Irondequoit Bay, inlet of Lake Ontario in western New York state, U.S., just northeast of Rochester. It is 4 miles (6 km) long and 0.5 to 1 mile (0.8 to 1.6 km) wide. A channel connects with Lake Ontario at the northeastern end of the bay. The Irondequoit Creek enters the bay from the south, and

Italy: The south, 774–1000: …its most notable prince being Pandulf I (Ironhead; 961–981).

triathlon: …San Diego race, established the Hawaiian Ironman. That triathlon begins with a 3.8-km (2.4-mile) swim, followed by a 180-km (112-mile) bicycle ride and a 42-km (26.2-mile) run (the equivalent of a marathon). Only 15 athletes participated in the inaugural Hawaiian Ironman triathlon, but the race quickly gained international attention and…

Jeremy Irons is a British actor whose performances are noted for their sophistication and gravitas. Irons made his London stage debut in Godspell (1973) and appeared on Broadway in The Real Thing (1984, Tony Award). After his screen debut in Nijinsky (1980), Irons won notice for his performance in

Jessica Walter: Play Misty for Me and Amy Prentiss: …officer in several episodes of Ironside, in which Raymond Burr played a detective. That led to the spin-off series Amy Prentiss (1974–75), for which Walter won an Emmy Award. In the 1970s she also made guest appearances on numerous other crime dramas, including Columbo, Barnaby Jones, The Streets of San…

William Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside was a British field marshal. After serving in the South African War, he commanded Allied forces in World War I in northern Russia (1918) and later in northern Persia (1920). He subsequently commanded forces in India (1928–31) and in the Middle East. At

William Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside was a British field marshal. After serving in the South African War, he commanded Allied forces in World War I in northern Russia (1918) and later in northern Persia (1920). He subsequently commanded forces in India (1928–31) and in the Middle East. At

sedimentary rock: Iron-rich sedimentary rocks: …iron-rich minerals and chert—and (2) ironstone—noncherty, essentially clastic-textured, iron-rich minerals of local extent.

ironstone china, type of stoneware introduced in England early in the 19th century by Staffordshire potters who sought to develop a porcelain substitute that could be mass-produced. The result of their experiments was a dense, hard, durable stoneware that came to be known by several names—e.g.,

South Sudan: Relief: The Ironstone Plateau lies between the Nile-Congo watershed and the clay plain; its level country is marked with inselbergs (isolated hills rising abruptly from the plains). On the Uganda border there are massive ranges with peaks rising to more than 10,000 feet (3,000 metres). The Imatong…

Great Western Tiers: …Mersey in the northwest; from Mount Ironstone, the highest peak (4,736 feet [1,444 m]), they slope gradually to the south. Their eastern face overlooks the Macquarie River valley. The large drop afforded by streams plunging over the edge of the mountains is used in the Great Lake–South Esk and the…

Huntington: …cities of Ashland, Kentucky, and Ironton, Ohio. During much of the 20th century it was a significant river and rail point of transfer, but that role has diminished. Railroad equipment, steel, coal, fabricated metal, mining equipment, rebuilt machinery, rubber products, chemicals, and clothing are some of the city’s diversified products.…

William Kennedy: …with Francis Ford Coppola) and Ironweed (1987); and two plays, Grand View (1996) and In the System (2003). He coauthored two children’s books with his son Brendan Kennedy: Charlie Malarkey and the Belly Button Machine (1986) and Charlie Malarkey and the Singing Moose (1994).

ironweed, (genus Vernonia), genus of about 500 species of perennial plants of the aster family (Asteraceae). Small herbaceous species are distributed throughout the world, while shrubs and trees are native primarily to tropical regions. Some authorities have suggested that the genus be limited to

William Kennedy: Ironweed (1983), which brought Kennedy widespread acclaim and won him the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, recounts a few days in the life of Francis Phelan (Billy Phelan’s father), an alcoholic vagrant drifting through life in Albany at the height of the Depression. Also published…

