Life Cycle, Processes & Properties, SHE-SYR
None of us are born looking exactly the way that we do today; this is because humans, like other species, undergo a series of changes as they mature and age, in accordance with their biological life cycle. This process can look very different across different species. In many simple organisms and in higher animals, the life cycle is completed within a single generation, while in most plants, the life cycle is multigenerational.
Life Cycle, Processes & Properties Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Sheehanâs syndrome
Sheehanâs syndrome, insufficiency of pituitary hormones (hypopituitarism), caused by destruction of cells of the......
shellfish poisoning
shellfish poisoning, illness in humans resulting from the eating of certain mussels and clams. The source of the......
shigellosis
shigellosis, infection of the gastrointestinal tract by bacteria of the genus Shigella. The illness produces cramplike......
shock
shock, in physiology, failure of the circulatory system to supply sufficient blood to peripheral tissues to meet......
sick building syndrome
sick building syndrome (SBS), term applied to a situation in which some or all the people occupying a building......
sickle cell anemia
sickle cell anemia, hereditary disease that destroys red blood cells by causing them to take on a rigid âsickleâ......
sigmoidoscopy
sigmoidoscopy, diagnostic medical procedure that uses a flexible fibre-optic endoscope to examine the rectum and......
silicosis
silicosis, a chronic disease of the lungs that is caused by the inhalation of silica dust over long periods of......
silique
silique, any dry fruit that separates at maturity into two or four segments called valves, leaving a persistent......
Simpson, Sir James Young, 1st Baronet
Sir James Young Simpson, 1st Baronet was a Scottish obstetrician who was the first to use chloroform in obstetrics......
sinus squeeze
sinus squeeze, pain, inflammation, and possible bleeding of the membranes lining the sinus cavities in the head,......
sinusitis
sinusitis, acute or chronic inflammation of the mucosal lining of one or more paranasal sinuses (the cavities in......
Sjögren syndrome
Sjögren syndrome, chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by severe dryness of the eyes and mouth that results......
skin cancer
skin cancer, disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the skin. Skin cancers are of two distinct......
skin disease
skin disease, any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human skin. They have a wide range of causes. Although......
skin squeeze
skin squeeze, effect on the skin of exposure to a pressure less than that of the surrounding environmental pressure.......
sleep
sleep, a normal, reversible, recurrent state of reduced responsiveness to external stimulation that is accompanied......
sleep apnea
sleep apnea, respiratory condition characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. The word apnea is derived......
sleep paralysis
sleep paralysis, total inability to move for a very brief period that occurs as one is either falling asleep or......
sleeping sickness
sleeping sickness, disease caused by infection with the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or the......
sleepwalking
sleepwalking, a behavioral disorder of sleep in which a person sits up and performs various motor actions, such......
smallpox
smallpox, acute infectious disease that begins with a high fever, headache, and back pain and then proceeds to......
smell
smell, the detection and identification by sensory organs of airborne chemicals. The concept of smell, as it applies......
Smut
Smut, plant disease primarily affecting grasses, including corn (maize), wheat, sugarcane, and sorghum, caused......
snakebite
snakebite, a wound resulting from penetration of the flesh by the fangs of a snake, especially a snake secreting......
snakeroot poisoning
snakeroot poisoning, illness in humans and grazing animals caused by trematol, a poisonous alcohol present in white......
snoring
snoring, a rough, hoarse noise produced upon the intake of breath during sleep and caused by the vibration of the......
Snow mold
Snow mold, plant disease that attacks cereals, forage grasses, and turf grasses in northern areas of North America,......
social anxiety disorder
social anxiety disorder (SAD), a type of anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of interacting with people, due......
social behavior, Animal
Animal social behavior, the suite of interactions that occur between two or more individual animals, usually of......
