industrial glass: Flat glass: …Fourcault of Belgium; and the Irving Colburn machine, developed at the Libbey-Owens Glass Company in Charleston, W.Va., U.S. In the Fourcault process, a one- to two-metre-wide steel mesh bait was introduced into molten glass at the working end of the furnace. The cooled glass adhered to the bait and was…

Irving Thalberg: …was a founder, established the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, given for excellence in production.

Irving Independent School District v. Tatro, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on July 5, 1984, ruled (9–0) that, under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (EAHCA; now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), a school board in Texas had to provide

Orson Welles: Later films: Chimes at Midnight, The Other Side of the Wind, and F for Fake: …de Hory and his biographer Clifford Irving. As Welles started working on Reichenbach’s footage, Irving himself was unmasked as the forger of a fake autobiography of reclusive businessman Howard Hughes. Welles supplemented Reichenbach’s footage with much new additional material, drawing on his own fakes, such as the The War of…

Edward Irving was a Church of Scotland minister whose teachings became the basis of the religious movement known as Irvingism, later called the Catholic Apostolic Church. After working as a mathematics teacher and studying theology part time, Irving was called in 1822 to the Caledonian chapel in

John Irving is an American novelist and short-story writer who established his reputation with the novel The World According to Garp (1978). As is characteristic of his other works, it is noted for its engaging story line, colorful characterizations, macabre humor, and examination of contemporary

John Irving is an American novelist and short-story writer who established his reputation with the novel The World According to Garp (1978). As is characteristic of his other works, it is noted for its engaging story line, colorful characterizations, macabre humor, and examination of contemporary

Kenneth Colin Irving was a Canadian industrialist whose vast business empire dominated the province of New Brunswick, where he employed 1 out of every 12 workers. Irving was born in a small fishing village in New Brunswick, and, after attending college and serving in the Royal Flying Corps, he

Kyrie Irving is a professional basketball player who, with LeBron James, led the Cleveland Cavaliers to an NBA championship in 2016. Irving is known for his exceptional ball-handling skills, elite isolation shooting, and stylish finishes at the rim. However, his on-court achievements have at times

Kyrie Irving is a professional basketball player who, with LeBron James, led the Cleveland Cavaliers to an NBA championship in 2016. Irving is known for his exceptional ball-handling skills, elite isolation shooting, and stylish finishes at the rim. However, his on-court achievements have at times

India: The postwar years: …the district by Deputy Commissioner Miles Irving. When their followers tried to march to Irving’s bungalow in the camp to demand the release of their leaders, they were fired on by British troops. With several of their number killed and wounded, the enraged mob rioted through Amritsar’s old city, burning…

Sir Henry Irving was one of the most famous of English actors, the first of his profession to be knighted (1895) for services to the stage. He was also a celebrated theatre manager and the professional partner of the actress Ellen Terry for 24 years (1878–1902). Irving’s father, Samuel Brodribb,

Washington Irving was described as the “first American man of letters.” He wrote numerous works but is best known for “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle,” which have been called the first American short stories. The favorite and last of 11 children of an austere Presbyterian father

dika, (Irvingia gabonensis), tree of the family Irvingiaceae, native to western Africa, and its edible seeds. The seeds, commonly called dika nuts, are used principally for food and oil and in weight loss supplements. The fleshy fruit somewhat resembles the unrelated mango and is eaten fresh or

Malpighiales: Ungrouped families: Irvingiaceae contains 3 genera and 10 species of tropical trees found in Africa and from Southeast Asia to western Malesia. The leaves are rather distinctive with their longitudinal markings, large deciduous stipules that enclose the prominent pointed terminal bud, and closely parallel secondary venation. The…

Irvington, township (town), Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., bordering Newark to the east. Settled in 1666 as part of a land grant from Sir George Carteret, proprietor of New Jersey, it was known as Camptown until 1852, when it separated from Clinton township and was renamed in honour

Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st earl of Halifax was a British viceroy of India (1925–31), foreign secretary (1938–40), and ambassador to the United States (1941–46). The fourth son of the 2nd Viscount Halifax, a well-known churchman and a leader of the Anglo-Catholic movement in Yorkshire, Wood

circus: Clowns: Two Americans, Bill Irwin and David Shiner, are perhaps the best-known among New Vaudeville clowns; their talents were featured in the Broadway production Fool Moon (1994). Also among the most renowned of modern clowns is David Larible, who descends from seven generations of Italian circus performers. During…

Steve Irwin: Irwin’s daughter, Bindi Irwin, shared his interest in wildlife and showmanship. As a child, she headed her own wildlife show, Bindi, the Jungle Girl (2007–08), and she also acted in several movies. In addition, she later starred with her mother and her brother, Robert Clarence Irwin, in…

Elisabeth Antoinette Irwin was an American educator, psychologist, and one of the leaders of the progressive education movement. Irwin attended Smith College (B.A., 1903) and became involved in the social-settlement movement, working in New York City. From 1905 to 1909 she worked at odd jobs and as

mechanics of solids: Stress concentrations and fracture: …the American engineer and physicist George R. Irwin, a major body of work on the mechanics of crack growth and fracture, including fracture by fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, starting in the late 1940s and continuing into the 1990s. This was driven initially by the cracking of a number of…

golf: U.S. tournaments and players: Chi Chi Rodriguez, Raymond Floyd, Hale Irwin, Greg Norman, Seve Ballesteros, José Maria Olazabal, Davis Love III, and Vijay Singh.

James B. Irwin was an American astronaut, pilot of the Lunar Module on the Apollo 15 mission (July 26–August 7, 1971), in which he and the mission commander, David R. Scott, spent almost three days on the Moon’s surface investigating the Hadley-Apennine site, 462 miles (744 km) north of the lunar

James B. Irwin was an American astronaut, pilot of the Lunar Module on the Apollo 15 mission (July 26–August 7, 1971), in which he and the mission commander, David R. Scott, spent almost three days on the Moon’s surface investigating the Hadley-Apennine site, 462 miles (744 km) north of the lunar

May Irwin was a Canadian-born American comedian and music-hall performer who popularized such songs as “After the Ball” and “A Hot Time in the Old Town.” Ada Campbell was introduced to the theatrical world in 1875, after her father’s death had left the family in poverty. Her mother got her and her

Robert Irwin was an American painter and sculptor known for pioneering the Light and Space movement, a variety of West Coast Minimalist art that was concerned with the visual impact of light on geometric forms and on the viewer’s sensory experience of the work. In 1984 he became the first artist to

Steve Irwin was an Australian wildlife conservationist, television personality, and educator who achieved worldwide fame as the exuberant host of The Crocodile Hunter (1992–2006) television series and related documentaries. With frenetic energy and an engaging boyish enthusiasm, Irwin led his

Steve Irwin was an Australian wildlife conservationist, television personality, and educator who achieved worldwide fame as the exuberant host of The Crocodile Hunter (1992–2006) television series and related documentaries. With frenetic energy and an engaging boyish enthusiasm, Irwin led his

Yemen: Two Yemeni states: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Iryānī. Two years later, with the blessing of the two major foreign participants—Egypt and Saudi Arabia—the leaders of North Yemen agreed upon the Compromise of 1970, which established a republican government in which some major positions were assigned to members of the royalist…

Zygmunt Krasiński: In his second important play, Irydion (1836; Eng. trans. Irydion)—the story of a Greek named Irydion who seeks vengeance on imperial Rome—Krasiński denies the validity of hatred as a source of righteous action.

