codeine: First isolated by French chemist Pierre-Jean Robiquet in 1832, codeine may be extracted directly from opium, but most codeine is produced from morphine, another opium derivative.

the Chicks: ), Emily Robison (née Erwin; b. August 16, 1972, Pittsfield, Massachusetts, U.S.), and Natalie Maines (b. October 14, 1974, Lubbock, Texas, U.S.). Early members of the group included guitarist Robin Lynn Macy, who left in 1992, and vocalist Laura Lynch, who was replaced by Maines in…

Los Angeles Kings: …roster featuring Gretzky, left wing Luc Robitaille, and defenseman Rob Blake—broke through in 1992–93, winning a conference championship before ultimately losing to the Montreal Canadiens in the Stanley Cup finals. The Kings’ play fell off precipitously the following season, however, resulting in a fifth-place divisional finish and the beginning of…

temperate forest: Flora: …a deciduous species of beech, Nothofagus obliqua, which usually grows amid evergreen trees more typical of the broad-leaved forests bordering this area to the south.

Somalia: Mohamed’s administration (2017–22), preparations for the 2021–22 elections, and ongoing insecurity: …appointed a new prime minister, Mohamed Hussein Roble.

Emmanuel Roblès was an Algerian-French novelist and playwright whose works came out of the war and political strife that he witnessed in Europe and North Africa. A common guiding theme in his writings is the stubborn resistance of heroes to their political or social tormentors. The Roblès’ rebel,

Emmanuel Roblès was an Algerian-French novelist and playwright whose works came out of the war and political strife that he witnessed in Europe and North Africa. A common guiding theme in his writings is the stubborn resistance of heroes to their political or social tormentors. The Roblès’ rebel,

Panama: World War II and mid-century intrigues: …secretary to the National Guard, Marco A. Robles, was declared the winner. Under Robles the economy of Panama was uneven. In January 1964 anti-U.S. riots were sparked when high school students in the Canal Zone used force to prevent the display of the Panamanian flag. In response to this action,…

John Augustus Roebling was a German-born American civil engineer, a pioneer in the design of suspension bridges. His best-known work is the Brooklyn Bridge of New York City, which was completed under the direction of his eldest son, Washington Augustus, and daughter-in-law Emily Warren Roebling in

Roblox, free electronic gaming platform that lets people from around the world create, share, and play games. Software developers and entrepreneurs David Baszucki and Erik Cassel founded the company in 2006. They aimed to build an online universe where players could connect both socially and

cyborg: Movies such as RoboCop (1987) and the first Star Wars trilogy (1977, 1980, 1983) have central characters that are so much machine that their humanity appears to have been crowded out. In RoboCop, a severely injured police officer is rebuilt to serve as a robot-like law enforcement tool.…

Michael Keaton: Birdman and Spotlight: …spotlight in such movies as RoboCop, Need for Speed, and Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance). He earned particular acclaim for the latter film, in which he starred as an actor who had achieved iconic status as the titular superhero and was desperately trying to regain his glory days…

Irvin Kershner: Star Wars, James Bond, and RoboCop: …directing career with the violent RoboCop 2 (1990), a sequel to Paul Verhoeven’s hugely successful original.

robot: Robotics research: The first RoboCup games were held in 1997 in Nagoya, Japan, with teams entered in three competition categories: computer simulation, small robots, and midsize robots. Merely finding and pushing the ball was a major accomplishment, but the event encouraged participants to share research, and play improved dramatically…

Lewanika was a Southern African king of the Lozi, from the Luyana lineage, one of a restored line of Lozi kings that recovered control of Barotseland (Bulozi) in the decades following the 1851 death of the Kololo conqueror, Sebetwane. Fearful of attack from the Portuguese (in Angola to the west)

robot, any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner. By extension, robotics is the engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction, and operation of robots. The concept of

