Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), a small group of multiracial militant revolutionaries based in California during the 1970s that owes nearly all its notoriety to the kidnapping and subsequent indoctrination of Patty Hearst, the newspaper heiress. Founded in the Berkeley, California-area in 1973 by

symbiosis, any of several living arrangements between members of two different species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Both positive (beneficial) and negative (unfavourable to harmful) associations are therefore included, and the members are called symbionts. Any association

symbiosis, any of several living arrangements between members of two different species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Both positive (beneficial) and negative (unfavourable to harmful) associations are therefore included, and the members are called symbionts. Any association

nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen fixation in nature: …Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, and Clostridium; and mutualistic (symbiotic) bacteria such as Rhizobium, associated with leguminous plants, and various Azospirillum species, associated with cereal grasses.

kombucha: A gelatinous mat of symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) is then added, and the brew is covered with a tight-weave fabric or paper coffee filter and left to ferment at room temperature for 7–30 days.

planetary nebula: The nature of the progenitor stars: Symbiotic stars (i.e., stars with characteristics of both cool giants and very hot stars) also are candidates. Novae, stars that brighten temporarily while ejecting a shell explosively, are definitely not candidates; the nova shell is expanding at hundreds of kilometres per second.

symbol, a communication element intended to simply represent or stand for a complex of person, object, group, or idea. Symbols may be presented graphically, as in the cross for Christianity and the red cross or crescent for the life-preserving agencies of Christian and Islamic countries (see Red

culture: Evolution of minding: And, finally, there is the symbol stage, in which the configuration of behaviour involves nonintrinsic meanings, as has already been suggested.

chemical symbol, short notation derived from the scientific name of a chemical element—e.g., S for sulfur and Si for silicon. Sometimes the symbol is derived from the Latin name—e.g., Au for aurum, gold, and Na for natrium, sodium. The present chemical symbols express the systematizing of chemistry

Claude Shannon: Shannon’s master’s thesis, A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits (1940), used Boolean algebra to establish the theoretical underpinnings of digital circuits. Because digital circuits are fundamental to the operation of modern computers and telecommunications equipment, this dissertation was called one of the most significant master’s theses…

artificial intelligence: Symbolic vs. connectionist approaches: The top-down approach seeks to replicate intelligence by analyzing cognition independent of the biological structure of the brain, in terms of the processing of symbols—whence the symbolic label. The bottom-up approach, on the other hand, involves creating artificial neural networks in imitation of the brain’s structure—whence…

ritual: Functions of ritual: Whatever the referent, ritual as symbolic behavior presupposes that the action is nonrational. That is to say, the means–end relation of ritual to its referent is not intrinsic or necessary. Such terms as latent, unintended, or symbolic are often used to specify the nonrational function of ritual. The fundamental problem…

Ernest G. Bormann: …known as the originator of symbolic convergence theory (SCT) and its attendant method, fantasy theme analysis, which both explore how the sharing of narratives or “fantasies” can create and sustain group consciousness. For Bormann, these communal narratives encouraged group cohesion and fostered the development of a shared social reality among…

animal social behavior: Social behavior is defined by interaction, not by how organisms are distributed in space. Clumping of individuals is not a requirement for social behavior, although it does increase opportunities for interaction. When a lone female moth emits a bouquet of pheromones to attract male potential mates, she is engaging in…

formal logic, the abstract study of propositions, statements, or assertively used sentences and of deductive arguments. The discipline abstracts from the content of these elements the structures or logical forms that they embody. The logician customarily uses a symbolic notation to express such

John Venn: …developed his diagramming method in Symbolic Logic (1881), a work that was primarily a sophisticated defense of the attempt by the English mathematician George Boole to represent logical relations in algebraic terms (see logic, history of: Boole and De Morgan). In The Logic of Chance (1866) Venn presented the first…

modality: … and Cooper Harold Langford in Symbolic Logic (1932), which develops a modal system of “strict implication” for interpreting the logical force of “if . . . then.”

operations research: Model construction: …than three variables is difficult, symbolic models came into use. There is no limit to the number of variables that can be included in a symbolic model, and such models are easier to construct and manipulate than physical models.

historical injustice: …lasting impact, and claims to symbolic restitution are often grounded on the moral quality of the wrongs committed. This article considers the theoretical underpinnings of arguments about reparations, responsibility for past injustices, and the rights of those wronged.

