Politics & Political Systems, FAR-GRE
Monarchies, republics, democracies, dictatorships, and hybrids of every kind all offer ways of organizing power. Explore the systems and ideas through which societies govern themselves.
Politics & Political Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Farmer-Labor Party
Farmer-Labor Party, in U.S. history (1918–44), a minor political party of Minnesotan small farmers and urban workers,......
fascism
fascism, political ideology and mass movement that dominated many parts of central, southern, and eastern Europe......
- Introduction
- Authoritarianism, Nationalism, Militarism
- Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism, Dictatorship
- Corporatism, Nationalism, Autarky
- Nationalism, Totalitarianism, Racism
- Extreme Nationalism, Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism
- Authoritarianism, Nationalism, Totalitarianism
- Totalitarianism, Nationalism, Authoritarianism
- Totalitarianism, Authoritarianism, Nationalism
- Russia
- Totalitarianism, Authoritarianism, Nationalism
Fascist Party
Fascist Party (PNF), political party formed by Benito Mussolini in November 1921 and dissolved in 1943 after he......
Fathers of Confederation
Fathers of Confederation, traditionally the 36 men who represented British North American colonies at one or more......
FDP. The Liberals
FDP. The Liberals, centrist political party of Switzerland formed in 2009 by the merger of the Radical Democratic......
February Manifesto
February Manifesto, (Feb. 15, 1899) a Russian imperial proclamation that abrogated Finland’s autonomy within the......
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), agency of the U.S. federal government that is responsible for ensuring the......
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), principal investigative agency of the federal government of the United States.......
Federal Communications Commission
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), independent American governmental organization responsible for regulating......
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), a U.S. government agency created under the Banking Act of 1933 (also......
Federal Election Campaign Act
Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), legislation adopted in the United States in 1971 to regulate the raising......
Federal Election Commission
Federal Election Commission (FEC), independent agency of the federal government of the United States responsible......
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), independent U.S. government organization dedicated to disaster relief.......
federal funds rate
federal funds rate, interest rate used for overnight interbank lending in the United States. It is also the interest......
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), agency within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)......
Federal Security Service
Federal Security Service (FSB), Russian internal security and counterintelligence service created in 1994 as one......
federal state
federal state, national form of government, also known as a federation, in which political power is usually shared......
Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government charged with preventing unfair......
federalism
federalism, mode of political organization that unites separate states or other polities within an overarching......
Federalist papers
Federalist papers, series of 85 essays on the proposed new Constitution of the United States and on the nature......
Federalist Party
Federalist Party, early U.S. national political party that advocated a strong central government and held power......
Federalist Society
Federalist Society, American organization of strongly conservative and libertarian lawyers, judges, politicians,......
federation
federation, the government of a federal community. In such a model there are two levels of government, one dealing......
Fennoman movement
Fennoman movement, in 19th-century Finnish history, nationalist movement that contributed to the development of......
Feuillants, Club of the
Club of the Feuillants, conservative political club of the French Revolution, which met in the former monastery......
Fianna Fáil
Fianna Fáil, the dominant political party in the Republic of Ireland since the 1930s. Constituted in May 1926,......
Fidesz
Fidesz, centre-right Hungarian political party. Fidesz (the Federation of Young Democrats) was founded in 1988......
Fine Gael
Fine Gael, centrist political party that has provided the major political opposition to the Fianna Fáil party in......
fiscal policy
Fiscal policy refers to the spending programs and tax policies that the government uses to guide the economy. Governments......
fiscus
fiscus, the Roman emperor’s treasury (where money was stored in baskets), as opposed to the public treasury (aerarium).......
Five Great Political Comebacks
Donald Trump’s win in the 2024 U.S. presidential election has been heralded as one of the greatest political comebacks......
Five Hundred, Council of
Council of Five Hundred, boule or deliberative council in ancient Athens that comprised representatives chosen......
Five Hundred, Council of
Council of Five Hundred, lower house of the Corps Législatif, the legislative body established by France’s Constitution......
Flemish movement
Flemish movement, the 19th- and 20th-century nationalist movement of Flemish-speaking people in Belgium. It has......
Focus on the Family
Focus on the Family, American Christian ministry devoted to promoting conservative political and religious principles......
foedus
foedus, treaty or compact contracted by ancient Rome with one or more allied states (foederati). The treaty contained......
Food and Drug Administration
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), agency of the U.S. federal government authorized by Congress to inspect, test,......
foreign dependency
foreign dependency, global power structure in which weaker countries are economically reliant on stronger countries,......
foreign policy
foreign policy, general objectives that guide the activities and relationships of one state in its interactions......
foreign service
foreign service, the field force of a foreign office, comprising diplomatic and consular personnel engaged in representing......
Founding Fathers
Founding Fathers, the most prominent statesmen of America’s Revolutionary generation, responsible for the successful......
Four Hundred, Council of the
Council of the Four Hundred, (411 bc) oligarchical council that briefly took power in Athens during the Peloponnesian......
Fourierism
Fourierism, philosophy of social reform developed by the French social theorist Charles Fourier that advocated......
Fox News Channel
Fox News Channel, American cable television news and political commentary channel launched in 1996. The network......
Frankfurt National Assembly
Frankfurt National Assembly, German national parliament (May 1848–June 1849) that tried and failed to create a......
Free Democratic Party
Free Democratic Party (FDP), centrist German political party that advocates individualism, capitalism, and social......
Free-Soil Party
Free-Soil Party, (1848–54), minor but influential political party in the pre-Civil War period of American history......
freedman
freedman, former enslaved person set free. In ancient Athens, formerly enslaved people bore no stigma, and some......