Susan Sarandon: Films of the 2000s and later roles: …a librarian in the offbeat Robot & Frank, as a woman afflicted by her husband’s duplicity in the thriller Arbitrage, as a housewife arrested for the radical activities of her past in The Company You Keep, and as multiple characters in the mosaic-like epic Cloud Atlas. The following year she…

autonomous vehicle, automobile that employs driver assistance technologies to remove the need for a human operator. There are six stages of automation in automobiles, ranging from fully unassisted manual driving at stage 0 to fully automated self-driving cars at stage 5. Though the terms

Cartoon Network: History: and Morty, The Boondocks, and Robot Chicken.

automation: The robot manipulator: The most widely accepted definition of an industrial robot is one developed by the Robotic Industries Association:

robotic surgery, in medicine, the use of machines guided by doctors to perform surgical procedures. The word robot was first used in the play R.U.R.: Rossum’s Universal Robots, written by Czech novelist and playwright Karel Čapek and performed in 1921. The term originated from the Czech word for

robotics, design, construction, and use of machines (robots) to perform tasks done traditionally by human beings. Robots are widely used in such industries as automobile manufacture to perform simple repetitive tasks, and in industries where work must be performed in environments hazardous to

three laws of robotics, rules developed by science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov, who sought to create an ethical system for humans and robots. The laws first appeared in his short story “Runaround” (1942) and subsequently became hugely influential in the sci-fi genre. In addition, they later found

Robotpatent, (German: “Forced-Labour Patent”), law governing compulsory labour, performed by peasants for their lord in the Austrian domains. Enactments from earlier times existed throughout the Austrian domains, such as a Hungarian one that was issued as a penalty in 1514 following an abortive

Robert I was the count of Flanders (1071–93), the second son of Count Baldwin V. In 1063 he married Gertrude and became guardian of her son, who had inherited Frisia east of the Scheldt River. Upon this marriage, Robert’s father also invested him with Imperial Flanders, including the islands of

Robert II was the count of Flanders (1093–1111), one of the most celebrated of crusaders. The son of Robert I, he sailed for the Holy Land on the First Crusade in 1096 and earned fame perhaps second only to that of Godfrey of Bouillon. Returning to Flanders in 1100, he fought with his suzerain,

Philippines: The Philippines since c. 1990: His nearest challenger was vice-president Leni Robredo, who won about 28 percent of the total vote. On June 30, 2022, Bongbong was sworn in as the 17th president of the Philippines, signifying the Marcos family’s successful political rehabilitation.

Arthur Erickson: Robson Square, Vancouver (1978–79), a large civic centre, incorporated waterfalls, a roof garden, plazas, and stairs with integrated ramps. His other works include the University of British Columbia’s Museum of Anthropology (1976), with its succession of concrete piers and broad expanses of glass; the Canadian…

Bobby Robson was a British football (soccer) player and manager who was one of England’s most respected players and managers. At the height of his professional career, Robson played 20 matches with the national team, including appearances in the 1958 and 1962 World Cup finals; later, serving as the

Dame Flora Robson was a British actress renowned for the excellence of her performances on the stage and in motion pictures. After finishing high school, Robson studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and made her first professional appearance at the Shaftesbury Theatre, London, in

Dame Flora Robson was a British actress renowned for the excellence of her performances on the stage and in motion pictures. After finishing high school, Robson studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and made her first professional appearance at the Shaftesbury Theatre, London, in

Belmont family: Eleanor Belmont, née Robson (b. Dec. 13, 1879, Wigan, Lancashire, Eng.—d. Oct. 24, 1979, New York, N.Y., U.S.), was the second wife of August Belmont, Jr. She began her career as a successful actress in San Francisco and then achieved a series of triumphs on…

Jennifer Shipley is a New Zealand politician who was New Zealand’s first female prime minister (1997–99). After graduating from Christchurch Teachers’ College in 1972, Robson married Burton Shipley, a farmer, and began teaching at a primary school. Active in the community, she joined the National

Mark Robson was a Canadian-born American filmmaker who directed the boxing classics Champion (1949) and The Harder They Fall (1956) as well as such commercial blockbusters as Peyton Place (1957) and Valley of the Dolls (1967). (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) After he

