Idukki: The Idukki arch dam, 554 feet (169 metres) high, on the Periyar River, was completed in 1974. It connects two huge rocks—Kurathi, 3,035 feet (925 metres) high, and Kuravan, 2,753 feet (839 metres) high. Together with the Cheruthoni dam (1976), on the Cheruthoni River, and the…

Edom, ancient land bordering ancient Israel, in what is now southwestern Jordan, between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. The Edomites probably occupied the area about the 13th century bce. Though closely related to the Israelites (according to the Bible, they were descendants of Esau), they had

Edom: The Edomites probably occupied the area about the 13th century bce. Though closely related to the Israelites (according to the Bible, they were descendants of Esau), they had frequent conflicts with them and were probably subject to them at the time of the Israelite kingdom (11th–10th…

Idun, in Norse mythology, the goddess of spring or rejuvenation and the wife of Bragi, the god of poetry. She was the keeper of the magic apples of immortality, which the gods must eat to preserve their youth. When, through the cunning of Loki, the trickster god, she and her apples were seized by

Idun, in Norse mythology, the goddess of spring or rejuvenation and the wife of Bragi, the god of poetry. She was the keeper of the magic apples of immortality, which the gods must eat to preserve their youth. When, through the cunning of Loki, the trickster god, she and her apples were seized by

Idun, in Norse mythology, the goddess of spring or rejuvenation and the wife of Bragi, the god of poetry. She was the keeper of the magic apples of immortality, which the gods must eat to preserve their youth. When, through the cunning of Loki, the trickster god, she and her apples were seized by

ide, (Leuciscus idus), common sport and food fish of the carp family, Cyprinidae, widely distributed in rivers and lakes of Europe and western Siberia. An elongated, rather stout fish, the ide is blue-gray or blackish with silvery sides and belly and is usually about 30–50 cm (12–20 inches) long.

idyll, also spelled Idyl (from Greek eidyllion, “little picture”), a short poem of a pastoral or rural character in which something of the element of landscape is depicted or suggested. The term was used in Greco-Roman antiquity to designate a variety of brief poems on simple subjects in which the

idyll, also spelled Idyl (from Greek eidyllion, “little picture”), a short poem of a pastoral or rural character in which something of the element of landscape is depicted or suggested. The term was used in Greco-Roman antiquity to designate a variety of brief poems on simple subjects in which the

Salomon Gessner: His pastoral prose Idyllen (1756–72) and his epic poem Der Tod Abels (1758; “The Death of Abel”) were his most renowned works, making him the most successful and typical representative of a literary rococo movement. His pastorals were translated into 20 languages, including Welsh, Latin, and Hebrew. The…

Johann Rudolf Wyss: …tales and folklore, published in Idyllen, Volkssagen, Legenden und Erzählungen aus der Schweiz (1815). He also edited the Alpenrosen almanac (1811–30), with the collaboration of the best Swiss writers of his time. He wrote “Rufst du, mein Vaterland” (1811), the Swiss national anthem until the second half of the 20th…

Idylls of the King, poetic treatment of the Arthurian legend by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, comprising 12 poems published in various fragments and combinations between 1842 and 1888. Four books—“Enid,” “Vivien,” “Elaine,” and “Guinevere”—were published as Idylls of the King in 1859. Based largely on Sir

Shimazaki Tōson: Ie (1910–11; The Family) depicts the stresses Japan’s modernization brought to his own family. Shinsei (1918–19; “New Life”) narrates the unsavoury affair of a writer with his niece in a manner that carries the confessional principle to embarrassing excesses.

Internet Explorer (IE), World Wide Web (WWW) browser and set of technologies created by Microsoft Corporation, a leading American computer software company. After being launched in 1995, Internet Explorer became one of the most popular tools for accessing the Internet. There were 11 versions

Roberto Carlos: …new musical style known as iê-iê-iê (“yeah-yeah-yeah”), which drew from the stylishly primitive upbeat sound of the Anglo-American rock of that era. Carlos was also, by correlation, the public face of the broader youth-oriented cultural movement known as Jovem Guarda (“Young Guard”), and in 1965 he began cohosting a musical…

peak oil theory: In 2010 the International Energy Agency’s (IEA’s) annual World Energy Outlook speculated that the global peak of conventional crude-oil production may have taken place in 2006, when 70 million barrels were produced per day. By contrast, the influential Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA) estimated in 2005 that current…

