Léon Gambetta was a French republican statesman who helped direct the defense of France during the Franco-German War of 1870–71. In helping to found the Third Republic, he made three essential contributions: first, by his speeches and articles, he converted many Frenchmen to the ideals of moderate

Gautam Gambhir is a former Indian international cricketer who featured prominently for the national and various franchise teams in a career that spanned most of the first two decades of the 21st century. He scored more than 10,000 international runs and played a key role in India’s 2007 Twenty20

The Gambia: Media and publishing: The Gambia Daily is published by the government. There are also privately owned publications, such as The Daily Express, Foroyaa (“Freedom”), The Point, and The Daily Observer. Radio Gambia, run by the government, broadcasts in English, French, Swedish, and various Gambian languages; there are also…

The Gambia: Political process: …other opposition parties include the Gambia People’s Party, the National Democratic Action Movement, the Peoples’ Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism, and the United Democratic Party.

The Gambia: Manufacturing: …(until 1993 known as the Gambia Produce Marketing Board), which fixes the season’s price in advance, pays the producers in cash, and sells the crop overseas. The agents arrange for transportation of the peanuts to Banjul or Kuntaur, where the nuts are shelled before being shipped. After shelling, a large…

Gambia River, river in western Africa, 700 miles (1,120 km) long, rising in the Republic of Guinea and flowing westward through The Gambia into the Atlantic Ocean. Its major tributaries are the Sandougou and the Sofianiama. The Gambia is one of the finest waterways in Africa and the only western

The British Parliament’s Colonial Naval Defence Act of 1865 provided that the British Blue Ensign would be “defaced” by a badge for each government department or colony making use of it. These distinctive ensigns became de facto national flags even before the colonies achieved independence. In the

The Gambia, country in western Africa situated on the Atlantic coast and surrounded by the neighbouring country of Senegal. It occupies a long narrow strip of land that surrounds the Gambia River. The land is flat and is dominated by the river, which is navigable throughout the length of the

The Gambia: History: This discussion focuses on The Gambia since the late 15th century. For a treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see western Africa, history of.

The Gambia: Education: …the country’s first university, the University of The Gambia, in 1999. Prior to that, Gambian students seeking higher education had to leave the country, many of them traveling to Sierra Leone, Ghana, Britain, or the United States.

eflornithine: …gambiense, which causes Gambian (or West African) sleeping sickness. It is not effective against T. brucei rhodesiense, which causes Rhodesian (or East African) sleeping sickness. Eflornithine is also used to treat excessive facial hair growth, particularly in women.

eflornithine: …gambiense, which causes Gambian (or West African) sleeping sickness. It is not effective against T. brucei rhodesiense, which causes Rhodesian (or East African) sleeping sickness. Eflornithine is also used to treat excessive facial hair growth, particularly in women.

Wolof language: …form of the language, and Gambian Wolof, which is spoken along with Senegal Wolof by more than 160,000 people in The Gambia. Wolof is a national language of Senegal, where it is spoken by approximately 4.6 million people as a first language (mother tongue). An additional 7.8 million people use…

Gambia River, river in western Africa, 700 miles (1,120 km) long, rising in the Republic of Guinea and flowing westward through The Gambia into the Atlantic Ocean. Its major tributaries are the Sandougou and the Sofianiama. The Gambia is one of the finest waterways in Africa and the only western

Rubiaceae: Major genera and species: …the roots of Carapichea ipecacuanha; gambier, a substance that is used in tanning, from Uncaria gambir; and kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), which is used in traditional medicine and recreationally as a stimulant. Some trees in the family provide useful timber. Common madder (Rubia tinctorum) was formerly cultivated for the red dye…

Gambier Islands, southeasternmost extension of the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia in the central South Pacific, nearly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) east-southeast of Tahiti. The islands are just north of the Tropic of Capricorn. The principal inhabited group of the Gambiers comprises the

Gambier Islands, southeasternmost extension of the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia in the central South Pacific, nearly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) east-southeast of Tahiti. The islands are just north of the Tropic of Capricorn. The principal inhabited group of the Gambiers comprises the