Mary Ann Cotton was a British nurse and housekeeper who was believed to be Britain’s most prolific female serial killer. She allegedly poisoned up to 21 people. Mary Ann grew up in Durham county, northeastern England. According to some sources, she left home at age 16 to work as a nurse but

Bringing Up Baby: …of her aunt Elizabeth (May Robson), a number of farcical events ensue. For example, David is forced to wear a woman’s dressing gown; Susan’s dog steals and buries a rare dinosaur bone David has been carrying; and Susan uncages a vicious circus leopard that she has mistaken for Baby.…

Mount Robson, peak in eastern British Columbia, Canada, 50 miles (80 km) west-northwest of Jasper, Alberta. Rising above Kinney Lake and overlooking Yellowhead Pass to the east, Mount Robson is the highest peak (12,972 feet [3,954 meters]) in the Canadian Rockies. Composed of horizontal shale

Richard Robson is an English-born Australian chemist who was awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of highly porous materials created by coordinating metal ions with organic linkers. He shared the prize with Japanese chemist Susumu

Bobby Robson was a British football (soccer) player and manager who was one of England’s most respected players and managers. At the height of his professional career, Robson played 20 matches with the national team, including appearances in the 1958 and 1962 World Cup finals; later, serving as the

radio: Police and detective dramas: …was written and directed by William N. Robson, who would later become one of radio’s most renowned talents, and depicted actual crime stories, which were introduced by members of the Los Angeles Police Department. A final wrap-up related the fate met by the criminals at the hands of the legal…

ratatouille: …such as the renowned restaurateur Joël Robuchon, advocate sautéing each type of vegetable separately and then mixing them in the simmering stage, while others are less fastidious. All agree, however, that the vegetables must be chopped well and not overcooked, so that each ingredient remains recognizable and retains its integrity.

Paranthropus, genus of extinct primates with a close, but not direct, relationship to modern human beings. The genus is known from numerous fossils in eastern and southern Africa that date to 2.9–1.2 million years ago (mya), during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs (5.3 million–11,700 years ago).

coffee rust: …varieties of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) have been developed, but the beans are generally considered to be of lower quality than those of the vulnerable Arabica plants (C. arabica). One resistant variety, Lempira, was widely planted in Honduras but lost its resistance to the disease in 2017, resulting in…

Tintoretto: Career: At least three of them—Marietta, Domenico, and Marco—learned their father’s trade and became his associates. An artist of indefatigable activity and a veritable fury of creativity, Tintoretto spent most of his life in the bosom of his family and in his workshop. But the love of solitude to which his…

Tintoretto was a great Italian Mannerist painter of the Venetian school and one of the most important artists of the late Renaissance. His paintings include Vulcan Surprising Venus and Mars (c. 1555), the Mannerist Christ and the Adulteress (c. 1545–48), and his masterpiece of 1592–94, the Last

Tintoretto: Career: At least three of them—Marietta, Domenico, and Marco—learned their father’s trade and became his associates. An artist of indefatigable activity and a veritable fury of creativity, Tintoretto spent most of his life in the bosom of his family and in his workshop. But the love of solitude to which…

Lars Peter Hansen: …led to their coauthored book Robustness, Hansen laid the foundations of a new theory that better explained how people make decisions when their own beliefs are changing over time. Hansen later built upon this joint work to help explain some of the macroeconomic and financial fluctuations that occurred during the…

Huyton, former town, metropolitan borough of Knowsley, metropolitan county of Merseyside, historic county of Lancashire, northwestern England. It lies on the eastern periphery of Liverpool. It was mentioned (as Hitune and Rabil) in Domesday Book (1086), the record of William I the Conqueror’s land

roc, gigantic legendary bird, said to carry off elephants and other large beasts for food. It is mentioned in the famous collection of Arabic tales, The Thousand and One Nights, and by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who referred to it in describing Madagascar and other islands off the coast of

cave art: …discovered in the shelters of Roc-aux-Sorciers (1950) in Vienne and of Cap Blanc (1909) in Dordogne. Engravings were made with fingers on soft walls or with flint tools on hard surfaces in a number of other caves and shelters.