Ironwood, city, Gogebic county, western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. Ironwood lies along the Montreal River at the Wisconsin border, some 90 miles (145 km) east of Duluth, Minn. It is the retail centre of a bistate urban complex in the Gogebic Range that includes the communities of Wakefield

hornbeam: Major species: The American hornbeam (C. caroliniana) is also known as water beech and blue beech, the latter for its blue-gray bark. It seldom reaches 12 metres (39 feet), although some trees in the southern United States may grow to 18 metres (59 feet) tall. The smooth trunk…

Ironwood Forest National Monument, ecologically rich region of the Sonoran Desert, southern Arizona, U.S., about 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Tucson. It was established in 2000 and covers approximately 200 square miles (520 square km), encompassing portions of the Sawtooth, Waterman, Silver Bell,

ironwork, architectural features of buildings, artwork, utensils, and weapons made of iron. A brief treatment of ironwork follows. For full treatment, see metalwork: Iron. The earliest iron artifacts, dating from about 4000 bce, were made from meteoric iron and were therefore rare. Smelting iron

irony, linguistic and literary device, in spoken or written form, in which real meaning is concealed or contradicted. That may be the result of the literal, ostensible meaning of words contradicting their actual meaning (verbal irony) or of a structural incongruity between what is expected and what

Reinhold Niebuhr: Political activist: His book The Irony of American History (1952), while justifying American anti-communist policies, gave much attention to criticism of American messianism and the American tendency to engage in self-righteous crusades. He always attacked American claims to special virtue. Early he favoured the recognition by the United States…

Iroquoian languages, family of about 16 North American Indian languages aboriginally spoken around the eastern Great Lakes and in parts of the Middle Atlantic states and the South. Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, all originally spoken in New York, along with Tuscarora (originally

Iroquoian peoples, any member of the Indigenous peoples of North America who speak a language of the Iroquoian family—notably the Cayuga, Cherokee, Wyandot, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora. The peoples who spoke Iroquoian languages occupied a continuous territory around Lakes

Horatio Hale: His most important work, The Iroquois Book of Rites (1883), summarizes much of his research and reconstructs the later prehistory of the tribes of the Six Nations.

Haudenosaunee Confederacy, confederation of five (later six) Indigenous peoples across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five original Haudenosaunee nations were the

Iroquois Falls, town, Cochrane district, east-central Ontario, Canada. It lies along the Abitibi River, just west of Lake Abitibi, 190 miles (300 km) north-northwest of North Bay. The town was named for the falls on the river, where, according to Indian legend, Iroquois braves, asleep in their war

Haudenosaunee Confederacy, confederation of five (later six) Indigenous peoples across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five original Haudenosaunee nations were the

Iran: Political process: The Islamic Republic Party became the ruling political party at the outset of postrevolutionary Iran, but it subsequently proved to be too volatile, and Khomeini ordered it disbanded in 1987. The Muslim People’s Republic Party, which once claimed more than three million members, and its leader,…

Tajikistan: Centralization and opposition sidelined: He accused the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRPT)—which under the peace agreement was one of the opposition groups entitled to a percentage of government posts—of extremism and began dismissing members of the party from their official positions. The party itself, however, remained legal in Tajikistan. Meanwhile, Rahmonov…

Arabian Desert: Physiography: ʿIrq al-Subayʿ (ʿirq is the singular form of ‘urūq and is the source of the French-derived English word erg for large areas of sand), northwest of Riyadh in Najd, dams the middle Wadi Al-Jarab drainage system. A small cluster of broad transverse dunes has formed…

astronomy: Study of other galaxies and related phenomena: Irregular galaxies number only a few percent of all stellar systems and exhibit none of the regular features associated with spirals or ellipticals.

galaxy: Irregular galaxies: …two types of irregular galaxies, Irr I and Irr II. The Irr I type is the most common of the irregular systems, and it seems to fall naturally on an extension of the spiral classes, beyond Sc, into galaxies with no discernible spiral structure. They are blue, are highly resolved,…

galaxy: Irregular galaxies: …irregular galaxies, Irr I and Irr II. The Irr I type is the most common of the irregular systems, and it seems to fall naturally on an extension of the spiral classes, beyond Sc, into galaxies with no discernible spiral structure. They are blue, are highly resolved, and have little…

