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Politics & Political Systems, NEW-POL

Monarchies, republics, democracies, dictatorships, and hybrids of every kind all offer ways of organizing power. Explore the systems and ideas through which societies govern themselves.
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Politics & Political Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title

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new regionalism
new regionalism, shift in national systems of administration and cultural, economic, and political organization......
New Republic Party
New Republic Party, former South African political party founded in 1977 as the direct successor to the United......
New Republic, The
The New Republic (TNR), journal of opinion edited in Washington, D.C. and later New York City, that remained one......
New Right
New Right, grassroots coalition of American conservatives that collectively led what scholars often refer to as......
New Zealand Labour Party
New Zealand Labour Party, political party established in 1916 in a merger of various socialist and trade-union......
New Zealand National Party
New Zealand National Party, political party founded in 1936 in the merger of non-Labour groups, most notably the......
New Zealand Political Reform League
New Zealand Political Reform League, conservative political party formed from various local and sectional organizations......
Night of the Long Knives
Night of the Long Knives, in German history, purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler on June 30, 1934. Fearing that......
Nihilism
Nihilism, (from Latin nihil, “nothing”), originally a philosophy of moral and epistemological skepticism that arose......
NIMBY
NIMBY, a colloquialism signifying one’s opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one’s......
nizam-ı cedid
nizam-ı cedid, (Turkish: “new order”), originally a program of westernizing reforms undertaken by the Ottoman sultan......
non expedit
non expedit, (Latin: “it is not expedient”), a late 19th- and early 20th-century policy of the Roman Catholic church......
North American Review
North American Review, American magazine, founded in 1815, that was one of the country’s leading literary journals......
Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition
Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition (NIWC), political party established in Northern Ireland in 1996 to secure the......
Notable Female Spies
As the women highlighted here show, female spies have played significant roles throughout history. They worked......
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), an independent regulatory agency that is responsible for overseeing the civilian......
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), public health agency of the U.S. Department of Labor. Formed......
October Manifesto
October Manifesto, (Oct. 30 [Oct. 17, Old Style], 1905), in Russian history, document issued by the emperor Nicholas......
Octobrist
Octobrist, member of a conservative-liberal Russian political party whose program of moderate constitutionalism......
Office of Management and Budget
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), agency of the U.S. federal government (executive branch). It assists the......
Office of Strategic Services
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), agency of the U.S. federal government (1942–45) formed for the purpose of obtaining......
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency is a U.S. government bureau that regulates national banks and federal......
offshore balancing
offshore balancing, theory of international relations that views multipolarity—when international relations are......
oligarchy
oligarchy, government by the few, especially despotic power exercised by a small and privileged group for corrupt......
one-child policy
one-child policy, official program initiated in the late 1970s and early ’80s by the central government of China,......
one-party state
one-party state, a country where a single political party controls the government, either by law or in practice.......
Oneida Community
Oneida Community, utopian religious community that developed out of a Society of Inquiry established by John Humphrey......
OPEC
OPEC, multinational organization that was established to coordinate the petroleum policies of its members and to......
open-market operation
open-market operation, any of the purchases and sales of government securities and sometimes commercial paper by......
Optimates and Populares
Optimates and Populares, (Latin: respectively, “Best Ones,” or “Aristocrats”, and “Demagogues,” or “Populists”),......
Ordnance Survey International
Ordnance Survey International, former surveying, mapping, and aerial photography agency (1946–2001) of the British......
Organization of American States
Organization of American States (OAS), organization formed to promote economic, military, and cultural cooperation......
Orleanist
Orleanist, any of the constitutional monarchists in 18th- and 19th-century France who favoured the Orléans branch......
orphan train program
orphan train program, American social-service program in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th......
Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, in Russian history, slogan created in 1832 by Count Sergey S. Uvarov, minister......
Ostend Manifesto
Ostend Manifesto, (October 18, 1854), communication from three U.S. diplomats to Secretary of State William L.......
overload
overload, in political science, proposed concept claiming that liberal democracy has become ungovernable. The overload......
Overton window
Overton window, political model describing the range of policies considered acceptable by the majority of a population......
Oxford, Provisions of
Provisions of Oxford, (1258), in English history, a plan of reform accepted by Henry III, in return for the promise......
pacifism
pacifism, the principled opposition to war and violence as a means of settling disputes. Pacifism may entail the......
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), political party of Pakistan founded in 1996 by Imran Khan, a popular cricketer......
Pakistani Taliban
Pakistani Taliban, formally Tehreek-e Taliban Pakistan or Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan (TTP), militant group that......
pale
pale, (from Latin palus, “stake”), district separated from the surrounding country by defined boundaries or distinguished......
paleoconservatism
paleoconservatism, movement within American conservatism that seeks, among other goals, to preserve the country’s......
Palmer Raids
Palmer Raids, raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1919 and 1920 in an attempt to arrest foreign......
Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania
Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC), South African organization and later political party pursuing “Africanist”......
Pan-Arabism
Pan-Arabism, nationalist notion of cultural and political unity among Arab countries. Its origins lie in the late......
Pan-Germanism
Pan-Germanism, movement whose goal was the political unification of all people speaking German or a Germanic language.......
Pan-Scandinavianism