Battle of Copenhagen: …the British fleet, under Admiral James Gambier, began a fierce bombardment on September 2, making much use of Congreve rockets (one of the first times rockets had been employed in European warfare). Soon much of the city was in flames, and the Danes, suffering heavy civilian casualties, were forced to…

Mount Gambier: …lies at the foot of Mount Gambier (623 feet [190 metres]), an extinct volcano with four crater lakes that was sighted in 1800 by Lieutenant James Grant of the Royal Navy, who named it after Admiral James (later Lord) Gambier. Stephen Henty surveyed the area in 1839, climbed the mountain,…

Gambino crime family, New York City-based organized crime syndicate with roots dating back to late 19th-century Sicily. It is one of the American Mafia’s Five Families—the Gambino, Bonanno, Lucchese, Genovese, and Colombo organizations—which have historically dominated organized crime in New York

Carlo Gambino was the head of one of the Five Families of organized crime—the Bonanno, Colombo, Genovese, Lucchese, and Gambino crime families—in New York City from 1957 to 1976, with major interests in Brooklyn, and reputedly the “boss of bosses” of the U.S. national crime syndicate. Born in

Michael Caine: …included Funeral in Berlin (1966), Gambit (1966), The Wrong Box (1966), Hurry Sundown (1967), and The Italian Job (1969).

chess: Morphy and the theory of attack: …sacrifices in the opening, called gambits, in order to achieve rapid mobilization and open lines for an attack. Checkmating attacks, often with startling sacrifices in concluding combinations, became the hallmark of many players of the 19th century. These leading masters were described as members of the Romantic school of chess.

William Cooper Procter: …a candlemaker, who joined with James Gamble, an Irish soapmaker, in 1837. The company expanded steadily with the successful marketing of Ivory soap, introduced in 1879, and with other products subsequently introduced during the presidency (1890–1907) of his father, William Alexander Procter.

the O’Jays: …and fruitful collaboration with writer-producers Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, who infused the O’Jays’ music with the hallmarks of Philadelphia soul: lush orchestration, funk rhythm, and socially conscious lyrics. Massey departed in 1971, and the next year the group released the classic album Back Stabbers, with the album’s title track…

apophenia: Forms of apophenia: Gambler’s fallacy is the erroneous belief that an event that has already happened is less likely to happen again; an example is believing that if a coin has landed on heads several times in a row, it is more likely to land on tails in…

probability theory: Applications of conditional probability: …find the probability of “gambler’s ruin.” Suppose two players, often called Peter and Paul, initially have x and m − x dollars, respectively. A ball, which is red with probability p and black with probability q = 1 − p, is drawn from an urn. If a red ball…

Fyodor Dostoyevsky: Stay in western Europe: …dictated his novel Igrok (1866; The Gambler)—based on his relations with Suslova and the psychology of compulsive gambling—which he finished just on time. A few months later (1867) he married the stenographer, Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina. She at last put his life and finances in order and created stable conditions for…

John Goodman: Film career: …World War II, and in The Gambler (2014), a remake of a 1974 drama about a man with a gambling problem. Later movies included Trumbo, a biopic about blacklisted screenwriter Dalton Trumbo (2015); the comedy Love the Coopers (2015); the horror film 10 Cloverfield Lane (2016); and Patriots Day (2016),…

Sergey Prokofiev: Pre-Revolutionary period: …1911–13, he composed in 1915–16 The Gambler, a brilliant and dynamic adaptation of the novella by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Continuing the operatic tradition of Modest Mussorgsky, Prokofiev skillfully combined subtle lyricism, satiric malice, narrative precision, and dramatic impact. During this period, Prokofiev achieved great recognition for his first two piano concerti—the…

Kenny Rogers: …did in the 1970s, “The Gambler” appeared on the pop music charts as well as on the country music charts. “The Gambler” told such a vivid story that it was turned into a made-for-television movie (1980) starring Rogers, who played an expert gambler teaching a young protégé the tricks…