history of Latin America: The early period: …types of agricultural establishments emerged: roças, which were food farms or truck gardens near towns, and fazendas, or export enterprises. The last were mainly sugar plantations, which were not yet very prosperous, even though conditions for sugar growing and transport were ideal in many places, because of lack of capital…

Cape Roca, promontory in Portugal, and the westernmost point of continental Europe. It lies on the Atlantic coast of Lisboa district, about 25 miles (40 km) west-northwest of Lisbon. Known to the Romans as Promontorium Magnum, the cape is a narrow granite cliff, 472 feet (144 metres) high, forming

Cape Roca, promontory in Portugal, and the westernmost point of continental Europe. It lies on the Atlantic coast of Lisboa district, about 25 miles (40 km) west-northwest of Lisbon. Known to the Romans as Promontorium Magnum, the cape is a narrow granite cliff, 472 feet (144 metres) high, forming

Argentina: National consolidation, 1852–80: General Julio Argentino Roca, who was also from San Miguel de Tucumán and who had influence in Córdoba, became the next president (1880–86). Roca had led a brilliant military career that included directing the Conquest of the Desert, the campaign that brought the Indian wars to…

Roca-Runciman Agreement, a three-year trade pact between Argentina and Great Britain, signed in May 1933, that guaranteed Argentina a fixed share in the British meat market and eliminated tariffs on Argentine cereals. In return, Argentina agreed to restrictions with regard to trade and currency

Ecuador: Rivalry between Flores and Rocafuerte (1830–45): …of independence—Juan José Flores and Vicente Rocafuerte—struggled for power; Flores found much of his support in Quito, Rocafuerte in Guayaquil. Hostility was not constant, and for a few years the rivals agreed to alternate in the presidency. They were not simply personalist dictators; Rocafuerte in particular had a coherent ideology…

rocaille, in Western architecture and decorative arts, 18th-century ornamentation featuring elaborately stylized shell-like, rocklike, and scroll motifs. Rocaille is one of the more prominent aspects of the Rococo style of architecture and decoration that developed in France during the reign of

Rocamadour, village, Lot département, Occitanie région, southwestern France. Its buildings, overlooked by a 14th-century château, rise in stages above the gorge of the Alzou River. Rocamadour owes its origin, according to tradition, to St. Amadour (or Amateur), who chose the spot as a hermitage. It

Michel Rocard was a French public servant and politician who was premier of France from 1988 to 1991. Upon graduating from the elite National School of Administration, Rocard became an inspector of finances in 1958, and he subsequently rose to high posts in the government accounting service. He was

Michel Rocard was a French public servant and politician who was premier of France from 1988 to 1991. Upon graduating from the elite National School of Administration, Rocard became an inspector of finances in 1958, and he subsequently rose to high posts in the government accounting service. He was

Yves-André Rocard was a French mathematician and physicist who contributed to the development of the French atomic bomb and to the understanding of such diverse fields of research as semiconductors, seismology, and radio astronomy. Rocard received doctorates in mathematics (1927) and physical

Bergamo: The Rocca, a 14th-century castle, houses the Roman and Risorgimento museums, and the old citadel has a museum of geology and natural history. The birthplace of the composer Gaetano Donizetti is preserved as a museum. The modern lower town, the community centre since the 19th century,…

Roccella, genus of tropical fruticose lichen, an important source of the dye orchil and

litmus: …Netherlands, particularly Lecanora tartarea and Roccella tinctorum. Litmus turns red in acidic solutions and blue in alkaline solutions and is the oldest and most commonly used indicator of whether a substance is an acid or a base.

Tintoretto: Career: San Rocco (St. Roch) is the protector against plagues; the numerous epidemics of that period had given new impetus to the cult of the saint and caused great riches to flow to the Scuola, which built a splendid centre to assist the poor and the…

sea bass: The white perch (M. americana, or R. americanus), which also enters fresh water to breed, is in some areas permanently landlocked in certain streams and ponds.

sea bass: …these fishes, such as the striped bass (Morone, or Roccus, saxatilis), enter rivers to spawn. The white perch (M. americana, or R. americanus), which also enters fresh water to breed, is in some areas permanently landlocked in certain streams and ponds.