Murray Edelman: Edelman’s innovative and classic book The Symbolic Uses of Politics (1964) is the seminal work on symbolic politics, and it continues to exert a widespread influence on scholarly research. In it, Edelman explored the use of myths, rites, and other symbolic forms of communication in the formation of public opinion…

Johann Adam Möhler: …of his outstanding books is Symbolik (“On the Creeds”), first published in 1832. In this work, as in his earlier volume Die Einheit in der Kirche (1825; “Unity in the Church”), Möhler argued that man’s journey to God could be made only in the church founded by Christ. He sympathized…

Georg Friedrich Creuzer: …first and most famous work, Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker, besonders der Griechen, 4 vol. (1810–12; “Symbolism and Mythology of the Ancients, Especially the Greeks”). His controversial ideas were often the subject of vigorous attack. He also published a number of other works, among which were an edition of…

culture: The term symboling has been proposed as a more suitable name for the unique mental ability of humans, consisting of assigning to things and events certain meanings that cannot be grasped with the senses alone. Articulate speech—language—is a good example. The meaning of the word dog is…

aesthetics: Understanding art: …art as a form of symbolism. But what is meant by this? Is such symbolism one thing or many? Is it a matter of evocation or convention, of personal response or linguistic rule? And what does art symbolize—ideas, feelings, objects, or states of affairs?

Symbolism, a loosely organized literary and artistic movement that originated with a group of French poets in the late 19th century, spread to painting and the theatre, and influenced the European and American literatures of the 20th century to varying degrees. Symbolist artists sought to express

Arthur Symons: …November 1893) into a book, The Symbolist Movement in Literature (1899), which influenced both Yeats and T.S. Eliot; in it he characterized Symbolist literature as suggesting or evoking the “unseen reality apprehended by the consciousness.” Symons’s criticism constitutes an ambitious development of Walter Pater’s model of the “aesthetic critic.”

child development: Early childhood: …children develop the capacity for symbolic thought, using language and mental representations to interpret and interact with their environment. This period corresponds to what developmental psychologist Jean Piaget described as the preoperational stage, characterized by the emergence of symbols, concepts, and mental imagery. During this time, children increasingly use these…

A U.S. $1 bill is one of the world’s most recognizable currencies, but how closely have you looked at it? The bill features a number of unusual symbols, including an unfinished pyramid and an all-seeing eye. Although they may seem random, these motifs have deep meanings. They tell the story of the

Demetrius Cydones: …to the Turks are his Symbouleutikoi (“Exhortations”), vainly urging the Byzantine people to unite with the Latins in order to resist the Turkish onslaught; these fervent appeals give a clear picture of the hopeless position of the Byzantine Empire in about the year 1370.

Simeon I was the tsar of the first Bulgarian empire (925–927), a warlike sovereign who nevertheless made his court a cultural centre. Educated in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Simeon succeeded his father, Boris I, in 893 after the short intervening reign (889–893) of his dissolute elder brother,

Simeon Of Durham was a chronicler of medieval England. Simeon entered the Benedictine abbey at Jarrow, in the county of Durham, in about 1071. This abbey was moved (1083) to the town of Durham, and there he made his religious vows in 1085/86 and later became choirmaster. Between 1104 and 1108

Fyodor III: …in Polish and Latin by Simeon Polotsky, a noted theologian who had studied in Kiev and Poland. When Alexis died, Fyodor ascended the throne (Jan. 19 [Jan. 29], 1676), but his youth and poor health prevented him from actively participating in the conduct of government affairs. His uncle Ivan B.…

Simeon I was the tsar of the first Bulgarian empire (925–927), a warlike sovereign who nevertheless made his court a cultural centre. Educated in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Simeon succeeded his father, Boris I, in 893 after the short intervening reign (889–893) of his dissolute elder brother,

Saint Symeon the New Theologian was a Byzantine monk and mystic, termed the New Theologian to mark his difference from two key figures in Greek Christian esteem, St. John the Evangelist and the 4th-century theologian St. Gregory of Nazianzus. Through his spiritual experiences and writings, Symeon

Simferopol, city and administrative centre of Crimea, in southern Ukraine. The city lies along the Salhyr (Salgir) River where it emerges from the Crimean Mountains. On the present outskirts of the city is the site of Neapolis, occupied by the Scythians from the 3rd century bce to the 4th century

National Maritime Museum: …as Kehinde Wiley, Richard Wright, Christy Symington, and Tania Kovats.