- Introduction
- Cooperation, Communication, Complexity
- Cooperation, Communication, Hierarchy
- The ultimate causes of social behavior
- Parental Care, Costs, Benefits
- Aggregation, Protection, Cooperation
- Territoriality, Communication, Cooperation
- Cooperative Breeding, Eusociality, Communication
- Proximate Mechanisms, Communication, Cooperation
- Evolutionary Psychology, Human Behaviour, Social Groups
sodium deficiency
sodium deficiency, condition in which sodium is insufficient or is not utilized properly. Sodium is an element......
soft palate
soft palate, in mammals, structure consisting of muscle and connective tissue that forms the roof of the posterior......
soil seed bank
soil seed bank, natural storage of seeds in the leaf litter, on the soil surface, or in the soil of many ecosystems,......
somite
somite, in embryology, one of a longitudinal series of blocklike segments into which the mesoderm, the middle layer......
Sooty mold
Sooty mold, plant disease characterized by splotchy black stains or coatings on leaves, stems, and fruit. The black......
sore mouth
sore mouth, viral disease of sheep and goats. The disease is characterized by the emergence of blisters, pustules,......
sound production
sound production, in animals, the initiation of sound as a means of information transmission. Sounds are termed......
sound reception
sound reception, response of an organismâs aural mechanism, the ear, to a specific form of energy change, or sound......
- Introduction
- Invertebrate Organs
- Tympanal Organs, Hearing, Ears
- Electrophysiology, Hearing, Perception
- Fishes, Amphibians, Mechanisms
- Hearing, Ears, Sensory Cells
- Amphibians, Hearing, Sensitivity
- Lizard Hearing, Acoustic Signals, Vibrations
- Turtle Hearing, Low Frequency, Adaptations
- Auditory Perception, Bird Hearing, Acoustic Signals
- Mammal Hearing, Frequency, Acoustics
- Echolocation, Bats, Sonar
- Echolocation, Mammals, Bats
soybean
soybean, (Glycine max), annual legume of the pea family (Fabaceae) and its edible seed. The soybean is economically......
spatial disorientation
spatial disorientation, the inability of a person to determine his true body position, motion, and altitude relative......
speech disorder
speech disorder, any of the disorders that impair human speech. Human communication relies largely on the faculty......
Spemann, Hans
Hans Spemann was a German embryologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his......
sperm
sperm, male reproductive cell, produced by most animals. With the exception of nematode worms, decapods (e.g.,......
spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis, the origin and development of the sperm cells within the male reproductive organs, the testes.......
spina bifida
spina bifida, congenital cleft of the vertebral column, a form of neural tube defect...
spinal cord injury
spinal cord injury, any of various conditions caused by damage to the tract of nerves that extends from the base......
spine, curvature of the
curvature of the spine, any of a group of deviations of the normal spinal curvature, including scoliosis, lordosis,......
splenitis
splenitis, enlargement and inflammation of the spleen as a result of infection, parasite infestation, or cysts.......
splenomegaly
splenomegaly, enlargement of the spleen, the abdominal organ that serves as a temporary storage site for blood......
split-brain syndrome
split-brain syndrome, condition characterized by a cluster of neurological abnormalities arising from the partial......
spondylitis
spondylitis, inflammation of one or more of the vertebrae. Spondylitis takes several forms; the most widely occurring......
spondylolisthesis
spondylolisthesis, forward slipping of one of the vertebrae on the subjacent vertebra or on the sacrum, the triangular......
spondylosis
spondylosis, noninflammatory degenerative disease of the spine resulting in abnormal bone development around the......
spore
spore, a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without fusion with another reproductive......
sporophyte
sporophyte, in plants and certain algae, the nonsexual phase (or an individual representing the phase) in the alternation......
sporotrichosis
sporotrichosis, subacute or chronic infection with the fungus Sporothrix, primarily Sporothrix schenckii. Infection......
sprain
sprain, an injury involving the overstretching or tearing of one or more ligaments, the bands of connective tissue......
Staghead
Staghead, progressive slow death of tree branches from the top down. See...
starvation
starvation, widespread or generalized atrophy (wasting away) of body tissues either because food is unavailable......
stasis dermatitis
stasis dermatitis, a type of dermatitis...
Stein-Leventhal syndrome
Stein-Leventhal syndrome, disorder in women that is characterized by an elevated level of male hormones (androgens)......