Tintoretto: Career: San Rocco (St. Roch) is the protector against plagues; the numerous epidemics of that period had given new impetus to the cult of the saint and caused great riches to flow to the Scuola, which built a splendid centre to assist the poor and the…

Rocha, city, southeastern Uruguay, situated in palm-dotted coastal lowlands. It is the surrounding region’s main commercial and manufacturing centre, with wool and hides the main trade commodities. The railroad and highway from Montevideo to Rocha continue southeastward to the harbour at La Paloma,

Miguel Torga was a poet and diarist whose forceful and highly individual literary style and treatment of universal themes make him one of the most important writers in 20th-century Portuguese literature. Torga embarked on his literary career while a medical student at the University of Coimbra.

Glauber Rocha was a motion-picture director who was a leading figure in Brazil’s Cinema Novo (“New Cinema”). Rocha’s avant-garde films depict Brazil’s history and upheavals in its social and political scene in a stylized, often violent manner. He began his career as a journalist and film critic,

trench fever: …Bartonella quintana (formerly known as Rochalimaea quintana, or Rickettsia quintana). Louse feces can enter the body through scratched or broken skin or through contact with the conjunctiva of the eye (the mucous membrane that lines the eyelid). The incubation period is 14 to 30 days before sudden symptom onset.

Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau was a French general who supported the American Revolution by commanding French forces that helped defeat the British in the Siege of Yorktown, Virginia (1781). Rochambeau was originally trained for the church but then entered a cavalry

Alphonse Beau de Rochas was a French engineer who originated the principle of the four-stroke internal-combustion engine. His achievement lay partly in his emphasizing the previously unappreciated importance of compressing the fuel–air mixture before ignition. Beau de Rochas patented his idea in

automaton: Types of automatons: …specialty of the Rochat brothers, Ami-Napoléon and Louis, both of whom were among the finest 19th-century designers and craftsmen of automatons.

automaton: Types of automatons: …the Rochat brothers, Ami-Napoléon and Louis, both of whom were among the finest 19th-century designers and craftsmen of automatons.

Rochdale: Rochdale, town and metropolitan borough in the northeastern part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, historic county of Lancashire, northeastern England. The borough is cradled on two sides by the Pennines uplands and also includes the towns of Heywood, Middleton, and Littleborough, several villages,…

Rochdale, town and metropolitan borough in the northeastern part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, historic county of Lancashire, northeastern England. The borough is cradled on two sides by the Pennines uplands and also includes the towns of Heywood, Middleton, and Littleborough,

cooperative: …Britain in 1844, with the Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society The society created a set of organizational and working rules that have been widely adopted. They included open membership, democratic control, no religious or political discrimination, sales at prevailing market prices, and the setting aside of some earnings for education.

Roche limit, in astronomy, the minimum distance to which a large satellite can approach its primary body without tidal forces overcoming the internal gravity holding the satellite together. If the satellite and the primary body are of similar composition, the theoretical limit is about 2 12 times

roche moutonnée, glaciated bedrock surface, usually in the form of rounded knobs. The upstream side of a roche moutonnée has been subjected to glacial scouring that has produced a gentle, polished, and striated slope; the downstream side has been subjected to glacial plucking that has resulted in a

Kevin Roche was an Irish American architect of governmental, educational, and corporate structures, especially noted for the work he did in partnership with Eero Saarinen. Roche graduated in 1945 with a bachelor’s degree in architecture from the National University of Ireland, Dublin. After

Roche limit: …calculated by the French astronomer Édouard Roche (1820–83). Artificial satellites are too small to develop substantial tidal stresses.

Diana, princess of Wales: Early life and education: …Spencer, and his first wife, Frances Ruth Burke Roche (daughter of the 4th Baron Fermoy), she was part of British nobility. Her parents’ troubled marriage ended in divorce when Diana was a child, and she, along with her brother and two sisters, remained with her father. She became Lady Diana…

Marcel Duchamp: Farewell to art: …movement, Duchamp helped Arensberg and H.P. Roché to publish The Blind Man, which had only two issues, and Rongwrong, which had only one. Later, with the artist Man Ray, he published a single issue of New York Dada in 1921.