Stuart Symington was a U.S. senator from Missouri (1953–76) who was a staunch advocate of a strong national defense but became an outspoken critic of U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, which he believed was irrelevant to U.S. security. Symington served in World War I, attended Yale University

William Symington was a British engineer who developed (1801) a successful steam-driven paddle wheel and used it the following year to propel one of the first practical steamboats, the Charlotte Dundas. Although Symington was educated for the ministry at Glasgow and Edinburgh, his inclinations led

Stuart Symington was a U.S. senator from Missouri (1953–76) who was a staunch advocate of a strong national defense but became an outspoken critic of U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, which he believed was irrelevant to U.S. security. Symington served in World War I, attended Yale University

Saint Symmachus: …literature, subsequently known as the Symmachan Forgeries, drawn on by later exponents of the doctrine quod prima sedes non judicatur a quoquam (“that no one can pass judgment on the pope”).

biblical literature: The translation of Symmachus: Still another Greek translation was made toward the end of the same century by St. Symmachus, an otherwise unknown scholar, who made use of his predecessors. His influence was small despite the superior elegance of his work. Jerome did utilize Symmachus for his Vulgate,…

Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus was a Roman senator and patrician and a close friend of the philosopher Boethius, who married Symmachus’ daughter Rusticiana and with whom he was executed for treason by the Ostrogoth king Theodoric. Consul in 485, Symmachus was, like his son-in-law, an official

Quintus Aurelius Memmius Eusebius Symmachus was a Roman statesman, a brilliant orator and writer who was a leading opponent of Christianity. Symmachus was the son of a consular family of great distinction and wealth. His oratorical ability brought him an illustrious official career culminating in

Saint Symmachus ; feast day July 19) was the pope from 498 to 514. Apparently a Christian convert, Symmachus was an archdeacon in the Roman Church when elected to succeed Pope Anastasius II. Concurrently, a minority had elected, with the support of a strong Byzantine party, the archpriest

malformation: Somatic characters: …with no separate feet (sirenomelus or symmelus).

Anna Harrison was an American first lady (March 4–April 4, 1841), the wife of William Henry Harrison, ninth president of the United States, and grandmother of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president. The daughter of John Cleves Symmes (a soldier in the American Revolution and a judge) and Anna

Robert Duncan was an American poet and a leader of the Black Mountain group of poets of the 1950s. Duncan’s mother died in childbirth, and he was adopted by a couple who practiced theosophy, a religious philosophy characterized by esoteric doctrine and an interest in occult phenomena. His adoptive

amantadine, drug used to treat infections caused by influenza type A virus, the most common cause of influenza epidemics. Amantadine and its derivative, rimantadine, can be used successfully in the prevention and treatment of influenza A; however, these agents have no effect against influenza B

Polyclitus: …Greece this concept was called symmetria, and Polyclitus’s statues of young athletes, balanced, rhythmical, and finely detailed, were the best demonstration of his principles. His freer use of contrapposto (depiction of the human body with twistings in its vertical axis) helped liberate Greek sculpture from its tradition of rigid frontal…

public-key cryptography: Single-key cryptography is called symmetric for obvious reasons. A cryptosystem satisfying conditions 1–4 above is called asymmetric for equally obvious reasons. There are symmetric cryptosystems in which the encryption and decryption keys are not the same—for example, matrix transforms of the text in which one key is a nonsingular…

combinatorics: BIB (balanced incomplete block) designs: …design is said to be symmetric if υ = b, and consequently r = k. Such a design is called a symmetric (υ, k, λ) design, and λ(υ − 1) = k(k − 1). A necessary condition for the existence of a symmetric (υ, k, λ) design is given by…

public-key cryptography: Single-key cryptography is called symmetric for obvious reasons. A cryptosystem satisfying conditions 1–4 above is called asymmetric for equally obvious reasons. There are symmetric cryptosystems in which the encryption and decryption keys are not the same—for example, matrix transforms of the text in which one key is a nonsingular…

quantum mechanics: Identical particles and multielectron atoms: …of Ψ remains unchanged, the wave function is said to be symmetric with respect to interchange; if the sign changes, the function is antisymmetric.

