Kotka, city, southeastern Finland, on two islands, Hovinsaari and Kotkansaari, at the mouth of the Kymi River on the Gulf of Finland, east-northeast of Helsinki. Kotkansaari was fortified by the Russians between 1790 and 1800, and its main fort was destroyed by a British fleet in 1855 during

restaurant: French restaurants of the 19th century: …favourite eating places were the Rocher de Cancale, on the rue Montorgueil, famous for its oysters and fish, and the Restaurant Durand, at the corner of the Place de la Madeleine and the rue Royale, a favourite gathering place of politicians, artists, and writers, including the authors Anatole France and…

Djelfa: …imposing physical feature known as Salt Rock (Rocher de Sel) that resulted from the erosion of rock salts and marls by rain, and to the west of the town Megalithic funerary structures are found. Pop. (1998) 154,265; (2008) 265,833.

Percé: …at low tide, is famed Rocher-Percé (“Pierced Rock”)—a rocky island 290 feet (88 metres) high that is pierced by a 60-foot- (18-metre-) high arch; it and another nearby tourist attraction, Bonaventure Island, are bird sanctuaries. Pop. (2006) 3,419; (2011) 3,312.

Abdelkader: Creation of a new state: …Europeans was the future diplomat Léon Roches, who later recounted his adventures in a fanciful book, Trente-deux ans à travers l’Islam (“Thirty-two Years Through Islam”). Abdelkader organized a regular army of approximately 2,000 men, to be supported by either volunteers or contingents furnished by the tribes. As towns near French…

Rochester, city, Strafford county, southeastern New Hampshire, U.S., on the Cocheco and Salmon Falls rivers, just northwest of Dover. Named for Lawrence Hyde, 1st earl of Rochester, it was incorporated as a town (township) in 1722, but no settlement was made until 1728. Chartered as a city in 1891,

Rochester, city, seat of Olmsted county, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies on the Zumbro River and on several creeks in a mixed-farming region about 75 miles (120 km) southeast of Minneapolis. The site, which originally served as a camping ground for wagon trains and later as a stagecoach and

Rochester, industrial city, seat (1821) of Monroe county, northwestern New York, U.S. It is a St. Lawrence Seaway port on the Genesee River at its outlet into Lake Ontario, 71 miles (114 km) east-northeast of Buffalo. It is the centre of a metropolitan area that includes Greece, Irondequoit,

Rochester, town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), Medway unitary authority, historic county of Kent, southeastern England. It is situated on the River Medway, east of London and just above the Medway’s confluence with the Thames estuary, and is one of three large adjoining urban centres

Jack Benny: …his cast—including Eddie Anderson as Rochester, his chauffeur and valet; and Benny’s wife, Sadie Marks, as Mary Livingstone, his nemesis—carefully developed his stage image as a vain, stingy man and would-be violinist. He was notable for his verbal inflection and his acute sense of timing.

North Kingstown, town (township), Washington county, south-central Rhode Island, U.S., on Narragansett Bay. The area, settled in 1641 as Kings Towne, was incorporated in 1674; in 1686–89 it was called Rochester. In 1722–23 it was divided into North Kingstown and South Kingstown. North Kingstown

Rochester Institute of Technology, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Rochester, New York, U.S. It includes colleges of business, applied science and technology, liberal arts, science, and engineering. The institute also includes the College of Imaging Arts and Sciences and

Rochester: The cathedral church has a Norman west front (1125–30) and later Gothic work. The remains of a Norman castle, chiefly a massive keep, overlook the river crossing, and there are remains of a 13th-century city wall. Other notable buildings include the Guildhall (1687), the almshouses (1579),…

Rochester Institute of Technology, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Rochester, New York, U.S. It includes colleges of business, applied science and technology, liberal arts, science, and engineering. The institute also includes the College of Imaging Arts and Sciences and

William Riker: …to be known as the Rochester School of Political Science. He also provided leadership for Rochester University itself as its dean of graduate studies (1978–83). A dedicated teacher and mentor, he continued to teach classes and advise students even after he became emeritus professor in 1991.

Philip Kapleau: …and the founder of the Rochester Zen Center, a major venue of Zen meditation and education.

