phosphorus (P), nonmetallic chemical element of the nitrogen family (Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table) that at room temperature is a colourless, semitransparent, soft, waxy solid that glows in the dark. atomic number 15 atomic weight 30.9738 melting point (white) 44.1 °C (111.4 °F) boiling point

p, sixteenth letter of the alphabet. Throughout its known history it has represented the unvoiced labial stop. It corresponds to the Semitic pe, perhaps deriving from an earlier sign for "mouth." The Greeks renamed this form pi (Π). A rounded form occurred in the early Greek inscriptions from the

Priestly code, biblical source that, according to the document hypothesis, is one of the four original sources of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). The priestly writings are so named because they emphasize the priestly tradition or interest, giving detailed explanations

p, sixteenth letter of the alphabet. Throughout its known history it has represented the unvoiced labial stop. It corresponds to the Semitic pe, perhaps deriving from an earlier sign for "mouth." The Greeks renamed this form pi (Π). A rounded form occurred in the early Greek inscriptions from the

insurance: RDC clause: A companion clause, the protection and indemnity clause (P and I), covers the carrier or shipper for negligence that causes bodily injury to others.

P blood group system: …three substances known as the P, P1, and Pk antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells. These antigens are also expressed on the surfaces of cells lining the urinary tract, where they have been identified as adhesion sites for Escherichia coli

bass: History: …an instrument known as the Precision Bass, or P Bass, was produced in 1951 by what later became Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. The P Bass featured an ash body, a 20-fret maple neck, a 34-inch scale length, and a single pickup. Since its invention, the P Bass has been modified…

P blood group system, classification of human blood based on the presence of any of three substances known as the P, P1, and Pk antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells. These antigens are also expressed on the surfaces of cells lining the urinary tract, where they have been identified as

turboprop, hybrid engine that provides jet thrust and also drives a propeller. It is basically similar to a turbojet except that an added turbine, rearward of the combustion chamber, works through a shaft and speed-reducing gears to turn a propeller at the front of the engine. The first

photoreception: Central processing of visual information: …layers contain small cells (the parvocellular [P] layers). This division reflects a difference in the types of ganglion cells that supply the M and P layers. The M layers receive their input from so-called Y-cells, which have fast responses, relatively poor resolution, and weak or absent responses to colour. The…

P versus NP problem: …so-called NP problems are actually P problems. A P problem is one that can be solved in “polynomial time,” which means that an algorithm exists for its solution such that the number of steps in the algorithm is bounded by a polynomial function of n, where n corresponds to the…

metabolism: Synthesis of proteins: …to another site, called a peptidyl-donor (P) site.

Priestly code, biblical source that, according to the document hypothesis, is one of the four original sources of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). The priestly writings are so named because they emphasize the priestly tradition or interest, giving detailed explanations

P versus NP problem, in computational complexity (a subfield of theoretical computer science and mathematics), the question of whether all so-called NP problems are actually P problems. A P problem is one that can be solved in “polynomial time,” which means that an algorithm exists for its solution

earthquake: Principal types of seismic waves: The P seismic waves travel as elastic motions at the highest speeds. They are longitudinal waves that can be transmitted by both solid and liquid materials in the Earth’s interior. With P waves, the particles of the medium vibrate in a manner similar to sound waves—the…

Pink is an American singer and songwriter known for her rock-influenced pop songs, powerful voice, and gymnastics-filled concerts. Her career has also encompassed acting and activism for such causes as women’s rights and LGBTQ rights. Alecia Moore’s parents divorced when she was a child. She wanted

Noam Chomsky: Principles and parameters: …theoretical framework known as “principles and parameters” (P&P), which Chomsky introduced in Lectures on Government and Binding (1981) and elaborated in Knowledge of Language (1986). Principles are linguistic universals, or structural features that are common to all natural languages; hence, they are part of the child’s native endowment. Parameters,…

paixiao, Chinese bamboo panpipe, generally a series of bamboo tubes secured together by rows of bamboo strips, wooden strips, or ropes. The instrument is blown across the top end. Although 16 pipes have become the standard, other groupings (from 13 to 24) have been made. Before the Tang dynasty (ad

P’alkwanhoe, (Korean: “Assembly of P’alkwan”), most important of Korea’s ancient national festivals, a ritualistic celebration that was essentially Buddhist in form but tinged with elements of Taoism and indigenous folk beliefs. Some historians think P’alkwanhoe was originally a state-sponsored

pan, type of Chinese bronze vessel produced during the Shang dynasty (c. 18th–12th century bc) and, more commonly, during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1111–256/255 bc). A low bowl or pan used as a water container or for ceremonial washing, the pan was generally circular and supported on a low ring base.