Dag Solstad: His novel Irr! Grønt! (1969; “Patina! Green!”) described the efforts of a peasant student to escape his limited background. Solstad’s fiction took a more directly political turn with the novel Arild Asnes, 1970 (1971), which traced the development of a young man to the point at which…

Nergal: He was identified with Irra, the god of scorched earth and war, and with Meslamtaea, He Who Comes Forth from Meslam. Cuthah (modern Tall Ibrāhīm) was the chief centre of his cult. In later thought he was a “destroying flame” and had the epithet sharrapu (“burner”). Assyrian documents of…

light: Energy transport: …an electromagnetic wave is its irradiance, or intensity, which equals the rate at which energy passes a unit area oriented perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The time-averaged irradiance I for a harmonic electromagnetic wave is related to the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields: I = ε0c2E0B0/2 watts…

radiation therapy, the use of ionizing radiation (high-energy radiation that displaces electrons from atoms and molecules) to destroy cancer cells. Radiation has been present throughout the evolution of life on Earth. However, with the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad

food preservation: Food irradiation: Food irradiation involves the use of either high-speed electron beams or high-energy radiation with wavelengths smaller than 200 nanometres, or 2000 angstroms (e.g., X-rays and gamma rays). These rays contain sufficient energy to break chemical bonds and ionize molecules that lie in their path.…

mental disorder: Cognitive psychotherapy: …unsupported—what Ellis called an “irrational belief.” An example of such a belief is that one must be loved and approved of by everyone in order to be happy or to have a sense of self-worth. This is irrational first because it cannot possibly be achieved—no one is loved or…

Robert J. Shiller: …investors, what he termed “irrational exuberance,” contradicted the once dominant assumption that markets are inherently rational (a view developed by Fama in the 1960s and early ’70s) and led him to argue that financial markets are subject to “bubbles,” or rapid increases in asset prices to unsustainable levels. Shiller…

Woody Allen: The 2010s, 2020s, and renewed controversy: Irrational Man (2015), an existentially comic thriller set in a New England university town, featured Joaquin Phoenix as a disillusioned and dissipated philosophy professor who decides to kill a family court judge after overhearing that he is likely to award parental custody rights to an…

irrational number, any real number that cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers—that is, p/q, where p and q are both integers. For example, there is no number among integers and fractions that equals 2. A counterpart problem in measurement would be to find the length of the diagonal of

irrationalism, 19th- and early 20th-century philosophical movement that claimed to enrich the apprehension of human life by expanding it beyond the rational to its fuller dimensions. Rooted either in metaphysics or in an awareness of the uniqueness of human experience, irrationalism stressed the

dolphin: Conservation status: …chinensis), the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris), and the Australian snubfin dolphin (O. heinsohni). The most vulnerable dolphins include the Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) and the Indus river dolphin (P. minor), which are classified as endangered species

Irrawaddy River, principal river of Myanmar (formerly Burma), running through the centre of the country. Myanmar’s most important commercial waterway, it is about 1,350 miles (2,170 km) long. Its name is believed to derive from the Sanskrit term airāvatī, meaning “elephant river.” The river flows

Drew Barrymore: Early life and family: …Stephen King novel, and in Irreconcilable Differences, for which she earned a Golden Globe nomination for her supporting role as a child who sues her business-oriented parents for emancipation.

irredentism, territorial claim based on a national, ethnic, or historical basis. The term irredentism is derived from the Italian word irredento (“unredeemed”). It originally referred to an Italian political movement during the late 1800s and early 1900s that sought to detach predominantly

Irredentist, any of the Italian patriots prominent in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century who sought to deliver Italian lands from foreign rule. Their name was derived from the words Italia irredenta (“unredeemed Italy”), and their object was to emancipate the lands of