Mr. Rochester, fictional character in English novelist Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre (1847). The brooding and tormented master of Thornfield Hall, he falls in love with and is loved by the eponymous heroine Jane Eyre. Rochester is regarded as among the greatest literary romantic heroes. Edward

subatomic particle: Strangeness: …the year Clifford Butler and George Rochester, two British physicists studying cosmic rays, discovered the first examples of yet another type of new particle. The new particles were heavier than the pion or muon but lighter than the proton, with a mass of about 800 times the electron’s mass. Within…

Henry Wilmot, 1st earl of Rochester was a distinguished Cavalier general during the English Civil Wars, who helped Charles II to escape after the Battle of Worcester. Wilmot’s family was descended from Edward Wilmot of Witney, Oxfordshire, whose son Charles (c. 1570–1643/44), having served with

Henry Wilmot, 1st earl of Rochester was a distinguished Cavalier general during the English Civil Wars, who helped Charles II to escape after the Battle of Worcester. Wilmot’s family was descended from Edward Wilmot of Witney, Oxfordshire, whose son Charles (c. 1570–1643/44), having served with

John Wilmot, 2nd earl of Rochester was a court wit and poet who helped establish English satiric poetry. Wilmot succeeded his father to the earldom in 1658, and he received his M.A. at Oxford in 1661. Charles II, probably out of gratitude to the 1st earl, who had helped him to escape after the

Lawrence Hyde, 1st earl of Rochester was an influential English statesman who served under Charles II, James II, William III, and Queen Anne. The second son of the renowned statesman and historian Edward Hyde, 1st earl of Clarendon, he entered Parliament in 1660 and was master of the robes from

Mr. Rochester, fictional character in English novelist Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre (1847). The brooding and tormented master of Thornfield Hall, he falls in love with and is loved by the eponymous heroine Jane Eyre. Rochester is regarded as among the greatest literary romantic heroes. Edward

University of Rochester, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Rochester, New York, U.S. The university includes the College of Arts and Science, the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Eastman School of Music, William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration,

Robert Carr, earl of Somerset was a favourite of King James I of England from 1607 to 1615. His influence on governmental policy was slight, but he brought discredit on James’s court by his involvement in a scandal. Son of a Scottish nobleman, the handsome Carr first attracted James’s interest in

Olympic Games: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 2010: …Games’ most memorable moments when Joannie Rochette of Canada skated in the short program just two days after the sudden death of her mother. Her emotional performance helped vault Rochette to a bronze medal in the event. China’s Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo took first place in pairs to give…

Rochford, district, administrative and historic county of Essex, England. Occupying the southeast of the county, it is bordered to the north by the Crouch estuary and to the south by the Southend-on-Sea urban area on the Thames estuary. The River Roach (formerly Roch) flows through the centre of

major industrial polymers: Polysiloxanes (silicones): In 1943 Eugene George Rochow at the General Electric Company Laboratories in Schenectady, N.Y., U.S., prepared silicones by the hydrolysis of dialkyldimethoxysilane—a ring-opening process that he patented in 1945 and that remains the basis of modern polymerization methods.

Rocinante, fictional character, the spavined half-starved horse that Don Quixote designates his noble steed in the classic novel Don Quixote (1605, 1615) by Miguel de

rock, in geology, naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more minerals. Such aggregates constitute the basic unit of which the solid Earth is composed and typically form recognizable and mappable volumes. Rocks are commonly divided into three major classes according to the processes

rock, form of popular music that emerged in the 1950s. It is certainly arguable that by the end of the 20th century rock was the world’s dominant form of popular music. Originating in the United States in the 1950s, it spread to other English-speaking countries and across Europe in the ’60s, and by

Trevor Nunn: …in White (2004), Tom Stoppard’s Rock ’n’ Roll (2006), and Stephen Sondheim’s A Little Night Music (2008). He joined the Theatre Royal Haymarket as resident artistic director for the 2011–12 season and directed four plays, including Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and The Tempest, starring Ralph Fiennes. Nunn’s later…

rock and roll, style of popular music that originated in the United States in the mid-1950s and that evolved by the mid-1960s into the more encompassing international style known as rock music, though the latter also continued to be known as rock and roll. Rock and roll has been described as a

Lou Reed: …Reed’s landmark 1974 concert album Rock ’n’ Roll Animal. In 2006 Reed celebrated New York City in a book, Lou Reed’s New York, which collected his photography.