Karol Irzykowski was a Polish novelist and literary critic well known for his rejection of Realism, which he considered a pretense. Educated at the University of Lwów (now the University of Lviv), Irzykowski moved in 1908 to Kraków, where he joined the editorial board of Nowa Reforma, a liberal

Situationist International (SI), group of artists, writers, and social critics (1957–72) that aimed to eliminate capitalism through the revolutionization of everyday life. Instead of focusing on traditional sites of economic and social change, such as the factory, the Situationist International

Perhaps you have heard the quip that chai tea is redundant because chai in much of India (specifically Hindi) just means tea, so saying “chai tea” is like saying “tea tea” (or “chai chai”). That joke appears in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) and has been mentioned by numerous comedians

People often use the terms "Holland" and "the Netherlands" interchangeably, but they don’t match up exactly. The official name of the northwestern European land of tulips and windmills is "Koninkrijk der Nederlanden," or Kingdom of the Netherlands. It was founded in 1579 as a union of various

It’s long been said that 27 is a particularly dangerous age for musicians. Legendary bluesman Robert Johnson, Rolling Stones cofounder Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Big Star cofounder Chris Bell, Nirvana front man Kurt Cobain, and Amy Winehouse are all members of the

One of the first things you learn as a new investor is to seek the best portfolio mix. Many financial advisors recommend a 60/40 asset allocation between stocks and fixed income to take advantage of growth while keeping up your defenses. Here’s how 60/40 is supposed to work: Like a lot of things,

Dividend stocks—shares of companies that prioritize those periodic payments to shareholders—are a way to attract investors and “reward” them for their investments. It sounds like dividend investors get easy money, right? Why not put your whole portfolio in dividend stocks? The idea of sitting back

The age-old question actually has an answer—it’s both! Tomatoes are fruits that are considered vegetables by nutritionists. Botanically, a fruit is a ripened flower ovary and contains seeds. Tomatoes, plums, zucchinis, and melons are all edible fruits, but things like maple “helicopters” and

In December 1996, national attention in the United States turned to a new resolution passed by the Oakland Unified School District (OUSD). The controversial resolution defined what it called “Ebonics” as a language separate from English, so as to better meet the needs of the district’s African

Yes, an alligator is a reptile. This classification is because of its key reptilian traits, such as being cold-blooded, possessing scaly skin, and reproducing by laying eggs. One of the main features that classify alligators as reptiles is their skin, which is covered in tough scales. These scales

At about 3 million square miles (7.7 million square km), Australia is the smallest continent on Earth. In fact, it’s closer in size to Greenland than it is to South America. Does that make Australia an island like Greenland? Although Australia is sometimes called an “island continent,” most

A wave. A thumbs-up. A middle finger. You may think you know what these common gestures signify…but what happens when you wave to your European friend across the street and she turns to walk the other way? There’s a reason for that reaction, and it isn’t because your friend is tired of your

The story goes like this: a medieval king of Spain spoke with a lisp. Wanting to imitate royalty, courtiers picked it up. The resulting th sound wormed its way into the Spanish language. It would be a great tale of linguistics, history, and idolization of the ruling class—if it were true. The myth

Perhaps it would be best to state this at the beginning: Cinco de Mayo is not Mexico’s Independence Day. That holiday occurs on September 16 each year, the anniversary of the Grito de Dolores, a speech and battle cry uttered by Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1810 that inspired

By definition, climate change is the periodic modification of Earth’s climate due to changes in the atmosphere and interactions between the atmosphere and other geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic factors within the Earth system. All living things respond to climate and changes in the

If you don’t hang out in the wilder areas of YouTube or TikTok, you may be thinking, “Wait. What? Is this a thing? The answer is no, right? Right?” The answer is no. Comet 3I/ATLAS is not an alien spacecraft. But it is very interesting in its own right. The I in its name stands for “interstellar,”

Perhaps you’ve heard stories of cow tipping. People—usually young men and perhaps after a few beers—go into fields full of cows, which are all sleeping standing up. A person quietly creeps up to one of the cows and heaves with all his might. The cow falls over and is stuck on her side, unable to

Yes, diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance on Earth. It is a 10 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, indicating the material’s supreme resistance to being scratched. Diamond’s hardness is a result of its atomic structure, where each carbon atom (diamond is made entirely of carbon)

It’s not likely, but there are things that could stop Earth’s rotation and get it moving in the other direction. The force from a collision with a body the size of the Moon or a small planet might be enough to overcome Earth’s rotational inertia, depending on the angle and speed of the collision.