Kevin Roche was an Irish American architect of governmental, educational, and corporate structures, especially noted for the work he did in partnership with Eero Saarinen. Roche graduated in 1945 with a bachelor’s degree in architecture from the National University of Ireland, Dublin. After

William Holabird: …architect who, with his partner, Martin Roche, was a leading exponent of the influential Chicago School of commercial architecture. Their Tacoma Building (Chicago, 1886–89) established the use of a total steel skeleton as a framework for building skyscrapers—a significant advance over the pioneering use of metal supports in the

Mazo de la Roche was a Canadian author whose series of novels about the Whiteoak family of Jalna (the name of their estate) made her one of the most popular “family saga” novelists between 1925 and 1950. De la Roche’s first success, Jalna (1927), ended with the 100th birthday of Grandmother Adeline

Ken Rosewall: …in 1970 he defeated favourite Tony Roche to win the U.S. Open, 14 years after beating Hoad at the same event. He won the Australian singles championship in 1971 and 1972 and helped Australia win the 1973 Davis Cup. In 1974 Jimmy Connors defeated him in the singles final at…

La Roche-sur-Yon, town, capital of Vendée département, Pays de la Loire région, western France, south of Nantes. The Vendée region had been pacified at the time of the French Revolution but still remained disaffected after the counterrevolutionary insurrection of 1793. Napoleon in 1804 established

François-Louis de Bourbon, prince de Conti was the younger brother of Louis-Armand I de Bourbon. Naturally possessed of great ability, he received an excellent education and was distinguished for both the independence of his mind and the popularity of his manners. On this account he was not

Rochefort, town and commercial harbour, Charente-Maritime département, Nouvelle-Aquitaine région, western France. It is situated on the right bank of the Charente River, 10 miles (16 km) from the Bay of Biscay. It has straight, regular streets and promenades running along the sites of its old

French literature: Feminist writers: …works in this mode include Christiane Rochefort’s Les Petits Enfants du siècle (1961; “Children of the Times”; Eng. trans. Josyane and the Welfare) and Claire Etcherelli’s Élise; ou, la vraie vie (1967; Elise; or, The Real Life). But an equally significant impact was made by writers looking for ways of…

Victor-Henri Rochefort, marquis de Rochefort-Lucay was a gifted polemical journalist under the Second Empire and the Third Republic who distinguished himself, at first, as a supporter of the extreme left and later as a champion of the extreme right. Rochefort’s career began in 1868 with the

François VI, duc de La Rochefoucauld was a French classical author who had been one of the most active rebels of the Fronde before he became the leading exponent of the maxime, a French literary form of epigram that expresses a harsh or paradoxical truth with brevity. La Rochefoucauld was the son

François-Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt was an educator and social reformer who founded the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Métiers at Châlons and whose model farm at Liancourt contributed to the development of French agriculture. La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, the son of

Wars of the Vendée: …Charette de La Contrie, and Henri du Vergier, Count de La Rochejaquelein. In May the rebels (about 30,000 strong) took the towns of Thouars, Parthenay, and Fontenay, and their army, which had changed its name from “the Catholic Army” to “the Catholic and Royal Army,” turned north and on June…

Rochelle salt, a crystalline solid having a large piezoelectric effect (electric charge induced on its surfaces by mechanical deformation due to pressure, twisting, or bending), making it useful in sensitive acoustical and vibrational devices. Like other piezoelectric materials, Rochelle salt

La Rochelle, city, Atlantic seaport and capital of Charente-Maritime département, Nouvelle-Aquitaine région, western France, situated on an inlet opposite Ré Island. The city, which has straight, regular streets, a large park, and shady promenades on the sites of its old fortifications, grew

Pierre Drieu La Rochelle was a French writer of novels, short stories, and political essays whose life and works illustrate the malaise common among European youth after World War I. Drieu, the brilliant son of a middle-class family, attended the École des Sciences Politiques with the intention of