From the opening strains of Bill Haley and His Comets’ “Rock Around the Clock” in Blackboard Jungle (1955), the power of rock and roll on film was obvious. Hollywood, however, treated the new music as a fad, which director Frank Tashlin spoofed in The Girl Can’t Help It (1956), the story of a

Until 1964, almost a decade after Bill Haley’s “Rock Around the Clock” had introduced a new musical era to British youth, pop music fans found few stations to set their dial to. Apart from the record-company-sponsored, evenings-only broadcasts of Radio Luxembourg, pop was represented essentially by

Radio and rock and roll needed each other, and it was their good fortune that they intersected at the exact moment when rock and roll was being born and radio was facing death. Radio had experienced a “Golden Age” since the 1930s, broadcasting popular swing bands and comedy, crime, and drama

In the early 1940s, recording sessions took place to document musical performances. Except for the presence of a microphone (and, perhaps, the absence of an audience), the procedure was exactly the same as a live performance: all members of the ensemble played and sang together “live,” and the

rock and roll, style of popular music that originated in the United States in the mid-1950s and that evolved by the mid-1960s into the more encompassing international style known as rock music, though the latter also continued to be known as rock and roll. Rock and roll has been described as a

dance: Social dance: The lindy and rock and roll brought back contact between the dancers, but it was of a very acrobatic and individualistic kind. The influence of African dance could still be seen in disco and other popular forms, particularly in the characteristic swaying of the hips and the percussive…

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, museum and hall of fame in Cleveland, Ohio, that celebrates the history and cultural significance of rock music and honors the contributions of those who have played an important role in the music’s creation and dissemination. Established in 1983 by a group of

Chuck Berry: …(1956), “School Day” (1957), “Rock and Roll Music” (1957), “Sweet Little Sixteen” (1958), “Johnny B. Goode” (1958), and “Reelin’ and Rockin’” (1958). His vivid descriptions of consumer culture and teenage life, the distinctive sounds he coaxed from his guitar, and the rhythmic and melodic virtuosity of his piano player…

Think of rock and television as one of those couples plainly destined to get together but often at odds until the shotgun wedding arranged by MTV (Music TeleVision) finally got them to the altar in 1981. From the start, which in this case means Elvis Presley, TV in the United States and Britain

The world of musical theatre responded much more slowly to the rock-and-roll revolution than did Hollywood, which in 1956 alone produced such films as Rock Around the Clock, Don’t Knock the Rock, and Rock, Rock, Rock. The first Broadway musical to deal with rock music, Bye Bye Birdie (1960), was

American Graffiti: Production, casting, and storyline: …with the 1954 hit “Rock Around the Clock” by Bill Haley & His Comets, although Happy Days later changed its opening song. Other musical artists featured in the film include the Heartbeats, the Regents, and Buddy Holly.

rock art, drawing, painting, or similar work on or of stone, usually from the ancient or prehistoric era, though it continued to be practiced in some areas of Africa during the 19th century and possibly later. Rock art includes pictographs (drawings or paintings), petroglyphs (carvings or

petroleum: Extraction from underground reservoirs: …was scarce in Mesopotamia, “rock asphalt” (sandstone or limestone infused with bitumen or petroleum residue) was mined and combined with sand and fibres for use in supplementing building materials. The need for better illumination that accompanied the increasing development of urban centres made it necessary to search for new…

landslide: Types of landslides: …of rock or debris, forming rock avalanches and debris avalanches, respectively. Entrapped snow and ice may also help mobilize such flows, but the unqualified term avalanche is generally used to refer only to an avalanche of snow. (See avalanche.) Triggered by earthquake shock or torrential rain in mountainous relief with…