Stephen Dobyns: …town; and the comic thriller Is Fat Bob Dead Yet? (2015). Eating Naked (2000) is a collection of short stories.

For the most part, yes, honey tastes sweeter than table sugar. Both honey and sugar are made up of fructose and glucose, but fructose and glucose are bound together in sugar, a combination called sucrose. The fructose and glucose in honey, on the other hand, are largely independent. Fructose is

No, Hong Kong is not a country. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China. Hong Kong’s status as a special administrative region stems from its history as a former British colony. By way of treaty or lease with China, the islands and mainland area now known as Hong Kong came under the

You are writing a note of advice to a friend and pause to consider: Is it bear in mind or bare in mind? Let us help. Bear is the correct word when you mean to keep something in your thoughts or remember something. As an adjective, the word bare refers to something that is uncovered, exposed, or

English-speaking countries and news agencies have an aversion to long names. So when the jihadist militant group that called itself الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام, or “The Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham,” entered the world political sphere, it was referred to with a simple acronym. Well, it

envelope: …in Sir Thomas Wyatt’s “Is it Possible?”:

Common wisdom holds that it is unsafe to swim after eating unless one waits for some prescribed period of time—usually between 30 minutes and two hours. The belief is that the pylorus, the gate between the stomach and intestines, will cramp up and render the swimmer unable to stay above water.

This article was originally published on August 19, 2020, during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, when an understanding of the disease and its impact was changing daily. When it comes to reopening schools during the COVID-19 pandemic, protecting student and teacher health is of utmost

There’s one reason that the symbols from the ancient Roman system of numerical notation eventually gave way to the Arabic numeral system that is familiar to people around the world: Roman numerals can be rather impractical and cumbersome to use. For example, it might be taken for granted, but

When you first established your retirement portfolio, you were probably just putting money aside and expecting it to grow. And that makes sense. However, as you near retirement, it’s time to consider a portfolio rebalance. In fact, the closer you get to retirement, the more important rebalancing

The verdict is out on whether squirrels forget about half of the nuts they bury: surely some squirrels do. Forgotten nuts and acorns grow into trees, so squirrel absentmindedness produces some ecological benefits. While it’s almost certain that squirrels indeed forget some subset of the nuts that

Are flat-faced dogs ugly or cute? It all depends on whom you ask. Although many of us have a hard time understanding the appeal of those bulging eyes and wrinkly, caved-in faces, demand for flat-faced dog breeds such as pugs, bulldogs, French bulldogs, and shih tzus has soared around the world in

When we think of pollution, we usually think of chemicals introduced into places where they shouldn’t be: fertilizer and pesticide runoff, diesel fumes, plastic debris along roadsides, and carbon dioxide from industry and transportation. Pollution is often described as the addition of any substance

industrial glass: Containers: … are usually formed by the Individual Section (IS) machine. In this machine a stream of molten glass is pushed out of an orifice at the end of the forehearth by a rotating bowl and is subsequently cut to gobs of glass. The gobs travel down chutes to a mold in…

Despite its reputation as a natural sleep remedy, magnesium is not a cure for insomnia or other sleep disorders. Evidence supporting its effectiveness in otherwise healthy individuals is limited and inconclusive. Many studies on magnesium supplementation for sleep have involved small sample sizes

Mount Everest is best described as the highest mountain in the world. In other words: it has the greatest elevation, at more than 29,000 feet (about 8,850 meters) above sea level. Other mountains, though, have made claims on being the tallest when measured from points other than sea level.

If you wake up in the morning to find your lawn wet, you are probably more likely to attribute the wetness to rain or dew than to a giant sentient ice cube with legs that stomped through your neighborhood, leaving a trail of water in its wake. Although seemingly intuitive, our appreciation for

Dietrich von Choltitz: …source for a best-selling popularization, Is Paris Burning? (1965), by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre.