probability theory: The symmetric random walk: A Markov process that behaves in quite different and surprising ways is the symmetric random walk. A particle occupies a point with integer coordinates in d-dimensional Euclidean space. At each time t = 1, 2,… it moves from its present location to…

quantum mechanics: Identical particles and multielectron atoms: …of Ψ remains unchanged, the wave function is said to be symmetric with respect to interchange; if the sign changes, the function is antisymmetric.

fold: A symmetrical fold is one in which the axial plane is vertical. An asymmetrical fold is one in which the axial plane is inclined. An overturned fold, or overfold, has the axial plane inclined to such an extent that the strata on one limb are overturned.…

rug and carpet: Materials and technique: The Turkish, or symmetrical, knot is used mainly in Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Iran (formerly Persia), and Europe. This knot was also formerly known as the Ghiordes knot. The Persian, or asymmetrical, knot is used principally in Iran, India, China, and Egypt. This knot was formerly known as the…

formal logic: Classification of dyadic relations: …is true is called a symmetrical relation (example: “is parallel to”). If the relation ϕ is such that, whenever it holds between one object and a second, it fails to hold between the second and the first—i.e., if ϕ is such that (∀x)(∀y)(ϕxy ⊃ ∼ϕyx) —then ϕ is said to…

Spalacotherium: The genus Spalacotherium has a symmetrodont dentition, characterized by molar teeth with three cusps arranged in a triangle. The symmetrodonts are among the oldest known mammals and also among the most common European faunas of the time.

Spalacotherium: The genus Spalacotherium has a symmetrodont dentition, characterized by molar teeth with three cusps arranged in a triangle. The symmetrodonts are among the oldest known mammals and also among the most common European faunas of the time.

protist: Reproduction and life cycles: …mirror-image, type of fission (symmetrogenic fission). The ciliates, on the other hand, basically divide in a point-by-point correspondence of parts (homothetogenic fission), often seen as essentially transverse or perkinetal (across the kineties, or ciliary rows). Many amoebas exhibit, in effect, no clear-cut body symmetry or polarity, and thus their…

Hermann Weyl: …came to the fore in Symmetry (1952), a profusely illustrated work that examines symmetry in art and nature. He once said, “My work has always tried to unite the truth with the beautiful, but when I had to choose one or the other, I usually chose the beautiful.”

symmetry, In geometry, the property by which the sides of a figure or object reflect each other across a line (axis of symmetry) or surface; in biology, the orderly repetition of parts of an animal or plant; in chemistry, a fundamental property of orderly arrangements of atoms in molecules or

formal logic: Classification of dyadic relations: …is true is called a symmetrical relation (example: “is parallel to”). If the relation ϕ is such that, whenever it holds between one object and a second, it fails to hold between the second and the first—i.e., if ϕ is such that (∀x)(∀y)(ϕxy ⊃ ∼ϕyx) —then ϕ is said to…

symmetry, in physics, the concept that the properties of particles such as atoms and molecules remain unchanged after being subjected to a variety of symmetry transformations or “operations.” Since the earliest days of natural philosophy (Pythagoras in the 6th century bce), symmetry has furnished

symmetry, in biology, the repetition of the parts in an animal or plant in an orderly fashion. Specifically, symmetry refers to a correspondence of body parts, in size, shape, and relative position, on opposite sides of a dividing line or distributed around a central point or axis. With the

symmetry, in crystallography, fundamental property of the orderly arrangements of atoms found in crystalline solids. Each arrangement of atoms has a certain number of elements of symmetry; i.e., changes in the orientation of the arrangement of atoms seem to leave the atoms unmoved. One such element

subatomic particle: Hidden symmetry: Throughout the 1950s, theorists tried to construct field theories for the nuclear forces that would exhibit the same kind of gauge symmetry inherent in James Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electrodynamics and in QED. There were two major problems, which were in fact related.…

quasicrystal: Translational periodicity and symmetry: Fivefold symmetry axes are forbidden in ordinary crystals, while other axes, such as sixfold axes, are allowed. The reason is that translational periodicity, which is characteristic of crystal lattices, cannot be present in structures with fivefold symmetry. Figures 1 and 2 can be used to illustrate…

capacitor dielectric and piezoelectric ceramics: Piezoelectric ceramics: …as an inversion centre, or centre of symmetry—that is, a centre point from which the structure is virtually identical in any two opposite directions. In the case of BaTiO3, the centre of symmetry is lost owing to the transition from a cubic to a tetragonal structure, which shifts the Ti4+…

symmetry: Symmetry in animals: …the five-armed sea stars), any plane passing through this axis will divide the animal into symmetrical halves. Animals having three, five, seven, etc., parts in a circle have symmetry that may be referred to, respectively, as three-rayed, five-rayed, seven-rayed, etc.; only certain planes through the axis will divide such animals…