Pavel Andreyevich Fedotov: …feeling can be detected in The Gamblers; the boundaries of the room disappear, its details acquiring a metaphorical meaning: empty picture frames symbolize the ghostly, depleted existence of the grotesque individuals portrayed. With these works, Fedotov pushed the boundaries of 19th-century genre painting. They point directly to the 20th century,…

Africa: Pleistocene and Holocene developments: During the Gamblian, or Fourth, Pluvial, which occurred from approximately 30,000 to 15,000 years ago, three distinct humid phases are separated by drier intervals. During those phases the dimensions of Lake Chad and those of the glaciers of Mount Kenya and of Kilimanjaro diminished rapidly. The postpluvial

gambling, the betting or staking of something of value, with consciousness of risk and hope of gain, on the outcome of a game, a contest, or an uncertain event whose result may be determined by chance or accident or have an unexpected result by reason of the bettor’s miscalculation. The outcomes of

Archie Mayo: Films of the 1930s: Stanwyck returned for Gambling Lady (1934), portraying a professional gambler who catches the eye of a wealthy man (Joel McCrea), much to the chagrin of his friends and family. It was the first of six films that Stanwyck and McCrea made together.

Gamboa, unincorporated community, central Panama. It is situated on the Panama Canal at the southwestern end of Gatun Lake and the confluence with the Chagres River, 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Panama City. Gamboa was established in the 1930s as the headquarters of dredging operations for the

map: History of cartography: …area painted on cloth, while Pedro de Gamboa reported that the Incas used sketch maps and cut some in stone to show relief features. Many specimens of early Eskimo sketch maps on skin, wood, and bone have been found.

gamboge, hard, brittle gum resin that is obtained from various Southeast Asian trees of the genus Garcinia and is used as a colour vehicle and in medicine. Gamboge is orange to brown in colour and when powdered turns bright yellow. Artists use it as a pigment and as a colouring matter for

Who’s Who in the Wizarding World?: Michael Gambon appeared in movies such as The Insider (1999), Gosford Park (2001), and The King’s Speech (2010). John Lithgow appeared in movies such as All That Jazz (1979), The World According to Garp (1982), and Terms of Endearment (1983); and TV series including 3rd…

roof: The gambrel roof is a type of gable roof with two slopes on each side, the upper being less steep than the lower. The mansard roof is a hipped gambrel roof, thus having two slopes on every side. It was widely used in Renaissance and Baroque…

roof: The gambrel roof is a type of gable roof with two slopes on each side, the upper being less steep than the lower. The mansard roof is a hipped gambrel roof, thus having two slopes on every side. It was widely used in Renaissance and Baroque…

H.H. Richardson: …a partnership with the architect Charles D. Gambrill that lasted 11 years but was never more than one of administrative convenience. From his Manhattan office and the drafting board in his Staten Island home came the drawings for the early commissions in Springfield, the State Asylum for the Insane in…

Gamburtsev Mountains, subglacial range in the central part of eastern Antarctica, extending 750–800 miles (1,200–1,300 km). The mountains attain their greatest height at 11,120 feet (3,390 metres). Completely buried under more than 1,970 feet (600 metres) of the Antarctic ice cap, they were

Gamburtsev Mountains, subglacial range in the central part of eastern Antarctica, extending 750–800 miles (1,200–1,300 km). The mountains attain their greatest height at 11,120 feet (3,390 metres). Completely buried under more than 1,970 feet (600 metres) of the Antarctic ice cap, they were

mosquitofish, (Gambusia affinis), live-bearing topminnow of the family Poeciliidae (see live-bearer), native to fresh waters of the southeastern United States but widely introduced in other parts of the world for mosquito control. The hardy mosquito fish, which has a prodigious appetite for

Grant Hill: He wrote an autobiography, Game (2022).