Kenya: 2017 elections, annulment of presidential election results, and fresh election: …members protested regularly against Kenya’s Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC), claiming it was corrupt and biased in favor of Kenyatta’s Jubilee Coalition, and called for the IEBC commissioners to be replaced before the 2017 election. An agreement between the opposition and the government regarding the departure of the commissioners…

dating: Technical advances: …by using the methods of ion-exchange chromatography. In this process, ions are variously adsorbed from solution onto materials with ionic charges on their surface and separated from the rest of the sample. After the dating elements have been isolated, they are loaded into a mass spectrometer and their relative isotopic…

improvised explosive device (IED), a homemade bomb, constructed from military or nonmilitary components, that is frequently employed by guerrillas, insurgents, and other nonstate actors as a crude but effective weapon against a conventional military force. When used as roadside bombs, IEDs can

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), international organization of engineers and scientists in electrical engineering, electronics, and allied fields, formed in 1963 by merger of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (founded 1884) and the Institute of Radio Engineers

FireWire, high-speed computer data-transfer interface that was used to connect personal computers, audio and video devices, and other professional and consumer electronics. In the late 1980s the American computer and electronics company Apple Inc. led the initiative for adoption of the Institute of

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by Pres. Jimmy Carter in 1977, permits presidents to create, eliminate, or modify a range of economic transactions with other countries in the event of a declared national emergency. The IEEPA

separation and purification: Field separations: …based on this principle is isoelectric focusing (IEF). At a given pH of a solution, a specific protein will have equal positive and negative charges and will therefore not migrate in an electric field. This pH value is called the isoelectric point. A slab gel (or column) can be filled…

Brazil: Sports and recreation: …homage to the African deity Iemanjá, goddess of the oceans (also St. Barbara, patron of artillerymen), by sailing out to sea with offerings that are thought to determine the success or failure of the coming year’s catch.

Japan: Commerce, cities, and culture: This “house head” (iemoto) system also spread to flower arrangement and to other arts and became a distinguishing feature of the Edo period. One result of this segmentation into tradition-conscious schools was that it inhibited further development of these artistic forms. Often, it was only by breaking away…

Paris: Around the Eiffel Tower: …of the slope the five-arched Jena Bridge (Pont d’Iéna) leads across the river. It was built for Napoleon I in 1813 to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Jena in 1806.

asteroid: Near-Earth asteroids: Asteroids that can come close to Earth are called near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), although not all NEAs actually cross Earth’s orbit. NEAs are divided into several orbital classes. Asteroids belonging to the class most distant from Earth—those asteroids that can cross the orbit of…

Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley: …where feasible—as detailed in an individualized education program (IEP) developed for each child by school officials in consultation with parents or guardians. The court’s decision in Rowley thus defined the term free appropriate public education.

Ypres, municipality, West Flanders province (province), western Belgium. It lies along the Yperlee (Ieperlee) River, south of Ostend. Ypres became a major cloth-weaving city in the Middle Ages, and together with Brugge and Ghent it virtually controlled Flanders in the 13th century. At that time it

Sophia Loren: …Mastroianni: Ieri, oggi, domani (1963; Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow), a film that earned an Oscar for best foreign film; and Matrimonio all’italiana (1964; Marriage, Italian Style). The best performance of her late career, again with Mastroianni, was for director Ettore Scola in Una giornata particolare (1977, A Special Day). Loren’s…

Hibernia, in ancient geography, one of the names by which Ireland was known to Greek and Roman writers. Other names were Ierne, Iouernia and (H)iberio. All these are adaptations of a stem from which Erin and Eire are also derived. The island was known to the Romans through the reports of traders,

Ieronymos II is the archbishop of Athens and all Greece (from 2008) and head of the Orthodox Church of Greece. Liapis first pursued an academic career. He earned degrees in theology and philosophy from the University of Athens and did postgraduate work in Austria and Germany. He was an assistant to

Jesi, town and episcopal see, Marche regione, east-central Italy. Jesi lies along the Esino River, just southwest of Ancona. The Roman colony of Aesis from 247 bc, it was destroyed by the Goths and Lombards and formed part of the Frankish king Pippin III’s gift to the church in 756. In the early

