasis on chū as a support for feudal lord-vassal relations than on kō, which was a family ethic. Chu Hsi studies opposed the new worldview and…

zhu, ancient Chinese struck half-tube zither, now obsolete. Early forms had five strings that appear to have been struck with a bamboo stick. The instrument was narrow and slightly convex on top, and the strings were passed over bridges (possibly movable) at both ends. Surviving examples range in

Qu Qiubai was a prominent leader and, on occasions in the 1920s and early 1930s, head of the Chinese Communist Party. In addition to being a political activist, he is considered one of the most important literary figures of 20th-century China. In the People’s Republic of China today, Qu, who was an

extensive low-lying area formed by the junction of the Xi, Bei, Dong, and Pearl (Zhu) rivers in southern Guangdong province, China. It covers an area of 2,900 square miles (7,500 square km) and stretches from the city of Guangzhou (Canton) in the north to the Macau Special Administrative Region in

Zhu Xi was a Chinese philosopher whose synthesis of neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life. Zhu Xi was the son of a local official. He was educated in the Confucian tradition by his father and passed the highest civil service examination at the age of 18, when the average

Zhu Yizun was a Chinese scholar and poet who helped revive the ci song form during the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). Although Zhu’s family had been prominent under the Ming dynasty, the collapse of that dynasty in 1644 forced him to spend much of his life as a private tutor and personal

Zhu Rongji is a Chinese politician who was a leading economic reformer in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was premier of China from 1998 to 2003. Zhu joined the CCP in 1949. Following his graduation (1951) from Tsinghua (Qinghua) University in Beijing with a degree in electrical engineering,

Chu Ki-Chol was a Korean Presbyterian minister who suffered martyrdom because of his opposition to Japanese demands that Christians pay reverence at Shintō shrines. The demand was one of many requirements imposed by Japan during its occupation of Korea (1905–45) to instill obedience and supplant

Nguyen Du: …Kim van Kieu, written in chu-nom (southern characters). He is considered by some to be the father of Vietnamese literature.

Chu River, river in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, rising in the Tien Shan at the confluence of the Dzhuvanaryk and Kochkor rivers. It flows north through the Boam Gorge, beyond which it is joined by the Chon-Kyomin; it then flows northwest through the fertile Chu Valley, in which much of its water is