What exactly is pet insurance, and do you really need it? That’s a quandary put to many a pet owner who loves their pet as much—in some cases, maybe more—than their spouse, partner, or best friend. It’s tricky. After all, your pet is not just any old animal, but a living, breathing companion you

Given their continued involvement as aggressors in the Russia-Ukraine War, neither Russia nor Belarus will be represented as a nation at the Milano Cortina 2026 Olympic Winter Games. However, approved athletes from those countries will be permitted to compete as Individual Neutral Athletes

E.B. White: collaborated with James Thurber on Is Sex Necessary? (1929), a spoof of contemporary sex manuals. In a monthly column (1938–43) for Harper’s magazine, he wrote essays about rural life.

One critique of Sinclair Lewis’s It Can’t Happen Here is its lack of subtlety. Lewis’s novel, published in 1935, dramatizes the possibility of a fascist takeover of the United States. It likely builds on the research and experiences of Lewis’s second wife, Dorothy Thompson; Thompson was the first

Late at night on Christmas Eve 1885, in the small farming town of Seneca, Illinois, a woman named Matilda Rooney burst into flames. She was alone in her kitchen when it happened. The fire quickly incinerated her entire body except her feet. The incident also claimed the life of her husband,

Leiber and Stoller: …1969, was the world-weary “Is That All There Is?” (by Peggy Lee). In 1987 the pair was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Zendaya: Dune franchise, Challengers, and The Drama: …part of Elvis Mitchell’s documentary Is That Black Enough for You? (2022), which explores the history of Black cinema.

Tropical cyclones (hurricanes and typhoons) form over warm areas of the ocean where the water temperature is high enough to fuel evaporation and storm development. If the ocean’s surface temperature is below 26 °C (79 °F), there will not be enough heat available and evaporation rates will be too

The short answer is that nobody knows if any of it—the Trojan War and Odysseus’s subsequent meandering homeward journey—was real. The longer and more interesting answer is that, although there is no direct evidence that Odysseus existed, fought a war, and then suffered a nightmarish journey home to

Born in 1903, four-year-old Herbert Graf witnessed the collapse of a horse who had been pulling a heavy cart. It was a traumatic experience for the boy, who subsequently developed a fear of horses. Additionally, Herbert’s father noted that he developed particular anxieties: Herbert felt uneasy

Earth is currently experiencing a host of environmental problems. Air and water pollution continue to plague much of the world; exotic plants, animals, and other organisms pop up in parts of the globe that have no natural defense against them; and, all the while, climate change lingers in the

The piano is one of the most-popular musical instruments in the world. But peek inside it, and you’ll quickly discover that it is also among the more-complex instruments. You might also begin to wonder what type of instrument it is—percussion or stringed? Inside a piano, there are strings, and

At the moment, there is no cure for infection with the coronavirus behind the COVID-19 pandemic. However, different types of drugs are being tested in human patients for their ability to fight off infection or to reduce the severity of disease. Examples include an antiviral known as remdesivir, a

No, there is no cure yet for infection with HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus. In fact, despite multiple reports of individuals having been cured of HIV infection, the virus has been eliminated from only one or two people thus far. One of these individuals, Timothy Ray Brown, underwent intensive

The Kennedy family has known great privilege and power. Often referred to as American political royalty, the name Kennedy is associated with presidents, senators, and ambassadors. It is also associated with tragic loss, including the assassinations of U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy and his brother Sen.