Stillâs disease
Stillâs disease, rheumatoid arthritis in children. The major difference between this illness and rheumatoid arthritis......
stirrup fixation
stirrup fixation, growth of spongy bone in the wall of the inner ear so that it encroaches on the oval windowâan......
stomach
stomach, saclike expansion of the digestive system, between the esophagus and the small intestine; it is located......
stomach cancer
stomach cancer, a disease characterized by abnormal growth of cells in the stomach. The incidence of stomach cancer......
strabismus
strabismus, misalignment of the eyes. The deviant eye may be directed inward toward the other eye (cross-eye, or......
strangles
strangles, horse disease caused by Streptococcus equi, a bacterium that invades nasal and throat passages and forms......
streptobacillary rat-bite fever
streptobacillary rat-bite fever, acute infection caused by the microorganism Streptobacillus moniliformis, transmitted......
stress
stress, in psychology and biology, any environmental or physical pressure that elicits a response from an organism.......
stress fracture
stress fracture, any overuse injury that affects the integrity of bone. Stress fractures were once commonly described......
stroke
stroke, sudden impairment of brain function resulting either from a substantial reduction in blood flow to some......
Stunt
Stunt, in agriculture, common symptom of plant disease, resulting in reduced size and loss of vigour. Stunting......
stuttering
stuttering, speech disorder characterized by involuntary repetition of sounds or syllables and the intermittent......
sty
sty, acute painful modular infection of one or more glands of the eyelid. Two types are distinguished: the external......
subarachnoid hemorrhage
subarachnoid hemorrhage, bleeding into the space between the two innermost protective coverings surrounding the......
subcutaneous emphysema
subcutaneous emphysema, disorder in which bubbles of air become trapped under the skin. The condition can occur......
subdural hematoma
subdural hematoma, bleeding into the space between the brain and its outermost protective covering, the dura. It......
Submissive behaviour
Submissive behaviour, form of animal behaviour in which one individual attempts through appeasement displays to......
substance use disorder
substance use disorder, recurrent use of drugs or alcohol that impairs psychological and physical function and......
sucking
sucking, drawing of fluids into the mouth by creating a vacuum pressure in the oral cavity. Mammalian infants rely......
Suckling
Suckling, in mammals, the drawing of milk into the mouth from the nipple or teat of a mammary gland (i.e., breast......
sudden infant death syndrome
sudden infant death syndrome, unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant from unexplained causes. SIDS is......
suffocation
suffocation, the stoppage or impeding of respiration, as by strangulation, choking on food, or other exclusion......
sulfhemoglobinemia
sulfhemoglobinemia, presence in the blood of sulfhemoglobin, the product of abnormal, irreversible binding of sulfur......
sunburn
sunburn, acute cutaneous inflammation caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of the so-called UVB......
Sunscald
Sunscald, common temperature-related injury of primarily young, thin-barked trees, shrubs, and other woody plants.......
swallowing
swallowing, the act of passing food from the mouth, by way of the pharynx (or throat) and esophagus, to the stomach.......
Swammerdam, Jan
Jan Swammerdam was a Dutch naturalist, considered the most accurate of classical microscopists, who was the first......
sweat
sweat, the moisture excreted in visible quantities through the openings of the sweat glands. See...
sweating sickness
sweating sickness, a disease of unknown cause that appeared in England as an epidemic on five occasionsâin 1485,......
swim bladder
swim bladder, buoyancy organ possessed by most bony fish. The swim bladder is located in the body cavity and is......
swimmerâs itch
swimmerâs itch, an infection of the skin marked by prickling sensations and itching, caused by invasion of the......
Swimming
Swimming, in zoology, self-propulsion of an animal through water. See aquatic...
swine flu
swine flu, a respiratory disease of pigs that is caused by an influenza virus. The first flu virus isolated from......
Sydenham chorea
Sydenham chorea, a neurological disorder characterized by irregular and involuntary movements of muscle groups......
Symmetry
Symmetry, in biology, the repetition of the parts in an animal or plant in an orderly fashion. Specifically, symmetry......
syncope
syncope, effect of temporary impairment of blood circulation to a part of the body. The term is most often used......
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), disorder characterized by the excessive excretion of sodium......
syphilis
syphilis, systemic disease that is caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis is usually a......
syringomyelia
syringomyelia, chronic, progressive disease characterized principally by the development of a cyst, called a syrinx,......