Pan Gu, central figure in Chinese Daoist legends of creation. Pan Gu, the first man, is said to have come forth from chaos (an egg) with two horns, two tusks, and a hairy body. Some accounts credit him with the separation of heaven and earth, setting the sun, moon, stars, and planets in place, and

Pan Tianshou was a Chinese painter, art educator, and art theorist who was one of the most important traditional Chinese painters of the 20th century. Pan learned literature, painting, and calligraphy as a child in a private school in his village. At 19 his knowledge of Chinese painting was formed

Panlongcheng, Chinese archaeological site dating to about the middle of the Shang dynasty period (c. 1600–1046 bce). The site, located near the confluence of the Yangtze and Hanshui rivers in central Hubei, was first uncovered in 1954 and underwent extensive archaeological excavation beginning in

pantao, in Chinese Daoist mythology, the peach of immortality that grew in the garden of Xiwangmu (“Queen Mother of the West”). When the fruit ripened every 3,000 years, the event was celebrated by a sumptuous banquet attended by the Baxian (“Eight Immortals”). Xiwangmu presented the pantao to such

P’anmunjŏm, village, central Korea, in the demilitarized zone established after the Korean War, 5 miles (8 km) east of Kaesŏng and 3 miles (5 km) south of the 38th parallel, on the Kyŏngŭi high road (from Seoul to Sinŭiju). It was the location of the truce conference that was held for two years

pao, wide-sleeved robe of a style worn by Chinese men and women from the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220) to the end of the Ming dynasty (1644). The pao was girdled about the waist and fell in voluminous folds around the feet. From the Tang period (618–907), certain designs, colours, and accessories

Pyatigorsk, city, Stavropol kray (territory), southwestern Russia. It lies along the Podkumok River in the northern foothills of the Caucasus Mountains. It has long been a spa famous for its gentle climate and mineral springs. In 2010 it was named the capital of the newly created North Caucasus

Okot p’Bitek was a Ugandan poet, novelist, and social anthropologist whose three verse collections—Song of Lawino (1966), Song of Ocol (1970), and Two Songs (1971)—are considered to be among the best African poetry in print. As a youth p’Bitek had varied interests; he published a novel in the

Peng Dehuai was a military leader, one of the greatest in Chinese communist history, and minister of national defense of China from 1954 until 1959, when he was removed for criticizing the military and economic policies of the party. Peng was a military commander under a local warlord and later

P’eng-hu Islands, archipelago and hsien (county) of Taiwan. It consists of about 64 small islands that lie approximately 30 miles (50 km) west of the coast of mainland Taiwan, from which it is separated by the P’eng-hu Channel. Of volcanic origin, many of the islands consist of weathered basalt,

P’eng-hu Islands, archipelago and hsien (county) of Taiwan. It consists of about 64 small islands that lie approximately 30 miles (50 km) west of the coast of mainland Taiwan, from which it is separated by the P’eng-hu Channel. Of volcanic origin, many of the islands consist of weathered basalt,

P’eng-hu Islands, archipelago and hsien (county) of Taiwan. It consists of about 64 small islands that lie approximately 30 miles (50 km) west of the coast of mainland Taiwan, from which it is separated by the P’eng-hu Channel. Of volcanic origin, many of the islands consist of weathered basalt,

Bilge was the khagan, or great khan, of Mongolia from 716 until his death. His name literally translates as “Wise Emperor.” Bilge assumed leadership of the T’u-chüeh, a tribe of Turks in control of southern Central Asia, when his brother instigated a palace coup against the old ruler. When the

T’ai-tung, coastal shih (municipality) and seat, T’ai-tung hsien (county), southeastern Taiwan, on the southern bank of the Pei-nan River, 58 miles (94 km) northeast of Kao-hsiung. The city was founded and developed during the reigns of Chia-ch’ing (1796–1820) and Hsien-feng (1851–61), both

pipa, short-necked Chinese lute prominent in Chinese opera orchestras and as a solo instrument. It has a shallow, pear-shaped body with a wooden belly and, sometimes, two crescent-shaped sound holes. The modern pipa has 29 or 31 frets, 6 on the neck and the rest on the body of the instrument. The