The Olympics have no official overarching age limit for competitors. However, the international sports federations that govern each sport often do set specific age minimums for competition. The age limits for the Milano Cortina 2026 Olympic Winter Games can be found

Holmes Rolston III: Rolston’s article “Is There an Ecological Ethic?” was rejected by several journals before it was finally published in Ethics in 1975. It was the first article in a major philosophical journal to challenge the idea that nature is value-free and that all values stem from human perspectives;…

PJ Harvey: The next PJ Harvey album, Is This Desire? (1998), was deliberately subdued, an exercise in art song. In 2000, however, Harvey came out with Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea, a return to anthemic rock with pop aspirations and an unlikely twist: for the first time, Polly Jean…

the Strokes: Is This It hit the shelves in the United Kingdom in the summer of 2001, with an American release following several months later (the controversial track “New York City Cops” was removed from the American version of the album as a gesture of respect in…

Helen Hamilton Gardener: In 1890 Gardener published Is This Your Son, My Lord?, an outspoken and lurid novel whose attack on the double standard gave it a wide sale. She followed it with A Thoughtless Yes (1890), Pray You, Sir, Whose Daughter? (1892), Pushed by Unseen Hands (1892), and An Unofficial Patriot…

If you’ve ever booked your own travel, you’ve probably felt price creep. You start with a bargain-priced flight, only to watch the fare climb when you opt to avoid a layover. Returning home at a humane hour costs more, too. Add a better seat or a checked bag, and suddenly your $500 cheapie fare is

You may have heard that it’s wise to contribute as much to your employer 401(k) plan as you need to collect the full match (if a match is offered). But should you go above and beyond in your 401(k), or are there other ways to get the most from your retirement planning? Your situation—from your

When you’re taking out a mortgage to buy or refinance a home, it can feel like visiting a foreign country. There are so many terms and phrases you’ve never heard before. And it’s likely those phrases are being thrown around quickly and casually. Here’s an A-to-Z mortgage glossary to help you

Mathematical parity is usually one of the first rules learned in early arithmetic classes, though you might be unfamiliar with the name. It is how we split up all integers into two categories: even numbers and odd numbers. Determining the parity of an integer—a number that can be written without a

Tess Gallagher: … (2006), Midnight Lantern (2011), and Is, Is Not (2019).

computational aesthetics: History: In the early 1990s the International Society for Mathematical and Computational Aesthetics (IS-MCA) was founded, specializing in design with emphasis on functionality and aesthetics and attempting to be a bridge between science and art. By the beginning of the 21st century, computational aesthetics had become sufficiently established to sustain its…

telecommunication: Time-division multiple access: In the IS54 cellular system, three digital signals are interleaved using TDMA and then transmitted in a 30-kilohertz frequency slot that would be occupied by one analog signal in AMPS. Buffering digital signals and interleaving them in time causes some extra delay, but the delay is so…

telecommunication: Code-division multiple access: The IS95 cellular system employs the CDMA technique. In IS95 an analog speech signal that is to be sent to a cell site is first quantized and then organized into one of a number of digital frame structures. In one frame structure, a frame of 20…

Shin Bet, one of the three major intelligence organizations of Israel, along with Aman (military intelligence) and Mossad (foreign intelligence). The Shin Bet is concerned with internal security and counterintelligence and focuses on potential sabotage, terrorist activities, and security matters of

International Seabed Authority (ISA), international organization established in 1994 to regulate mining and related activities in the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction, an area that includes most of the world’s oceans. The ISA came into existence upon the entry into force of the

surfing: Professional surfing: (The International Surfing Association [ISA] superseded the federation in 1976.) In 1982 the General Association of International Sports Federations recognized the ISA as the world’s governing body of surfing. Thirteen years later, in 1995, the International Olympic Committee granted the ISA provisional recognition. The IOC confirmed…

Jesus was a religious leader revered in Christianity, one of the world’s major religions. He is regarded by most Christians as the Incarnation of God. The history of Christian reflection on the teachings and nature of Jesus is examined in the article Christology. Ancient Jews usually had only one

Mehmed I: Thus, Mehmed ruled in Amasya, İsa in Bursa, and Süleyman in Rumelia (Balkan lands under Ottoman control). Mehmed defeated İsa and seized Bursa (1404–05) and then sent another brother, Mûsa, against Süleyman. Mûsa was victorious over Süleyman (1410) but then declared himself sultan in Edirne and undertook the reconquest of…