game, in gastronomy, the flesh of any wild animal or bird. Game is usually classified according to three categories: (1) small birds, such as the thrush and quail; (2) game proper, a category that can be subdivided into winged game, such as the goose, duck, woodcock, grouse or partridge, and

game, a universal form of recreation generally including any activity engaged in for diversion or amusement and often establishing a situation that involves a contest or rivalry. Card games are the games most commonly played by adults. Children’s games include a wide variety of amusements and

Thomas Middleton: His chief stage success was A Game at Chess (1625), in which the Black King and his men, representing Spain and the Jesuits, are checkmated by the White Knight, Prince Charles. This political satire drew crowds to the Globe Theatre until the Spanish ambassador protested and James I suppressed the…

electronic game: The return of video consoles: …success with the introduction of Game Boy, a handheld game system with a small monochrome display. It was not the first portable game player—Nintendo had marketed the small Game and Watch player since 1980—but it offered a new puzzle game, Alexey Pajitnov’s Tetris (1989), an international best-seller that was ideally…

baseball: Baseball and the arts: …Year of Baseball (1939) and Game Called Because of Rain (also known as Bottom of the Sixth; 1949), first printed on covers of The Saturday Evening Post, now hang in the art gallery of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

Woody Harrelson: …manager in the TV movie Game Change (2012), about the 2008 presidential election, was praised. In 2014 he starred in the anthology series True Detective, and he played Archie Bunker in the 2019 televised staged performance of an episode of the sitcom All in the Family.

Banksy: Banksy at auction: …which had been set by Game Changer in 2020, when it sold for $22 million.

trophic cascade: Biomanipulation in lakes: The stocking of game fish (or their protection from harvest using special regulations) triggers a trophic cascade with decreases in the biomass of smaller-bodied fish, increases in the biomass of herbivorous zooplankton, and decreases in the biomass of harmful phytoplankton. In some cases plankton-eating fish have been removed…

falconry: History: …under the protection of the law, and a license was required from the Home Office before a falconer could take a young hawk for falconry.

hunting: Game management: In the second half of the 20th century, with species extinction being a concern of conservationists, hunting was no longer feasible in some places.

Rachel McAdams: Doctor Strange and other later work: …later appeared in the comedies Game Night (2018) and Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga (2020). She then starred in the critically well received coming-of-age comedy Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret. (2023). In 2025 she starred in director Sam Raimi’s Send Help as a plane crash…

Siegbert Tarrasch: …remembered for his books, especially The Game of Chess (1935), which developed and popularized Wilhelm Steinitz’s theories while differing with the master about what constituted a small advantage.

Frank Sargeson: …as well as the novella A Game of Hide and Seek; and Sunset Village (1976), a novella that details the nefarious goings-on at a retirement community. His short fiction was compiled in Collected Stories, 1935–63 (1964), The Stories of Frank Sargeson (1973), and Frank Sargeson’s Stories (2010).

cellular automata: …cellular automaton, John Conway’s “Game of Life” (1970), simulates the processes of life, death, and population dynamics.

Pierre Marivaux: …l’amour et du hasard (1730; The Game of Love and Chance) display typical characteristics of his love comedies: romantic settings, an acute sense of nuance and the finer shades of feeling, and deft and witty wordplay. This verbal preciousness is still known as marivaudage and reflects the sensitivity and sophistication…

Game of Thrones, American fantasy television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss, based on the Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R.R. Martin. The HBO series ran for eight seasons between 2011 and 2019 and became one of the most acclaimed programs of all time. A critical darling and

George R.R. Martin: …of Martin’s efforts evolved into A Game of Thrones (1996), the first in what was initially intended to be a trilogy set largely in the imagined Seven Kingdoms of the land of Westeros. The series, while explicitly fantasy, pointedly avoided some of the genre’s more saccharine conceits in favour of…