Han Yu: …elaborate verselike regularity of the pianwen (“parallel prose”) style that was prevalent in Han’s time. His own essays (e.g., “On the Way,” “On Man,” and “On Spirits”) are among the most beautiful ever written in Chinese, and they became the most famous models of the prose style he espoused. In…

Pingxiang, city, southwestern Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, China. The city is situated on the border with Vietnam. It was founded as a military outpost under the name Pingxiang during the Song dynasty (960–1279), and under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) it became a county and later a

Pingxiang, city in western Jiangxi sheng (province), China. Pingxiang is situated on the border of Hunan province. It lies in the midst of the Wugong Mountains on the upper course of the Lu River, on what has always been a major route between the city of Changsha in Hunan province and Nanchang in

Pingliang, city, eastern Gansu sheng (province), north-central China. It lies near the borders of the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia and Shaanxi province. Located in the eastern Gansu loesslands, Pingliang is situated in the upper valley of the Jing River, which is a tributary of the Wei River.

Pingdi was the last ruling emperor of China’s Xi (Western) Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 25). Pingdi, at the time only nine years old, was placed on the throne in 1 bc by the powerful minister Wang Mang, whose daughter he married five years later. Though proof is lacking, it has been claimed that Pingdi

P’ing-tung, shih (municipality) and seat of P’ing-tung hsien (county), southwestern Taiwan. It is located 13 miles (21 km) northeast of Kao-hsiung city, in the southern part of the western plain. Founded in the early 18th century, the city is situated west of the Kao-p’ing River. It is in an

P’ing-tung, southernmost county (hsien, or xian) of Taiwan. It is bordered by Kao-hsiung (Gaoxiong) and T’ai-tung (Taidong) special municipalities to the northwest and northeast, respectively, and by the Luzon Strait to the southwest. P’ing-tung city, in the western part of the county, is the

p’iri, Korean double-reed musical instrument, a type of cylindrical oboe. The large mouthpiece and the body are made of bamboo, and there are eight finger holes, seven on the front and one on the back. Three types of p’iri have been developed, each suited to particular uses. The largest is the

po, in Chinese Daoism, the seven earthly human souls as distinguished from the three heavenly hun souls. The distinction is based on the Chinese concept of yin-yang, the inescapable dual nature of all things. When the souls of a person are joined in harmonious union, health and life flourish;

pomo, either of two different phrases (two different Chinese characters are pronounced po) that describe two kinds of textured surface given to Chinese paintings (see cun). The more common interpretation of pomo is “broken ink,” which, though it is now difficult to identify, was supposedly an

Lake Poyang, largest freshwater lake in China, located in northern Jiangxi province, in the southeastern part of the country. It lies in a structural depression south of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and is fed by various rivers from Jiangxi, the most important being the Gan River, which drains

Pohang, city and port, North Gyeongsang do (province), eastern South Korea. A fishing and shipping port, it lies on the eastern side of Yeongil Gulf, about 50 miles (80 km) east-northeast of Daegu, the provincial capital. Formerly a small village, it began to develop after 1930 with the

Phetracha was the king of the Tai kingdom of Ayutthaya, or Siam (ruled 1688–1703), whose policies reduced European trade and influence in the country and helped preserve its independence. Phetracha was the foster brother of King Narai, whose patronage helped him rise to become head of the Elephant

pu, in the Daodejing—a classic of Chinese philosophy, religion, and literature composed about 300 bce—the major metaphor for a state of accord with the spontaneous (ziran) unfolding of the cosmos. The Daodejing advises rulers to cultivate this state in order to govern effectively. During the

Pu Songling was a Chinese fiction writer whose Liaozhai zhiyi (1766; “Strange Stories from Liaozhai’s Studio”; Eng. trans. Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio) resuscitated the classical genre of short stories. Pu’s impressive collection of 431 tales of the unusual and supernatural was largely