Endō Shūsaku: A Life of Jesus and other nonfiction works: …is Iesu no shogai (1973; A Life of Jesus). As in his novels, Endō’s perspective of Jesus differs from that of most Western Christians. In the preface of an American edition of A Life of Jesus he wrote:

Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a short interval of maximum temperature lasting approximately 100,000 years during the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs (roughly 55 million years ago). The interval was characterized by the highest global temperatures of the Cenozoic Era (65 million

Evan Evans was a Welsh poet and antiquary, one of the principal figures in the mid-18th-century revival of Welsh classical poetry. After leaving the University of Oxford without taking a degree, he served as curate in various parishes. His first publication, Some Specimens of the Poetry of the

Evan Evans was a Welsh poet and antiquary, one of the principal figures in the mid-18th-century revival of Welsh classical poetry. After leaving the University of Oxford without taking a degree, he served as curate in various parishes. His first publication, Some Specimens of the Poetry of the

Olympic Games: National Olympic committees, international federations, and organizing committees: …sport there must be an international federation (IF), to which a requisite number of applicable national governing bodies must belong. The IFs promote and regulate their sport on an international level. Since 1986 they have been responsible for determining all questions of Olympic eligibility and competition in their sport. The…

superheterodyne reception: This different frequency, called the intermediate frequency (IF), is beyond the audible range (hence the original term, supersonic heterodyne reception); it can be amplified with higher gain and selectivity than can the initial higher frequency. The IF signal, retaining modulation to the same degree as the original carrier, enters a…

If, small Mediterranean island 2 miles (3.2 km) outside the port of Marseille, Fr. Its castle, built by the French king Francis I in 1524, was later used as a state prison. The castle was made famous when Alexandre Dumas père, the 19th-century French writer, used it as one of the settings in his

intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein (i.e., a complex compound containing both polysaccharide and protein components) with which vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) must combine to be absorbed by the gut. Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells of the gastric glands in the stomach, where it binds with

Jean-Louis Trintignant: …les gars du monde (1955; If All the Guys in the World), and he achieved critical recognition as Brigitte Bardot’s deceived husband in Et Dieu créa la femme (1956; And God Created Woman). His sensitive performance as the widowed race-car driver in Claude Lelouch’s Un Homme et une femme (1966;…

Barry Jenkins: …novel, Jenkins made the movie If Beale Street Could Talk (2018), describing a young couple trying to start a life together, though the man is jailed for a rape that he did not commit. This film too won widespread acclaim, and Jenkins’s screenplay earned an Oscar nomination. His next project…

James Baldwin: Debate with Buckley, later career, and honors: …the Train’s Been Gone (1968), If Beale Street Could Talk (1974), and Just Above My Head (1979) as well as a collection of autobiographical writings, The Price of the Ticket (1985).

Toni Cade Bambara: …The Salt Eaters (1980) and If Blessing Comes (1987). She edited and contributed to The Black Woman: An Anthology (1970) and to Tales and Stories for Black Folks (1971). She also collaborated on several television documentaries.

William Thomas Stead: His findings, published in If Christ Came to Chicago!: A Plea for the Union of All Who Love in the Service of All Who Suffer (1894), are recognized as a model of journalistic research. In 1904 Stead tried to found a newspaper, The Daily Paper, but it failed, and…

Robert Goulet: …rendition of the song “If Ever I Would Leave You,” which became his signature song. By 1962 he had also recorded two albums and a hit single, “What Kind of Fool Am I,” and that year he won the Grammy Award for best new artist. He placed 15 more…

If He Hollers Let Him Go, first novel by Chester Himes, published in 1945, often considered to be his most powerful work. Bob Jones, a sensitive black man, is driven to the brink by the humiliation he endures from the racism he encounters while working in a defense plant during World War II.

O.J. Simpson: Trial and acquittal: Fenjves) on If I Did It, in which he hypothesized about how he would have committed the murders. Public outrage prevented its initial publication in 2006, but a bankruptcy court subsequently awarded the book’s rights to the Goldman family, who released the work in 2007.

Randy Newman: …Oscar in 2002 for “If I Didn’t Have You” from Monsters, Inc. Newman’s Pixar sound tracks continued to bear fruit, as he won a Grammy for the song “Our Town” from Cars (2006) and another for the instrumental score for Toy Story 3 (2010) and a second Oscar, for…

Tim O’Brien: Return from the war, journalism career, and early books: …experiences in his first book, If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home (1973). By turns meditative and brutally realistic, it was praised for its honest portrayal of a soldier’s emotions.