Pan-Scandinavianism, an unsuccessful 19th-century movement for Scandinavian unity that enflamed passions during......
Pan-Slavism
Pan-Slavism, 19th-century movement that recognized a common ethnic background among the various Slav peoples of......
Pan-Turanianism
Pan-Turanianism, late 19th- and early 20th-century movement to unite politically and culturally all the Turkic,......
Pan-Turkism
Pan-Turkism, political movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had as its goal the political......
Pancasila
Pancasila, the Indonesian state philosophy, formulated by the Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno. It was first......
panchayati raj
panchayati raj, a system of rural administration in India with a three-tier structure: gram panchayats for villages,......
Panda Diplomacy
Panda diplomacy is China’s practice of using giant pandas as a way to cultivate global friendship and cooperation.......
Pangkor Engagement
Pangkor Engagement, (1874), treaty between the British government and Malay chiefs in Perak, the first step in......
Panhellenic Socialist Movement
Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), social democratic political party in Greece. The Panhellenic Socialist......
Parliament Act of 1911
Parliament Act of 1911, act passed Aug. 10, 1911, in the British Parliament which deprived the House of Lords of......
parliamentary system
parliamentary system, democratic form of government in which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest......
Parsley Massacre
Parsley Massacre, state-sponsored mass killing that occurred in the Dominican Republic in early October 1937. Acting......
Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois, provincial Canadian political party founded in 1968 by journalist René Lévesque and other French......
Parti Rouge
Parti Rouge, radical party formed in Canada East (now Quebec) about 1849 and inspired primarily by the French-Canadian......
Partisan
Partisan, member of a guerrilla force led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia during World War II against the......
partisanship
partisanship, in democratic politics and government, a strong adherence, dedication, or loyalty to a political......
Passport
Passport, a formal document or certification issued by a national government identifying a traveler as a citizen......
patrimonialism
patrimonialism, form of political organization in which authority is based primarily on the personal power exercised......
patriotism
patriotism, feeling of attachment and commitment to a country, nation, or political community. Patriotism (love......
Peace Corps
Peace Corps, U.S. government agency of volunteers, established by executive order by Pres. John F. Kennedy on March......
Peel Commission
Peel Commission, group headed by Lord Robert Peel, appointed in 1936 by the British government to investigate the......
Peloponnesian League
Peloponnesian League, military coalition of Greek city-states led by Sparta, formed in the 6th century bc. League......
Pendleton Civil Service Act
Pendleton Civil Service Act, (Jan. 16, 1883), landmark U.S. legislation establishing the tradition and mechanism......
People’s Democratic Party
People’s Democratic Party (PDP), Nigerian political party founded in August 1998 by members of numerous groups......
perestroika
perestroika, program instituted in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s to restructure Soviet......
Peronist
Peronist, in Argentine politics, a supporter of Juan PerĂłn, a member of the Justicialist Party (Partido Justicialista;......
petition
petition, written instrument directed to some individual, official, legislative body, or court in order to redress......
philosopher king
philosopher king, idea according to which the best form of government is that in which philosophers rule. The ideal......
Phoenix Park murders
Phoenix Park murders, (May 6, 1882), an assassination in Dublin that involved the stabbing of the British chief......
Pipiolo and PelucĂłn
Pipiolo and PelucĂłn, members of the two political partisan groups active in Chilean politics for about a century......
Pistoia, Synod of
Synod of Pistoia, a diocesan meeting held in 1786 that was important in the history of Jansenism, a nonorthodox,......
Plaid Cymru
Plaid Cymru, political party that has sought self-government for Wales and worked for the protection and promotion......
Plain, the
the Plain, in the French Revolution, the centrist deputies in the National Convention (1792–95). They formed the......
Planning Commission
Planning Commission, agency of the government of India established in 1950 to oversee the country’s economic and......
plebiscite
plebiscite, a vote by the people of an entire country or district to decide on some issue, such as choice of a......
pluralism
pluralism, in political science, the view that in liberal democracies power is (or should be) dispersed among a......
plurality system
plurality system, electoral process in which the candidate who polls more votes than any other candidate is elected.......
pocket borough
pocket borough, election district that is controlled by, or “in the pocket” of, one person or family. The term......
policy analysis
policy analysis, evaluation and study of the formulation, adoption, and implementation of a principle or course......
polis
polis, ancient Greek city-state. The small state in Greece originated probably from the natural divisions of the......
Polish Succession, War of the
War of the Polish Succession, (1733–38), general European conflict waged ostensibly to determine the successor......
Politburo
Politburo, in Russian and Soviet history, the supreme policy-making body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.......
political action committee
political action committee (PAC), in U.S. politics, an organization whose purpose is to raise and distribute campaign......
political convention
political convention, meeting of delegates of a political party at the local, state, provincial, or national level......
political culture
political culture, in political science, a set of shared views and normative judgments held by a population regarding......
political machine
political machine, in U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that......
political party
political party, a group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power. Political parties originated......
Political philosophy
Political philosophy, branch of philosophy that is concerned, at the most abstract level, with the concepts and......
political science
political science, the systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific......
political spectrum
political spectrum, a model for classifying political actors, parties, or ideologies along one or more axes that......
political system
political system, the set of formal legal institutions that constitute a “government” or a “state.” This is the......
Political Violence in the U.S. in the 21st Century
Political violence often translates to assassination, and when we think about political assassinations and assassination......

Politics & Political Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title

10 -ARE
ARE-CAN
CAN-CON
CON-DIA
DIC-FAR
FAR-GRE
GRE-INS
INS-LEF
LEG-MIN
MIN-NEW
NEW-POL
POL-ROU
ROY-STU
SUF-U.S
U.S-VOT
VOT-YOU
ZEM-“O