Irredentist, any of the Italian patriots prominent in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century who sought to deliver Italian lands from foreign rule. Their name was derived from the words Italia irredenta (“unredeemed Italy”), and their object was to emancipate the lands of

hernia: …other organs or structures, becoming irreducible. A strangulated hernia is one in which the circulation of blood through the hernia is impeded by pinching at the narrowest part of the passage; congestion is followed by inflammation, infection, and gangrene. The tighter the constriction, the more rapidly these events take place;…

philosophy of mind: Irreferentialism: ” It has been noted how, in relation to introspection, Wittgenstein resisted the tendency of philosophers to view people’s inner mental lives on the familiar model of material objects. This is of a piece with his more general criticism of philosophical theories, which he…

formal logic: Classification of dyadic relations: …ϕ is said to be irreflexive (example: “is greater than”). If ϕ is neither reflexive nor irreflexive—i.e., if (∃x)ϕxx · (∃x)∼ϕxx —then ϕ is said to be nonreflexive (example: “admires”).

galaxy: Irregular clusters: Irregular clusters are large loosely structured assemblages of mixed galaxy types (mostly spirals and ellipticals), totaling perhaps 1,000 or more systems and extending out 10,000,000 to 50,000,000 light-years. The Virgo and Hercules clusters are representative of this class.

climate: Snow and sleet: spatial dendrites, capped columns, and irregular crystals. The size and shape of the snow crystals depend mainly on the temperature of their formation and on the amount of water vapour that is available for deposition. The two principal influences are not independent; the possible water vapour admixture of the air…

flower: Form and types: …and snapdragons, is irregular or zygomorphic.

astronomy: Study of other galaxies and related phenomena: Irregular galaxies number only a few percent of all stellar systems and exhibit none of the regular features associated with spirals or ellipticals.

irregular ode, a rhymed ode that employs neither the three-part form of the Pindaric ode nor the two- or four-line stanza that typifies the Horatian ode. It is also characterized by irregularity of verse and stanzaic structure and by lack of correspondence between parts called pseudo-Pindaric ode

noun: Irregular plurals: Many plural nouns in English are constructed in ways other than adding -s or -es. Such plurals are called irregular plurals. They often reflect older ways of constructing plurals. For example the words children and oxen are derived from child and ox by…

Irish Republican Army: …latter group, known as “Irregulars,” began to organize armed resistance against the new independent government.

fallacy: Material fallacies: (3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so-called fallacies of relevance. These include ( a) the argument ad hominem (speaking “against the man” rather…

irreligion, the lack or rejection of religious beliefs or practices. Irreligion is a broad concept that encompasses many different positions and draws upon an array of philosophical and intellectual perspectives, including atheism, agnosticism, skepticism, rationalism, and secularism. These

Renata Adler: She also published Irreparable Harm: The U.S. Supreme Court and the Decision That Made George W. Bush President (2004) and several collections of essays, including Politics and Media (1988), Canaries in the Mineshaft (2001), and After the Tall Timber (2015).

Beyoncé: B’Day, I Am…Sasha Fierce, 4, and Beyoncé: …1970s-style funk, the pop ballad “Irreplaceable” became its most successful single. In 2008 she and Jay-Z married, and the union made them one of the top-earning couples in the entertainment industry. Later that year Beyoncé released the double album I Am…Sasha Fierce. Whereas the first half (I Am) captures an…

Christopher Walken: Film and television work: Walken’s other films included Irreplaceable You (2018), The War with Grandpa (2020), and Percy (2020). He later appeared in the sci-fi TV series Severance (2022– ), in which employees can undergo a procedure that separates their home and work lives. For his performance, Walken earned an Emmy nomination.

Jon Stewart: Stewart next wrote and directed Irresistible (2020), a political satire about a mayoral race in a small Midwestern town; the film reunited him with Carell, who played a political consultant.

force majeure, in commercial and international law, an extraordinary and unforeseen event whose occurrence would free the parties in an agreement from certain obligations to one another. Force majeure incidents typically include wars, natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes), terrorist attacks,

colloid: …into two systems, reversible and irreversible. In a reversible system the products of a physical or chemical reaction may be induced to interact so as to reproduce the original components. In a system of this kind, the colloidal material may have a high molecular weight, with single molecules of colloidal…

colloid: …into two systems, reversible and irreversible. In a reversible system the products of a physical or chemical reaction may be induced to interact so as to reproduce the original components. In a system of this kind, the colloidal material may have a high molecular weight, with single molecules of colloidal…

cardiovascular disease: Refractory and irreversible shock: The terms refractory shock and irreversible shock are widely used by physicians and other medical workers to refer to types of shock that present particularly difficult problems. The term refractory shock is applied when, in spite of apparently adequate therapy, the shock state…

poison: Reversible versus irreversible toxic responses: Toxic responses differ in their eventual outcomes; the body can recover from some toxic responses, while others are irreversible. Irritation of the upper respiratory tract by inhaled formaldehyde gas, for example, is rapidly reversible in that as soon as the inhalation exposure…