Puzhou, town, southwestern Shanxi sheng (province), China. It stands on the east bank of the Huang He (Yellow River), on the north side of the western spur of the Zhongtiao Mountains. A short distance to the south is Fenglingdu, from which there is a ferry to Tongguan in Shaanxi province. In

Pu’er, city, southern Yunnan sheng (province), China. It is situated in a small basin among mountains some 5,000 feet (1,500 metres) in elevation, 19 miles (30 km) south of Ning’er (formerly Pu’er), the former centre of the Yunnanese tea trade, and about 355 miles (570 km) southwest of Kunming, the

dress: China: …squares (called “mandarin squares,” or pufang) on the breast, as specific bird and animal emblems to designate each of the nine ranks of civil and military officials had been adopted by the Ming in 1391.

Puyi was the last emperor (1908–1911/12) of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12) in China and puppet emperor of the Japanese-controlled state of Manchukuo (Chinese: Manzhouguo) from 1934 to 1945. Puyi succeeded to the Manchu throne at the age of three, when his uncle, the Guangxu emperor, died

Chinese languages: Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin): The pronunciation of Modern Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect, which is of the Northern, or Mandarin, type. It employs about 1,300 different syllables. There are 22 initial consonants, including stops (made with momentary, complete closure in the vocal…

p’ungsuchirisol, (Korean: “theory of wind, water, and land”), in Korean religion, geomancy, a belief that the natural environment of a particular location can influence the fortune of its inhabitants and descendants. It derives from the Chinese notion of feng-shui (“wind-water”), which developed

qing: …Shang dynasty qing forming a bianqing (“group of qing”) also have been excavated, and the inscriptions thereon have been deciphered as yongqi, yongyu, and yaoyu (one interpretation is that these are the names of three pitches). From the period of the Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–771 bce) onwards, the form…

The Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games were an international athletic competition held in Pyeongchang county, South Korea, from February 9 to 25, 2018. It was the 23rd occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games, the first Winter Games hosted by South Korea, and the second Olympic event hosted by the

Korean music: Court instrumental music: …contemporary practice, the kyemyŏnjo and p’yŏngjo modes are considered basic. Ujo is a variant on p’yŏngjo, usually a fourth (a musical interval equivalent to that spanning four white keys on the piano) higher. The exact pitch on which these modes are written or played varies.

P’yŏngsŏng, city, capital of South P’yŏngan do (province), western North Korea, located about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of P’yŏngyang, the national capital. P’yŏngsŏng, a planned city, was built in the 1960s near the old provincial capital of Sain-ni, at a place formerly called Sainjang, once only

Pyongyang, province-level municipality and capital of North Korea. It is located in the west-central part of the country, on the Taedong River about 30 miles (48 km) inland from Korea Bay of the Yellow Sea. The city site occupies a level area on both sides of the river, and the built-up area

P-38, fighter and fighter-bomber employed by the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. A large and powerful aircraft, it served as a bomber escort, a tactical bomber, and a photo-reconnaissance platform. Of the three outstanding Army fighters of the war (the others being the P-47 Thunderbolt

P-47, fighter and fighter-bomber used by the Allied air forces during World War II. A single-seat low-wing fighter developed for the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) by Republic Aviation, it was the largest single-engined piston fighter ever produced. The P-47 originated with a June 1940 proposal by

P-51, a single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft originally designed and produced by North American Aviation for the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and later adopted by the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF). The P-51 is widely regarded as the finest all-around piston-engined fighter of World War II to

World War II: Air warfare, 1942–43: …until December 1943 was the P-51B (Mustang III) brought into operation with the 8th Air Force—a long-range fighter that portended a change in the balance of air power. The Germans, meanwhile, continued to increase their production of aircraft and, in particular, of their highly successful fighters.

P-51: …widely produced version was the P-51D. Fitted with a Plexiglas “bubble” canopy for all-around vision, it flew to a maximum speed of about 440 miles (700 km) per hour, reached an operating ceiling of almost 42,000 feet (12,800 metres), and was armed with six wing-mounted 0.50-inch (12.7-mm) machine guns. Hard…

military aircraft: Subsonic flight: jet, the Bell P-59A Airacomet, made its first flight the following year. It was slower than contemporary piston-engined fighters, but in 1943–44 a small team under Lockheed designer Clarence (“Kelly”) Johnson developed the P-80 Shooting Star. The P-80 and its British contemporary, the de Havilland Vampire, were the…

Northrop Grumman Corporation: …he developed the radar-equipped, twin-engine P-61 Black Widow, the first American aircraft specifically designed as a night interceptor, and also subcontracted with other aircraft manufacturers in order to finance his experimental flying-wing bombers. After the war these were rejected in favour of more conventional designs, but Northrop’s wartime experiments with…

military aircraft: Subsonic flight: Clarence (“Kelly”) Johnson developed the P-80 Shooting Star. The P-80 and its British contemporary, the de Havilland Vampire, were the first successful fighters powered by a single turbojet.