Rock Band, electronic music game, created by the American company Harmonix Music Systems and distributed by Electronic Arts for use with the Sony Corporation’s PlayStation 2 and 3 and the Microsoft Corporation’s Xbox 360 in 2007, and for the Nintendo Company’s Wii in 2008. Rock Band is similar to

barnacle: Acorn barnacles, also called rock barnacles, are sessile (not stalked); their symmetrical shells tend to be barrellike or broadly conical. This group includes Balanus, responsible for much of the fouling of ships and harbour structures. Wart barnacles, such as Verruca, have asymmetrical shells.

sunfish: …on its ear; and the rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), a food and sport fish coloured greenish with irregular dark markings.

rock bolt, in tunneling and underground mining, steel rod inserted in a hole drilled into the roof or walls of a rock formation to provide support to the roof or sides of the cavity. Rock bolt reinforcement can be used in any excavation geometry, is simple and quick to apply, and is relatively

cliff brake: …brake is sometimes used for rock ferns or rock brakes, about four to seven species constituting the genus Cryptogramma, native to Europe, Asia, and the Americas. They differ from Pellaea species by having fronds that die back each winter and by their fertile leaflets, which are usually narrower than the…

seismograph: Applications of the seismograph: Rock bursts, in which rocks are ejected suddenly in deep pits or tunnels, are caused by increase of stress in the surrounding rocks. Experience in mines shows that an increase of small shocks detectable by highly sensitive geophones—portable seismometers for field use—generally indicates a rock…

pictography: …carved on rocks are called petroglyphs.) A pictograph that stands for an individual idea or meaning may be called an ideogram; if a pictograph stands for an individual word, it is called a logogram (q.v.). Pictographs are also used as memory aids. Various North American Indian tribes used pictographs both…

tunnels and underground excavations: Geologic investigation: For large rock chambers and also particularly large tunnels, the problems increase so rapidly with increasing opening size that adverse geology can make the project impractical or at least tremendously costly. Hence, the concentrated opening areas of these projects are invariably investigated during the design stage by…

chestnut oak, any of several species of North American timber trees with chestnutlike leaves, belonging to the white oak group. Specifically, chestnut oak refers to Q. montana, also called rock chestnut oak, a tree found on rocky soils of the eastern United States and southern Canada. It is usually

African architecture: Influences of Islam and Christianity: …the exception of the remarkable rock churches of Lalībela, Ethiopia. Following the Islamization of Egypt, the Ethiopian church was isolated for many centuries, but, during the reign of the ascetic Zagwe king Lalībela in the 13th century, 11 churches were carved out of the red tufa, including the cruciform church…

mountaineering: Techniques: Rock climbing, like hiking, is a widely practiced sport in its own right. The essentials of rock climbing are often learned on local cliffs, where the teamwork of mountaineering, the use of the rope, and the coordinated prerequisites of control and rhythm are mastered. The…

poultry processing: Classification of birds: Rock Cornish hens, narrowly defined, are a hybrid cross specifically bred to produce small roasters; in the marketplace, however, the term is used to denote a small bird, five to six weeks old, that is often served whole and stuffed. Seven-week-old chickens are classified as…

lingonberry, (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), small creeping plant of the heath family (Ericaceae), related to the blueberry and cranberry. Lingonberry plants are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere in boreal forests and tundra regions. The red fruit is used for jelly and juice by northern Europeans

Blue Mountains: The highest peak is Rock Creek Butte (9,105 ft), on the Elkhorn Ridge. The mountains are drained by tributaries of the Columbia River. At lower elevations, the basins or flats are cultivated, some with irrigation. The slopes are heavily forested with pine and Douglas fir. Stock grazing and outdoor…

Washington, D.C.: City site: …shallow, long ravine—what is now Rock Creek Park—separated Washington from the old port city of Georgetown; development to the north and west of this ravine was slow until the end of the 19th century, when the ravine was bridged and public transportation was made available.

rock cress, (genus Arabis), genus of some 120 species of herbs belonging to the mustard family (Brassicaceae), found throughout the Northern Hemisphere and in mountainous areas of Africa. Rock cresses are often erect or mound-forming and bear characteristic long, narrow seedpods, called siliques.