Dwayne Johnson: Acting: …appeared in the family entertainments The Game Plan (2007), Tooth Fairy (2010), and Journey 2: The Mysterious Island (2012). Johnson then was cast as the titular Greek mythological figure in Hercules (2014). He played a firefighter dealing with a catastrophic earthquake in the action film San Andreas (2015), and in…

quiz show, broadcast show designed to test the memory, knowledge, agility, or luck of persons selected from a studio or broadcast audience or to contrive a competition among these people for merchandise or cash awards. The quiz show first gained popularity on U.S. radio in the 1930s as an

game theory, branch of applied mathematics that provides tools for analyzing situations in which parties, called players, make decisions that are interdependent. This interdependence causes each player to consider the other player’s possible decisions, or strategies, in formulating strategy. A

Italian literature: Fiction at the turn of the 21st century: What We Don’t Know About Children, or A Game We Play) opens a disturbing window onto the perverse and ultimately deadly private world of a group of children abandoned by their families to their own devices. Carlo Lucarelli’s thriller Almost Blue (1997; the original and…

50 Cent: Criticism of lyrics and rap feuds: …2005 50 Cent feuded with The Game after the latter was kicked out of the G-Unit. Their beef escalated to a shooting outside of a radio station in New York City where 50 Cent was being interviewed about his issues with The Game. Associates of the rappers were blamed for…

A.S. Byatt: …of a Sun (1964) and The Game (1967), Byatt continued to be considered mainly a scholar and a critic until the publication of her highly acclaimed The Virgin in the Garden (1978). The novel is a complex story set in 1953, at the time of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth…

Queen: Anthem rockers and Live Aid: The Game (1980), featuring “Crazy Little Thing Called Love” and “Another One Bites the Dust,” was Queen’s first number one album in the United States.

David Fincher: He then made The Game (1997), in which a financier (Michael Douglas) gets caught up in a dangerous game of cat and mouse after receiving a mysterious birthday present from his wayward brother (Sean Penn).

chess: Quick chess: This control, variously called action chess, active chess, quickplay, and game/25, became popular because it provided a livelier tempo in which an entire tournament could be completed in an evening.

gamelan, the indigenous orchestra type of the islands of Java and Bali, in Indonesia, consisting largely of several varieties of gongs and various sets of tuned metal instruments that are struck with mallets. The gongs are either suspended vertically or, as with the knobbed-centre, kettle-shaped

gamelan, the indigenous orchestra type of the islands of Java and Bali, in Indonesia, consisting largely of several varieties of gongs and various sets of tuned metal instruments that are struck with mallets. The gongs are either suspended vertically or, as with the knobbed-centre, kettle-shaped

gamelan, the indigenous orchestra type of the islands of Java and Bali, in Indonesia, consisting largely of several varieties of gongs and various sets of tuned metal instruments that are struck with mallets. The gongs are either suspended vertically or, as with the knobbed-centre, kettle-shaped

Maurice Gamelin was a French army commander in chief at the beginning of World War II who proved unable to stop the German assault on France (May 1940) that led to the French collapse in June of that year. Gamelin graduated from the Saint-Cyr military academy in 1893 and ended World War I as a

Maurice Gamelin was a French army commander in chief at the beginning of World War II who proved unable to stop the German assault on France (May 1940) that led to the French collapse in June of that year. Gamelin graduated from the Saint-Cyr military academy in 1893 and ended World War I as a

The Tale of Gamelyn, anonymous English metrical romance of some 900 lines, written c. 1350 in the East Midland dialect of Middle English, in rhymed couplets. Based on English folklore, it tells of Gamelyn, son of Sir John de Boundys, who is deprived of his inheritance by his brother and becomes an

Gamergate, online harassment campaign in 2014–15 that targeted women in the video game industry. The attacks were attributed largely to white male right-wing gamers who railed against the rise and influence of women and feminism in the industry. Gamergate served as a recruiting tool for the growing

Olympic Games: Tokyo, Japan, 1964: …Israel were excluded from the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO), a competition that had been held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963, the IOC declared that any athlete participating in that sports festival would be ineligible for the Olympics. Indonesia and North Korea then withdrew from the Tokyo Games…

Los Angeles 2028 Summer Olympic Games, international athletic competition scheduled to be held in Los Angeles July 14–30, 2028. It will be the fifth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States, after St. Louis in 1904, Atlanta in 1996, and Los Angeles itself in 1932 and 1984; the United