Pete Seeger: Songwriting and activism: …All the Flowers Gone,” “If I Had a Hammer,” “Kisses Sweeter Than Wine,” and “Turn, Turn, Turn.” His The Incompleat Folksinger (1972) is a collection of his writings on the history of folk songs, civil rights, and performers in his lifetime.

Norman Z. McLeod: Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields: McLeod then worked on If I Had a Million (1932), a comedy about a dying millionaire who decides to leave his money to strangers. It featured an all-star cast—which included W.C. Fields, Gary Cooper, George Raft, and Charles Laughton—in an eight-episode anthology, two episodes of which McLeod directed (uncredited).

Operation Just Cause: The U.S. invasion of Panama: …You” by U2, and “If I Had a Rocket Launcher” by Bruce Cockburn). Noriega was then transported to Miami, Florida, where he was tried, convicted of a raft of charges, and sentenced to a U.S. prison. In the wake of the invasion, the OAS voted 20 to 1 to…

Rose Byrne: Later work: X-Men, Insidious, and If I Had Legs I’d Kick You: In If I Had Legs I’d Kick You Byrne took on the role of a mother who must grapple with a litany of personal challenges, including her young daughter’s debilitating illness. Her performance won overwhelming critical praise and accolades, including the Golden Globe Award for best…

Frank Lloyd: If I Were King (1938) gave Colman one of his best vehicles as the swashbuckling poet François Villon, who battles Louis XI (Basil Rathbone).

Blake Shelton: The Voice and God’s Country: …releases—Bringing Back the Sunshine (2014), If I’m Honest (2016), and Texoma Shore (2017)—all topping the country albums chart. The 2019 single “God’s Country” became his biggest hit to date, topping the country chart for seven weeks and garnering a Grammy nomination. The song appeared later that year on the compilation…

Mona Van Duyn: Firefall and If It Be Not I: Collected Poems 1959–1982 were published in 1993. From 1992 to 1993 Van Duyn served as poet laureate of the United States. (She was the first woman to hold that title after it was created in 1985, though several other women…

If It Die…, autobiographical work by André Gide, published as Si le grain ne meurt. It was initially printed privately in 1920 and was published commercially in 1924. The work is a memoir of Gide’s childhood and of his emotional and psychosexual development. Gide described his father as a

science fiction: Alternate histories and parallel universes: Squires’s anthology If It Had Happened Otherwise (1931), in which such period worthies as Winston Churchill, André Maurois, and G.K. Chesterton speculated on counterfactual historical turning points. This was an intellectual parlour game of the type that science fiction liked to play.

Erma Bombeck: …into a television film; and If Life Is a Bowl of Cherries, What Am I Doing in the Pits? (1978). The self-deprecating humour she employed in accounts of everyday crises of home and family struck a chord of familiarity among readers, who saw their lives mirrored in the situations she…

Stefan Löfven: Early life and career: …ultimately the president (2006–14) of IF Metall, the union formed through the merger of the Swedish Metalworkers’ Union and the Swedish Industrial Union. In the meantime, Löfven also was a member of the executive board of the Nordic Metalworkers’ Union (2002–07) and a deputy member of the executive board of…

Anne Tyler: Tyler’s first novel, If Morning Ever Comes, was published in 1964. Though it received little critical attention, it revealed the polished prose and understated examination of personal isolation and the difficulty of interpersonal communication that would also characterize her later work. Publication of The Tin Can Tree (1965),…

Olivia Newton-John: Career: …arrangement of Bob Dylan’s “If Not for You.” Turning to country tunes, Newton-John fared well on the U.S. country and pop charts with “Let Me Be There,” “If You Love Me, Let Me Know,” and “Please Mr. Please.” In 1973 she won a Grammy Award for best female country…

If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler, avant-garde novel by Italo Calvino, published in 1979 as Se una notte d’inverno un viaggiatore. Using shifting structures, a succession of tales, and different points of view, the book probes the nature of change, coincidence, and chance and the interdependence of

Primo Levi: …questo è un uomo (1947; If This Is a Man, or Survival in Auschwitz), demonstrated extraordinary qualities of humanity and detachment in its analysis of the atrocities he had witnessed. His later autobiographical works, La tregua (1963; The Truce, or The Reawakening) and I sommersi e i salvati (1986; The…

African Americans: The Garvey movement and the Harlem Renaissance: …McKay, whose militant poem “If We Must Die” is perhaps the most-quoted African American literary work of this period. Other outstanding writers of the Harlem Renaissance were the novelist Jean Toomer and the poets Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes. During the 1920s painters Henry Ossawa Tanner and Aaron Douglas…

Betty White: …Life in Television (1995) and If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won’t) (2011). Her audiobook recording of the latter won a Grammy Award for best spoken-word album. White was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1995.