Asia: Agricultural technology: …international organizations, such as the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, and national agricultural research stations. Thus, in the case of rice, countries have adapted the IRRI strains to local conditions and have implemented their own seed improvement programs and extension (advisory) services to farmers. Access to a…

irrigation, in agriculture. the artificial application of water to land. Some land requires irrigation before it is possible to use it for any agricultural production. In other places, irrigation is primarily a means to supplement rainfall and serves to increase production. Some land, of course,

Julian Steward: ” Similarly, his book Irrigation Civilizations (1955) illustrates how the collective labour and centralized authority required for irrigation in an arid climate resulted in increased social stratification and, ultimately, in the development of the state in various areas of the world.

wastewater treatment: Land treatment: In the slow-rate, or irrigation, method, effluent is applied onto the land by ridge-and-furrow spreading (in ditches) or by sprinkler systems. Most of the water and nutrients are absorbed by the roots of growing vegetation. In the rapid infiltration method, the wastewater is stored in large ponds…

nervous system: Stimulus-response coordination: …of the cell fluid called irritability. In simple organisms, such as algae, protozoans, and fungi, a response in which the organism moves toward or away from the stimulus is called taxis. In larger and more complicated organisms—those in which response involves the synchronization and integration of events in different parts…

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), relatively common disorder of the intestines characterized by abdominal pain, intestinal gas, and altered bowel habits, including diarrhea, constipation, or both. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain that is relieved after defecation, mucus in the stools, or a

India: Southern Indian kingdoms: …century ce referring to the Irrumporai clan have been found near Karur (Tiruchchirapalli district), identified with the Korura of Ptolemy. Cankam literature mentions the names of Cera chiefs who have been dated to the 1st century ce. Among them, Nedunjeral Adan is said to have attacked the Yavana ships and…

Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Agency of the U.S. Department of the Treasury charged with administering and enforcing federal tax laws, except those relating to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives. It issues rulings and regulations to supplement the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code;

Indian Space Research Organisation: …and disaster warning and the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for resource monitoring and management. The first INSAT was launched in 1988, and the program expanded to include geosynchronous satellites called GSAT. The first IRS satellite was also launched in 1988, and the program developed more-specialized satellites, including the Radar…

residential school, school that was part of a Canadian government-sponsored system created and administered by various Christian churches between 1883 and 1996 with the intentions of assimilating Indigenous children to Western culture and expunging Indigenous cultures and languages. Some 150,000

River Eden: Above Carlisle it receives the Irthing, which collects the drainage from the fells lying north and south of the Tyne gap near the Northumberland border. Carlisle commands the lowest bridge from a defensive site on the south bank, flanked by left-bank tributaries, the Petteril and Caldew. Even below Carlisle the…

Irtysh River, major river of west-central and western Asia. With a length of 2,640 miles (4,248 km), it is one of the continent’s longest rivers. The Irtysh and the Ob River, of which the Irtysh is the principal tributary, together constitute the world’s seventh longest river system. The Irtysh

Haya: …Nilotes, and the more agricultural Iru, descendants of the original Bantu. The Haya were traditionally organized in a series of 130 or so patrilineal clans, each having its own totem. They were formerly divided among eight small states, each under a ruler called the mukama. Traditionally, rulers appointed subordinate chiefs…

Irukandji jellyfish, any of at least 16 species of box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) known for their transparency, small size, and highly venomous stings. The group is distributed primarily in the warm waters along the northern coasts of Australia, especially in the Coral Sea along Queensland, with

Dravidian languages: South Dravidian languages: Irula, and Kurumba—are spoken by Scheduled Tribes (officially recognized Indigenous peoples) in the Nilgiri Hills of southwestern Tamil Nadu, near Karnataka. Badaga, a dialect of Kannada, is also spoken in the Nilgiri Hills.