Philae, island in the Nile River between the old Aswan Dam and the Aswan High Dam, in Aswān muḥāfaẓah (governorate), southern Egypt. Its ancient Egyptian name was P-aaleq; the Coptic-derived name Pilak (“End,” or “Remote Place”) probably refers to its marking the boundary with Nubia. The

metalogic: Ultrafilters, ultraproducts, and ultrapowers: p-adic completion of the rational numbers. The conjecture has been made that every form of degree d (in the same sense as degrees of ordinary polynomials) over Qp, in which the number of variables exceeds d2, has a nontrivial zero in Qp. Using ultraproducts, it…

renal system: Quantitative tests: Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), when introduced into the bloodstream and kept at relatively low plasma concentrations, is rapidly excreted into the urine by both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Sampling of blood from the renal vein reveals that 90 percent of PAH is removed by a…

organometallic compound: s- and p-block organometallic compounds: groups in organometallic chemistryThe metal in

Brythonic languages, one of two groups of the modern Celtic languages, the other being Goidelic. The Brythonic languages (from Welsh brython, “Briton”) are or were spoken on the island of Great Britain and consist of Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. They are distinguished from the Goidelic group by the

asteroid: Composition: P- and T-class asteroids have low albedos and no known meteorite or naturally occurring mineralogical counterparts, but they may contain a large fraction of carbon polymers or organic-rich silicates or both in their surface material. R-class asteroids are very rare. Their surface material has been…

philosophy of mind: What it’s like: …mental processes, particularly introspection, and P-consciousness consists of the qualitative or phenomenal “feel” of things, which may or may not be so accessible. Indeed, the fact that material is accessible to processes does not entail that it actually has a feel, that there is “something it’s like,” to be conscious…

cresol: cresol, meta- (m-) cresol, and para- (p-) cresol.

glacial landform: P-forms and glacial grooves: P-forms (P for plastically molded) are smooth-walled, linear depressions which may be straight, curved, or sometimes hairpin-shaped and measure tens of centimetres to metres in width and depth. Their cross sections are often semicircular to parabolic, and their walls are commonly striated parallel to their…

Parliament-Funkadelic, massive group of performers that greatly influenced the sound and style of funk music in the 1970s. The original members were George Clinton, Raymond Davis, Calvin Simon, Fuzzy Haskins, and Grady Thomas. Later members included Michael Hampton, Bernie Worrell, Billy Bass

semiconductor device: The p-i-n diode: A p-i-n diode is a p-n junction with an impurity profile tailored so that an intrinsic layer, the “i region,” is sandwiched between a p layer and an n layer. The p-i-n diode has found wide application in microwave circuits. It can be used as a…

galaxy: The problem of the Magellanic Clouds: …he made use of the period-luminosity (P-L) relation discovered by Henrietta Leavitt of the Harvard College Observatory. In 1912 Leavitt had found that there was a close correlation between the periods of pulsation (variations in light) and the luminosities (intrinsic, or absolute, brightnesses) of a class of stars called Cepheid…

p-n junction, in electronics, the interface within diodes, transistors, and other semiconductor devices between two different types of materials called p-type and n-type semiconductors. These materials are formed by the deliberate addition of impurities to pure semiconductor materials, such as

electricity: Electroluminescence: …in a reverse-biased semiconductor p–n junction diode—i.e., a p–n junction diode in which the applied potential is in the direction of small current flow. Electrons in the intense field at the depleted junction easily acquire enough energy to excite atoms. Little of this energy finally emerges as light, though the…

electronics: Coupling amplifiers: The use of a p-n-p second amplifier allows direct connection between the amplifiers (see figure). If properly designed, this arrangement provides useful amplifying properties from DC to quite high frequencies. Care is required to avoid any changes in the DC operating conditions of the first amplifier; such changes will…

chemical bonding: Quantum numbers: …consists of three orbitals, called p orbitals; and a d subshell (l = 2) consists of five orbitals, called d orbitals. The individual orbitals are labeled with the magnetic quantum number, ml, which can take the 2l + 1 values l, l − 1,…, −l. The orbital occupied in the…

sieve element: …by strands of cytoplasm called P-protein. It is not known whether P-protein is active in transport or merely serves as a seal against leakage in case of injury. See also phloem.