Lambert Simnel was an impostor and claimant to the English crown, the son of an Oxford joiner, who was a pawn in the conspiracies to restore the Yorkist line after the victory of Henry VII (1485). A young Oxford priest, Richard Symonds, seeing in the handsome boy some alleged resemblance to Edward

Symonds Yat, low-lying neck of land, 12 miles (19 km) south of Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire unitary authority, Eng., in a great meander loop of the River Wye. Yat Rock (500 feet [150 metres]) to the south has a famous scenic

John Addington Symonds was an English essayist, poet, and biographer best known for his cultural history of the Italian Renaissance. After developing symptoms of tuberculosis while a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, Symonds traveled extensively for his health, settling in Davos, Switz., in 1880.

Lambert Simnel: A young Oxford priest, Richard Symonds, seeing in the handsome boy some alleged resemblance to Edward IV, determined to exploit him. In 1486, the rumour that the “princes in the Tower,” Edward’s children, were still alive, suggested that Simnel might be passed off as one of them. A year…

The Cosby Show: …and the irresistible Olivia (Raven-Symoné, who later starred in the Disney Channel’s That’s So Raven, 2003–07) was eventually introduced as Cliff and Clair’s five-year-old step-grandchild.

Ukraine: Kuchma’s presidency: …Kuchma defeated Communist Party leader Petro Symonenko by a resounding margin. Politically, Kuchma had benefited from the splintering of the left among several candidates. He also had campaigned vigorously, using all the means available to him, particularly the media. Indeed, a strong bias in favour of Kuchma became evident in…

Sir Roland Theodore Symonette was a Bahamian politician who served as the first premier of The Bahamas (1964–67). Symonette was educated at a day school on Eleuthera and became a shipyard owner and a contractor for the construction of roads, wharves, and harbours in The Bahamas. He was elected in

A.J.A. Symons was a British author and biographer best known for his brilliant and unconventional biography The Quest for Corvo (1934). Family economic difficulties obliged Symons to leave home and learn a trade at an early age. For three years he lived a life of drudgery, working as an apprentice

A.J.A. Symons was a British author and biographer best known for his brilliant and unconventional biography The Quest for Corvo (1934). Family economic difficulties obliged Symons to leave home and learn a trade at an early age. For three years he lived a life of drudgery, working as an apprentice

Arthur Symons was a poet and critic, the first English champion of the French Symbolist poets. Symons’s schooling was irregular, but, determined to be a writer, he soon found a place in the London literary journalism of the 1890s. He joined the Rhymers’ Club (a group of poets including William

Arthur Symons was a poet and critic, the first English champion of the French Symbolist poets. Symons’s schooling was irregular, but, determined to be a writer, he soon found a place in the London literary journalism of the 1890s. He joined the Rhymers’ Club (a group of poets including William

George James Symons was a British meteorologist who strove to provide reliable observational data by imposing standards of accuracy and uniformity on meteorological measurements and by substantially increasing the number of reporting stations. Symons was elected a member of the British

sympathetic nervous system, division of the nervous system that functions to produce localized adjustments (such as sweating as a response to an increase in temperature) and reflex adjustments of the cardiovascular system. Under conditions of stress, the entire sympathetic nervous system is

human nervous system: Enteric nervous system: …two types of sensory neurons: sympathetic neurons, which originate from dorsal-root ganglia found at the thoracic and lumbar levels; and parasympathetic neurons, which originate in the nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve or in dorsal-root ganglia at sacral levels S2–S4. The former innervate the gastrointestinal tract from the pharynx to…

eye disease: Ocular injuries: …of inflammation following injury, called sympathetic ophthalmia, is of particular importance. In this condition an injured eye causes the other, previously normal eye to take part in the inflammation, with resulting impairment of vision. Sympathetic ophthalmia can occur weeks, months, or years after the initial injury. The cause of sympathetic…