Rock criticism was born at that moment in the mid-1960s when rock and roll ceased to be “mere” dance music for teenagers and acquired a sense of itself as art. In the wake of Bob Dylan, bands such as the Beatles and the Byrds began to write lyrics susceptible to exegesis. Founded in 1966 by editor

Rock criticism: Rock criticism was born at that moment in the mid-1960s when rock and roll ceased to be “mere” dance music for teenagers and acquired a sense of itself as art. In the wake of Bob Dylan, bands such as the Beatles and the Byrds began…

rock crystal, transparent variety of the silica mineral quartz that is valued for its clarity and total lack of colour or flaws. Vessels and spheres have been carved from large crystals since ancient times, and the application of the word crystal to fine glassware derives from this practice. Rock

geology: …rocks, thereby completing a full cycle of the transfer of matter from an old continent to a young ocean and ultimately to the formation of new sedimentary rocks. Knowledge of the processes of interaction of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere with the surface rocks and soils of the Earth’s crust…

José Agustín: …1985 Agustín published an autobiography, El rock de la cárcel (“Jailhouse Rock”); a collection of essays, La nueva música clásica (“The New Classical Music”); and the novels Ahí viene la plaga (“Here Comes the Plague”) and Furor matutino (“Morning Fury”). The novel Cerca del fuego (1986; “Near the Fire”) is…

pigeon: Domesticated pigeons: The rock dove is typically dull in color—gray and white rump and two large black wing bars; this Eurasian species nests above 5,000 feet (1,525 metres) in Asia. It has been domesticated and selectively bred since 4,500 bce with the production of numerous color variants and…

drilling machinery: The first patented rock drill was invented in 1849 by J.J. Couch of Philadelphia. Its drill rod passed through a hollow piston and was thrown like a lance against the rock; caught on the rebound by a gripper, it was again hurled forward by the stroke of the…

Sir Jacob Epstein: …strongest work of the period, The Rock Drill (1913), was modeled in plaster, and its robotlike form reflects his short-lived interest in sleek, abstract design.

glacial landform: Rock drumlins: A feature similar to roches moutonnées, rock drumlins are bedrock knobs or hills completely streamlined, usually with steep stoss sides and gently sloping lee sides. Both roches moutonnées and rock drumlins range in length from several metres to several kilometres and in height…

Georgia: Prehistoric period: The best-known of these is Rock Eagle in central Georgia, a large complex of quartz rocks laid out in the shape of a bird.

rock edicts, narrative histories and announcements carved into cliff rock, onto pillars, and in caves throughout India by King Ashoka (reigned c. 265–238 bce), the most powerful emperor of the Mauryan dynasty and a highly influential promulgator of Indian Buddhism. Ashoka’s first years as king were

gunnel: …species Pholis gunnellus, known as rock gunnel, butterfish (after its slipperiness), or rock eel, is a common European and eastern North American form. It is usually brownish with darker markings and up to about 30 cm (12 inches) long.

elm: Major species: Rock, or cork, elm (U. thomasii) has hard wood and twigs that often develop corky ridges.

pictography: …carved on rocks are called petroglyphs.) A pictograph that stands for an individual idea or meaning may be called an ideogram; if a pictograph stands for an individual word, it is called a logogram (q.v.). Pictographs are also used as memory aids. Various North American Indian tribes used pictographs both…

igneous rock: Fabric: A major part of rock texture is fabric or pattern, which is a function of the form and outline of its constituent grains, their relative sizes, and their mutual relationships in space. Many specific terms have been employed to shorten the description of rock…

rock fan, fan-shaped bedrock surface at the foot of a mountain, often where a stream flows out onto a piedmont slope. It is often covered with a thin veneer of alluvium and may be confused with an alluvial fan. Rock fans are usually quite steep (20° to 26° slope). It has been suggested that they

cliff brake: …brake is sometimes used for rock ferns or rock brakes, about four to seven species constituting the genus Cryptogramma, native to Europe, Asia, and the Americas. They differ from Pellaea species by having fronds that die back each winter and by their fertile leaflets, which are usually narrower than the…

rock festival, a series of musical performances by a variety of artists, which generally take place over a number of days. Some festivals are singular events, while others recur annually in the same location. Occasionally, a festival will focus on a particular genre (e.g., folk, heavy metal, world