Gordon Lightfoot: …even higher profile with “If You Could Read My Mind” (1970), which was a major hit in the United States. His other popular songs included “Early Morning Rain” (1966), “Ribbon of Darkness” (1965), “Sundown” (1974), and “Rainy Day People” (1975). Perhaps Lightfoot’s best-known song was “The Wreck of the…

Helen Caldicott: …featured in the 1982 film If You Love This Planet, which was produced by the National Film Board of Canada. Although it won an Academy Award, the U.S. Department of Justice declared the film political propaganda and monitored its distribution. In 1983 Caldicott resigned as president of Physicians for Social…

forty-nine dance: Setting and style: “If You Were Only Here” offers an explicit expression of such sentiment:

Among the things you worry about when it comes to your kids (sleep, schoolwork, staying out of trouble), retirement probably doesn’t make the list. But there are a few good reasons to consider opening a Roth IRA for your child. As long as your child has earned income, even from dog-walking or

Edsger Dijkstra: …of statements such as “if then” led to sloppy programming in which the process as written in the program diverged from the process as it was actually executed. He instead championed a rigorous approach in which programs were built out of modular units with clear, single entrance and exit…

philosophy of mathematics: Nominalism: …the best known is “if-thenism,” or deductivism. According to this view, the sentence “4 is even” can be paraphrased by the sentence “If there were such things as numbers, then 4 would be even.” In this view, even if there are no such things as numbers, the sentence “4…

Lindsay Anderson: …before making his next film, If… (1968), in which three English students violently rebel against the conformity and social hypocrisy of their boarding school. Anderson then directed the premieres of Storey’s plays In Celebration (1969), The Contractor (1969), Home (1970), and The Changing Room (1971). His subsequent films included

Idina Menzel: Other theatrical work: …to Broadway in 2014 in If/Then, appearing for the entire run at the Richard Rodgers Theatre. Starring opposite former Rent co-star Anthony Rapp, Menzel was nominated for her third Tony Award for her performance as Elizabeth. In 2018 she starred in her first non-musical role in Skintight, Joshua Harmon’s take…

Walter Camp: …became a member of the Intercollegiate Football Association. From 1880 this ruling body accepted various innovations proposed by Camp: the 11-man team, the quarterback position, the scrimmage line, offensive signal calling, and the requirement that a team give up the ball after failing to advance a specified yardage in a…

William R. Bascom: …Bascom, in his treatise on Ifa Divination: Communication Between Gods and Men in West Africa (1969), clarified the Yoruba divination system, which is orally transmitted by Ifa priests to apprentices. Other writings include African Arts (1967) and The Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria (1969).

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), United Nations (UN) specialized agency that supports increased food production in poor communities. Partly in response to severe famines in the southern Sahara in the early 1970s, the 1974 World Food Conference adopted a resolution that

Oceanic music and dance: Micronesia: Even in Ifalik, where texts were in their own language, the movements did not interpret poetry but were apparently abstractly decorative. The same is true for the Kiribati. Thus, Polynesian dance could be characterized as illustration of poetry and Micronesian dance as decoration of poetry, while music…

art fraud: Victims and resources: …1991, grew out of the International Foundation for Art Research (IFAR: founded 1969), a not-for-profit organization that initiated and maintained (until 1997) an international database of stolen works of art, antiques, and collectables. After 1998 ALR assumed maintenance, although IFAR retains ownership, and the two organizations work closely together.