eye disease: Ocular injuries: …of inflammation following injury, called sympathetic ophthalmia, is of particular importance. In this condition an injured eye causes the other, previously normal eye to take part in the inflammation, with resulting impairment of vision. Sympathetic ophthalmia can occur weeks, months, or years after the initial injury. The cause of sympathetic…

human nervous system: Sympathetic nervous system: …sometimes referred to as the thoracolumbar outflow.) The axons of these neurons exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots and then synapse on either sympathetic ganglion cells or specialized cells in the adrenal gland called chromaffin cells.

stringed instrument: The production of sound: and the sitar, possess numerous sympathetic strings tuned according to the notes of the mode being played. The South Asian fiddle, sarangi, has some two to three dozen sympathetic strings; the Norwegian Hardanger fiddle (Hardingfele) has four or five sympathetic strings; and the viola d’amore typically has seven. Sympathetic strings…

human nervous system: The peripheral nervous system: …ganglia are located in the sympathetic trunks, two long chains of ganglia stretching along each side of the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the coccyx; these are referred to as paravertebral ganglia. Prevertebral motor ganglia are located near internal organs innervated by their projecting fibers, while…

Viet Thanh Nguyen: The Sympathizer: In 2015 Nguyen’s debut novel, The Sympathizer, was published. Set during the Fall of Saigon (1975) and the aftermath of the Vietnam War, the story follows a half-French, half-Vietnamese double agent working as an aide within South Vietnam’s secret police while secretly reporting…

Robert Downey, Jr.: Iron Man series and Oppenheimer: In 2024 Downey starred in The Sympathizer, a television miniseries adapted from Viet Thanh Nguyen’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel about a double agent working in the aftermath of the Vietnam War. Downey was nominated for an Emmy Award for his supporting role.

adrenergic drug, any of various drugs that mimic or interfere with the functioning of the sympathetic nervous system by affecting the release or action of norepinephrine and epinephrine. These hormones, which are also known as noradrenaline and adrenaline, are secreted by the adrenal gland, hence

Mark Ruffalo: Making a name in Hollywood: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and The Kids Are All Right: …Festival for his directorial debut, Sympathy for Delicious, about a paraplegic DJ who discovers that he has a talent for faith healing. In addition, his performance as the laid-back sperm donor who fathered the teenage children of a lesbian couple in The Kids Are All Right brought him an Academy…

Park Chan-Wook: The vengeance trilogy and the cult appeal of Oldboy: …consequences: Boksuneun naui geot (2002; Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance), Oldeuboi (2003; Oldboy), and Chinjeolhan geumjassi (2005; Lady Vengeance). These were later dubbed the “vengeance trilogy” by critics and the mass media because of their thematic kinship and use of ultraviolence, though they were unconnected narratively. By far the most significant…

the Rolling Stones: Documentaries, later music, and awards: …Jean-Luc Godard, with the impressionistic Sympathy for the Devil (1968); and Hal Ashby, with Let’s Spend the Night Together (1982). Most notably, Gimme Shelter (1970) by David Maysles, Albert Maysles, and Charlotte Zwerin covers the group’s infamous 1969 tour and Altamont Speedway concert. In the wake of the group’s well-received…

speciation: Sympatric speciation: …alternative to allopatric speciation is sympatric speciation, in which reproductive isolation occurs within a single population without geographic isolation. In general, when populations are physically separated, some reproductive isolation arises. How genetic divergence can happen within a population of individuals that are continually interacting with one another is usually difficult…

gibbon: >Symphalangus. Molecular data indicate that the four groups are as different from one another as chimpanzees are from humans.

siamang, (Symphalangus syndactylus), arboreal ape of the gibbon family (Hylobatidae), found in the forests of Sumatra and Malaya. The siamang resembles other gibbons but is more robust. The siamang is also distinguished by the webbing between its second and third toes and by a dilatable hairless

Christianity: The views of Eusebius of Caesarea: …of the Christian church as symphōnia, or “harmony.” The church recognized the powers of the emperor as protector of the church and preserver of the unity of the faith and asserted its own authority over the spiritual domain of preserving Orthodox doctrine and order in the church. The emperor, on…