Rock festivals had their origin in the jazz festivals held in Newport, Rhode Island, and in Monterey, California, in the 1950s. As the folk music revival spread in the early 1960s, the Newport Festival added a folk component, which gave birth to other folk festivals across the country. When the

Karakoram Range: Glaciation and drainage: Suspended pulverized stone, or rock flour, makes glacial meltwater opaque. Rock flour and eroded material from the mountain channels give the Indus the highest suspended sediment load of any major river. Groundwater accumulates in the rocky talus and contributes to the flow throughout the year.

fold, in geology, undulation or waves in the stratified rocks of Earth’s crust. Stratified rocks were originally formed from sediments that were deposited in flat horizontal sheets, but in a number of places the strata are no longer horizontal but have been warped. Sometimes the warping is so

fulgurite: >Rock fulgurites, the other variety, are thin, glassy crusts on rocks. They generally occur on mountain summits, as at Toluca, Mex., and Mt. Thielsen, Oregon.

corydalis: Major species: Yellow corydalis, or rock fumewort (C. lutea), of southern Europe, is a popular garden perennial with 22-cm- (about 9-inch-) tall sprays of yellow tubular blooms. Fumewort, or bird-in-a-bush (C. solida), is a spring ephemeral found in Eurasia; its flowers range from white to dusty red…

gardening: Rock gardens: Rock gardens are designed to look as if they are a natural part of a rocky hillside or slope. If rocks are added, they are generally laid on their larger edges, as in natural strata. A few large boulders usually look better than…

Nek Chand: …trash and debris into the Rock Garden of Chandigarh, an assemblage of thousands of sculptures in a forest on the outskirts of Chandigarh, India.

Coral Castle, tourist attraction located in Homestead, Florida, featuring massive stone carvings created by Edward Leedskalnin between 1923 and 1951 as a tribute to his fiancée, who reportedly ended their engagement the day before their wedding. Coral Castle was added to the National Register of

rock glacier, tonguelike body of coarse rock fragments, found in high mountains above the timberline, that moves slowly down a valley. The rock material usually has fallen from the valley walls and may contain large boulders: it resembles the material left at the terminus of a true glacier.

gunnel: …species Pholis gunnellus, known as rock gunnel, butterfish (after its slipperiness), or rock eel, is a common European and eastern North American form. It is usually brownish with darker markings and up to about 30 cm (12 inches) long.

Rock Hill, city, York county, northern South Carolina, U.S., near the Catawba River, 26 miles (42 km) south of Charlotte, North Carolina. Established in 1851 as a depot on the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad, it was named for a flint hill in the vicinity. During the American Civil War, Rock

grouper: …49 inches) long; and the rock hind (E. adscensionis), an Atlantic food species spotted with orange or red and up to 61 cm (24 inches) long.

hyrax: …bush hyraxes (Heterohyrax) and the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) are terrestrial animals that live in groups among rocks and are active by day. The tree hyraxes (Dendrohyrax) are arboreal, solitary, and nocturnal. All are primarily vegetarian.

Rock Island, city, seat (1833) of Rock Island county, northwestern Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Mississippi River (bridged to Iowa) at the mouth of the Rock River and opposite the island for which it was named. With Moline and East Moline, Illinois, and Davenport and Bettendorf, Iowa, Rock Island

Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad Company, U.S. railroad company founded in 1847 as the Rock Island and La Salle Railroad Company to build a line from Rock Island to La Salle, Ill. By 1866 its lines extended from Chicago to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Management in the late 19th century was

macaque: Species: The Formosan rock macaque (M. cyclopis) is closely related to the rhesus monkey and lives only in Taiwan. Japanese macaques, or snow monkeys (M. fuscata), are larger, more muscular, and shaggy-haired with pink faces and very short furry tails. These monkeys are important figures in myths…

rock: Magnetic properties: The magnetic properties of rocks arise from the magnetic properties of the constituent mineral grains and crystals. Typically, only a small fraction of the rock consists of magnetic minerals. It is this small portion of grains that determines the magnetic properties and magnetization of the rock…

sugar maple, (Acer saccharum), large tree in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native to eastern North America and widely grown as an ornamental and shade tree. It is commercially important as a source of maple syrup, maple sugar, and hardwood lumber useful in furniture manufacture and flooring.