Ifat, Muslim state that flourished in central Ethiopia from 1285 to 1415 in the fertile uplands of eastern Shewa. Toward the end of the 13th century a ruler whose dynastic title was Walashma gained an ascendancy over the Muslim kingdoms of eastern Shewa. By gradually winning over the newly formed

International Finance Corporation (IFC), United Nations (UN) specialized agency affiliated with but legally separate from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). Founded in 1956 to stimulate the economic development of its members by providing capital for private

World Confederation of Labour (WCL), labour confederation founded as the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions in 1920 to represent the interests of Christian labour unions in western Europe and Latin America. It was reconstituted under its present name in 1968. Although the

Ile-Ife, town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. The town lies at the intersection of roads from Ibadan (40 miles [64 km] west), Ilesha, and Ondo. It is one of the larger centres and probably the oldest town of the Yoruba people. Considered by the Yoruba to be a holy city and the legendary

Mexico: Beyond single-party rule: …by the PRI), however, the Federal Electoral Institute ordered a recount of more than half of the country’s polling places. A recount of the vote in the federal legislative elections was also mandated in roughly two-thirds of the polling places. The recount of the presidential contest confirmed Peña Nieto’s victory.…

Kola Ogunmola: A typical play is Ife Owo (performed c. 1950 and widely played under its English title, Love of Money, published 1965), which depicts the sufferings of a polygamous husband who tries to satisfy the greed of his second wife. Ogunmola’s greatest fame, however, came from Omuti Apa Kini (performed…

Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University (formerly the University of Ife) was founded in 1961, with classes beginning the following year. One of Nigeria’s major universities, it is located north of the town; it operates a teaching hospital and has a major library. The affiliated Institute of Agricultural…

Ile-Ife, town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. The town lies at the intersection of roads from Ibadan (40 miles [64 km] west), Ilesha, and Ondo. It is one of the larger centres and probably the oldest town of the Yoruba people. Considered by the Yoruba to be a holy city and the legendary

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: …1825 a boarding school at Yverdon, near Neuchâtel. Both schools relied for funds on fee-paying pupils, though some poor children were taken in, and these institutes served as experimental bases for proving his method in its three branches—intellectual, moral, and physical, the latter including vocational and civic training. They also…

warning system: Air defense systems: Radar and identification friend or foe (IFF) equipment constitute the forward elements of complex systems that have appeared throughout the world. Examples include the semiautomatic ground environment (SAGE), augmented by a mobile backup intercept control system called BUIC in the United States, NATO air defense ground environment…

August Wilhelm Iffland was a German actor, dramatist, and manager, a major influence on German theatre. Destined for the church, Iffland, at the age of 18, broke with parental authority and joined the Gotha court theatre to study acting under Konrad Ekhof’s direction. In 1779, after Ekhof’s death,

The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) is a global confederation of journalists’ trade unions and associations. It is dedicated to building solidarity among journalists, fighting for their rights, and upholding ethical and professional standards. The IFJ also supports its member unions’

library: Associations and international organizations: The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA; Fédération Internationale des Associations de Bibliothécaires et des Bibliothèques, or FIAB) was founded in 1927 and first met formally in Rome in 1928. The organization publishes the IFLA Journal.

Christianity: Orthodox and nondenominational missions: …societies joined together in the Interdenominational Foreign Mission Association (IFMA; 1917). Since the 1960s they have cooperated with the Evangelical Foreign Missions Association (EFMA; 1945), the missionary arm of the National Association of Evangelicals (1943), and, at the international level, with the World Evangelical Fellowship (1952). Membership in the Association…

Ifni, former North African enclave of Spain and now part of the southwestern region of Morocco along the Atlantic coast. An arid semidesert region of mountains and coastal plain, Ifni was first settled in 1476 by Diego García de Herrera, lord of the Canaries, as a fortified Spanish fishing,

Mali: Relief: …in the north is the Iforas Massif. An extension of the mountainous Hoggar region of the Sahara, this heavily eroded sandstone plateau rises to elevations of more than 2,000 feet.

Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), cultural movement and political party in South Africa that derives its main support from the Zulu people. Inkatha was founded in 1975 in the black homeland of KwaZulu by Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi, chief of the Zulu people and chief minister of the homeland. Its

pickleball: History, organization, and expansion: In 2010 the International Federation of Pickleball (IFP) was organized to help develop the sport and promote it around the world. The original member associations were located in the United States, Canada, India, and Spain. Over the next decade the number of countries with IFP member associations and…

Yves Chauvin: …career conducting research at the French Institute of Petroleum (IFP), where he was named research director in 1991 and honorary research director upon his retirement in 1995. Chauvin held several patents and developed valuable petrochemical industrial processes, notably in regard to homogeneous catalysis. He was elected a member of the…