Iruma, city, southern Saitama ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. The city is located on the Iruma River in the Musashino uplands and the southern part of the Kaji hills. It borders Tokyo metropolis to the south. Iruma is renowned for the cultivation of Sayama green tea. It is the site of

Irun, city, Guipúzcoa provincia (province), in the Basque Country comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Bidasoa River. At Irun the river is bridged to Hendaye, France. Irun is the northern terminus of the Spanish Northern Railway and is

Irun, city, Guipúzcoa provincia (province), in the Basque Country comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Bidasoa River. At Irun the river is bridged to Hendaye, France. Irun is the northern terminus of the Spanish Northern Railway and is

Pamplona, capital of both the provincia (province) and the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Navarra, northeastern Spain. It lies on the western bank of the Arga River in the fertile La Cuenca region. Situated in an irrigated cereal-producing area, Pamplona is a flourishing agricultural

Mohanlal: Quintessential Mohanlal: Breakthrough and superstardom: … starred in the Tamil film Iruvar (“The Duo”), directed by Mani Ratnam; the film was inspired by the lives of the Tamil Nadu chief ministers M.G. Ramachandran and Jayaram Jayalalithaa. In the fantasy thriller Guru (1997; “Teacher”) Mohanlal played a man trapped in a world where everyone except him is…

Dallas Cowboys: …acquiring future Hall of Famers Michael Irvin, Troy Aikman, and Emmitt Smith in successive drafts from 1988 to 1990. The team went on to dominate the NFL for the better part of the decade: the Cowboys of the 1990s won Super Bowls in 1993, 1994, and 1996.

The New Yorker: Notable contributors: William Steig, Edward Koren, and Rea Irvin, who was the magazine’s first art director and the creator of Eustace Tilley, who appeared on the cover of the first issue and on annual covers thereafter. Beginning in 2005, the magazine invited the public to participate with the inauguration of a cartoon…

Irvine, city, Orange county, southern California, U.S. Adjacent to the city of Santa Ana (northwest), Irvine lies about 40 miles (60 km) southeast of Los Angeles. Originally inhabited by Tongva (or Gabrielino) Indians, the area was explored by Gaspar de Portolá in 1769. The land that would become

Irvine, royal burgh (town), North Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, southwestern Scotland, on the Firth of Clyde. The last of Scotland’s five “new towns,” Irvine was designated in 1966 in an attempt to rehouse population from Glasgow and provide a focus for the economic and

Stanley F. Reed: Colorado (1949) and Irvine v. California (1954), both of which ruled that illegally obtained evidence may be admissible in state courts, and upheld the conviction of (and denial of speech rights to) American communists who were arrested for violating the prohibition against advocating the violent overthrow of the…

George Mallory: Mount Everest: …a young and less-experienced climber, Andrew (“Sandy”) Irvine, set off for an attempt on the summit. The two started out from their last camp at 26,800 feet (8,170 meters) on the morning of June 8. Another member of the expedition claimed to have caught a glimpse of the men climbing…

Irvine: …Thomas Flint, Llewellyn Bixby, and James Irvine (for whom the city is named). By 1876 Irvine had purchased the entire tract of what became known as the Irvine Ranch. His son inherited the land and established the Irvine Company in 1894. Irvine subsequently developed into a farming community, with crops…

methylation: …of chemical methylation, known as Irvine–Purdie methylation, hydroxyl groups on polysaccharides undergo methylation to yield monosaccharides.

Irving, city, northeastern Texas, U.S. Established in 1903 and incorporated in 1914, the city developed into an industrial hub during the 1950s. A suburb of Dallas, it is the site of the University of Dallas and DeVry University. Pop. (2010) 216,290; Dallas-Plano-Irving Metro Division,

The Bank of New York Company, Inc.: …1988 takeover of the giant Irving Bank Corporation (founded 1851).