sympathetic outflow

The sympathetic nervous system is a division of the nervous system that prepares the body for action, particularly in response to stress, through the "fight-or-flight response". This system is also responsible for localized adjustments, such as sweating to regulate temperature.12

Anatomically, the sympathetic nervous system originates in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, which is why it's sometimes called the thoracolumbar outflow. Preganglionic neurons extend from the spinal cord to synapse with ganglion cells or specialized cells in the adrenal gland. These ganglia are organized into paravertebral (sympathetic chain) and prevertebral groups, which then innervate various organs and tissues throughout the body.13

The fight-or-flight response involves the release of hormones like epinephrine, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and dilation of pupils and bronchi, all to prepare the individual for immediate danger. Chronic activation of this system can contribute to health issues like diabetes and hypertension.12