chemical bonding: Quantum numbers: …consists of three orbitals, called p orbitals; and a d subshell (l = 2) consists of five orbitals, called d orbitals. The individual orbitals are labeled with the magnetic quantum number, ml, which can take the 2l + 1 values l, l − 1,…, −l. The orbital occupied in the…

integrated circuit: Doping silicon: …an n-type (negative) or a p-type (positive) semiconductor. An n-type semiconductor results from implanting dopant atoms that have more electrons in their outer (bonding) shell than silicon. The resulting semiconductor crystal contains excess, or free, electrons that are available for conducting current. A p-type semiconductor results from implanting dopant atoms…

statistics: Hypothesis testing: A concept known as the p-value provides a convenient basis for drawing conclusions in hypothesis-testing applications. The p-value is a measure of how likely the sample results are, assuming the null hypothesis is true; the smaller the p-value, the less likely the sample results. If the p-value is less than…

maritime law: Marine insurance: …owners banded together in “protection and indemnity” associations, commonly known as “P. and I. Clubs,” whereby they insured each other against the liabilities to which they were all exposed in the operation of their vessels. These included liability for cargo damage, personal injury, and damage to piers, bridges, and…

Sean Combs is an American rapper, record producer, actor, and clothing designer who founded an entertainment empire in the 1990s. Beginning in 2023, he was the subject of several lawsuits accusing him of rape, physical abuse, racketeering, and sex trafficking, culminating in his arrest in New York

Lorillard, oldest tobacco manufacturer in the United States, dating to 1760, when a French immigrant, Pierre Lorillard, opened a “manufactory” in New York City. It originally made pipe tobacco, cigars, plug chewing tobacco, and snuff. Tobacco for “roll-your-own” cigarettes was introduced in 1860,

Poor Clare, any member of the Franciscan Order of St. Clare, a Roman Catholic religious order of nuns cofounded by St. Clare and St. Francis of Assisi in Italy in 1212. The Poor Clares are considered the second of the three Franciscan orders. Because each convent of Poor Clares is largely

Poor Clare: …the Colettine Poor Clares, or Poor Clares of St. Colette (P.C.C.), and today are located mostly in France. The Capuchin Sisters, originating in Naples in 1538, and the Alcantarines, of 1631, are also Poor Clares of the strict observance.

Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.), one of the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Curving from North Cape to East Point, “the Island,” as Prince Edward Islanders refer to the province, is about 140 miles (225 km) long, ranging from 2 to 40 miles (3 to 65 km) in width. It lies between 46° and 47° N latitude

human development: Increase in body size: The peak velocity of height (P.H.V., a point much used in growth studies) averages about 10.5 cm per year in boys and 9.0 cm in girls (about 4 and 3.4 inches, respectively), but this is the “instantaneous” peak given by a smooth curve drawn through the…

12-hour clock: …referred to using pm, meaning post meridiem, or “after midday.” This nomenclature is based on the position of the Sun in relation to the meridian. In writing, periods can be added or omitted and lowercase letters can be replaced by their uppercase counterparts, resulting in “a.m.,” “am,” or “AM” and…

Papua New Guinea, island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It encompasses the eastern half of New Guinea, the world’s second largest island (the western half is made up of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua); the Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty

Hilary Swank: …Freedom Writers (2007), the romance P.S. I Love You (2007), the Amelia Earhart biopic Amelia (2009), the thriller The Resident (2011), and the western The Homesman (2014).

MoMA PS1, not-for-profit contemporary art centre, affiliated with the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), located in a former primary school in Long Island City, Queens, New York. When Alanna Heiss founded the Institute for Art and Urban Resources (IAUR; PS1’s original name) in 1971, its primary function