Freedmen’s Bureau
Freedmen’s Bureau, (1865–72), during the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, popular name for the......
Freedom House
Freedom House, U.S. nongovernmental organization that promotes democracy and monitors the extent of political and......
Frelimo
Frelimo, political and military movement that initiated Mozambican independence from Portugal and then formed the......
French Communist Party
French Communist Party, French political party that espouses a communist ideology and has joined coalition governments......
front-loading
front-loading, in U.S. politics, the moving up of presidential primaries and caucuses by states, thereby increasing......
Fructidor, Coup of 18
Coup of 18 Fructidor, (Sept. 4, 1797), the purge of conservatives from the Corps Législatif and other posts during......
functionalism
functionalism, an approach to the formation of international organizations that advocates international cooperation......
Führer
Führer, (“Leader”), title used by Adolf Hitler to define his role of absolute authority in Germany’s Third Reich......
Gang of Four
Gang of Four, the most powerful members of a radical political elite convicted for implementing the harsh policies......
Gauches, Cartel des
Cartel des Gauches, (French: “Coalition of the Left”), in the French Third Republic (1870–1940), a coalition of......
General Assembly, United Nations
United Nations General Assembly, one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and the only body in......
General Confederation of Labour
General Confederation of Labour, French labour union federation. Formed in 1895, the CGT united in 1902 with the......
General Confederation of Labour–Workers’ Force
General Confederation of Labour–Workers’ Force, French labour-union federation that is most influential among white-collar......
General Services Administration
General Services Administration (GSA), executive agency of the U.S. federal government that manages equipment and......
General will
General will, in political theory, a collectively held will that aims at the common good or common interest. The......
Geneva Accords
Geneva Accords, collection of documents relating to Indochina and issuing from the Geneva Conference of April 26–July......
genro
genro, (“principal elders”), extraconstitutional oligarchy that dominated the Japanese government from the promulgation......
Geographic Names, Board on
Board on Geographic Names (BGN), interdepartmental agency of the U.S. government created in 1890 and providing......
geopolitics
geopolitics, analysis of the geographic influences on power relationships in international relations. The word......
German National People’s Party
German National People’s Party, right-wing political party active in the Reichstag (assembly) of the Weimar Republic......
German People’s Party
German People’s Party (Deutsche Volkspartei; DVP), right-liberal political party founded by Gustav Stresemann in......
German-American Bund
German-American Bund, American pro-Nazi, quasi-military organization that was most active in the years immediately......
gerousia
gerousia, in ancient Sparta, council of elders, one of the two chief organs of the Spartan state, the other being......
Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering, in U.S. politics, is the practice of drawing the boundaries of electoral districts in a way that......
Gettysburg Address
Gettysburg Address, world-famous speech delivered by U.S. Pres. Abraham Lincoln at the dedication (November 19,......
Ghadr
Ghadr, (Urdu: “Revolution”), an early 20th-century movement among Indians, principally Sikhs living in North America,......
ghetto
ghetto, formerly a street, or quarter, of a city set apart as a legally enforced residence area for Jews. One of......
Gianti Agreement
Gianti Agreement, (1755), in Indonesia, treaty between two members of the Mataram royal family as a result of a......
Girondin
Girondin, a label applied to a loose grouping of republican politicians, some of them originally from the département......
glasnost
glasnost, Soviet policy of open discussion of political and social issues. It was instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev......
Global North and Global South
Global North and Global South, framework for understanding and analyzing the relative prosperity and international......
Global warming policy
Global warming policy, the process by which key decisions regarding the mitigation of global warming and its effects......
Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution, in English history, the events of 1688–89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and......
God, Truce of
Truce of God, a measure by the medieval Roman Catholic Church to suspend warfare during certain days of the week......
Golkar
Golkar, social and political organization in Indonesia that evolved into a political party after it was founded......
government
government, the political system by which a country or community is administered and regulated. Most of the key......
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Government Accountability Office (GAO), agency of the U.S. federal government that reports to Congress and bills......
government economic policy
government economic policy, measures by which a government attempts to influence the economy. The national budget......
government-in-exile
A government-in-exile is an individual or group that once operated as the government of a state or territory but......
governmentality
governmentality, approach to the study of power that emphasizes the governing of people’s conduct through positive......
grand strategy
grand strategy, a country’s most complex form of planning toward the fulfillment of a long-term objective. The......
grandfather clause
grandfather clause, statutory or constitutional device enacted by seven Southern states between 1895 and 1910 to......
Great Firewall
Great Firewall, regulatory and technological system of Internet control used by the Chinese government to monitor,......
Great Leap Forward
Great Leap Forward, in Chinese history, the campaign led by the Chinese Communist Party between 1958 and early......
great power
great power, sovereign state with significant diplomatic, economic, and military strength to exert power in international......
Great Purge
Great Purge, three widely publicized show trials and a series of closed, unpublicized trials held in the Soviet......
Great Society
Great Society, political slogan used by U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson (served 1963–69) to identify his legislative......
Green Party
Green Party, political party founded in 1981 to promote an environmental agenda in the Republic of Ireland. The......
Green Party of Germany
Green Party of Germany, German environmentalist political party. It first won representation at the national level......
Green Party of the United States
Green Party of the United States (GPUS), U.S. national political party founded in 2001 and dedicated to progressive......
Greens, the
the Greens, Australian environmentalist political party founded in 1992. It had its origins in the United Tasmania......
Greens, the
the Greens, any of various environmentalist or ecological-oriented political parties that formed beginning in the......