Michael Anthony: His first novel, The Games Were Coming (1963), is the story of Leon, an ascetic young bicyclist who neglects the annual carnival in order to train for an upcoming race. Written in first-person narrative, The Year in San Fernando (1965; rev. ed. 1970) describes the maturation of Francis,…

plant: Definition of the category: …produces multicellular sex organs (gametangia). Female gametangia are called archegonia; male gametangia, antheridia. At maturity, archegonia each contain one egg, and antheridia produce many sperm cells. Because the egg is retained and fertilized within the archegonium, the early stages of the developing sporophyte are protected and nourished by the

plant: Definition of the category: …produces multicellular sex organs (gametangia). Female gametangia are called archegonia; male gametangia, antheridia. At maturity, archegonia each contain one egg, and antheridia produce many sperm cells. Because the egg is retained and fertilized within the archegonium, the early stages of the developing sporophyte are protected and nourished by the

gamete, sex, or reproductive, cell containing only one set of dissimilar chromosomes, or half the genetic material necessary to form a complete organism (i.e., haploid). Gametes are formed through meiosis (reduction division), in which a germ cell undergoes two fissions, resulting in the production

infertility: Treatment options: Another procedure, called gamete intrafallopian transfer, or GIFT, is a variation of IVF. After the ovaries have been stimulated and mature oocytes collected, the latter are mixed with sperm and, under laparoscopic guidance, placed in the unobstructed fallopian tube. Fertilization then occurs naturally—inside the body (in vivo)—rather than…

endocrine system: Phylum Echinodermata: A neuropeptide called the gonad-stimulating substance (also called the gamete-shedding substance) is released from the radial nerves into the body cavity about one hour before spawning. Gonad-stimulating substance has been reported in more than 30 species of sea star. This neuropeptide contacts the ovaries directly and causes formation of…

evolution: Gametic isolation: Marine animals often discharge their eggs and sperm into the surrounding water, where fertilization takes place. Gametes of different species may fail to attract one another. For example, the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus can be induced to release

soma: …between the soma and the germ cells was propounded by the 19th-century German biologist August Weismann in the “germ plasm” theory that emphasized the role of the immortal, heredity-carrying genes and chromosomes, which are transmitted through successive generations of each species and determine the character of each individual in the…

gametogenesis, in embryology, the process by which gametes, or germ cells, are produced in an organism. The formation of egg cells, or ova, is technically called oogenesis, and the formation of sperm cells, or spermatozoa, is called

bryophyte: Form and function: …apical cell from which the gametophore grows.

gametophyte, in plants and certain algae, the sexual phase (or an individual representing the phase) in the alternation of generations—a phenomenon in which two distinct phases occur in the life history of the organism, each phase producing the other. The nonsexual phase is the sporophyte. In the

angiosperm: Pollination: A second type, gametophytic self-incompatibility, involves the inability of the gametes from the same parent plant to fuse and form a zygote or, if the zygote forms, then it fails to develop. These systems force outcrossing and maintain a wide genetic diversity.

Augusta Savage: …works and especially the poignant Gamin (1929)—a portrait bust of a streetwise boy and one of Savage’s few extant pieces—she received a Julius Rosenwald Fellowship that enabled her finally to study in Paris in 1929–31.

Dardenne brothers: …Le Gamin au vélo (2011; The Kid with a Bike), the Dardennes focused on the poignant struggles of a boy abandoned by his father. The film won the Grand Prix at Cannes. Deux jours, une nuit (2014; Two Days, One Night) traces the efforts of a young woman (played by…

Indian gaming, in the United States, gambling enterprises that are owned by federally recognized Native American tribal governments and that operate on reservation or other tribal lands. Indian gaming includes a range of business operations, from full casino facilities with slot machines and Las

anthropology: Anthropology in Latin America: …Latin American anthropologists such as Manuel Gamio in Mexico and Gilberto Freyre in Brazil used cultural relativism to shape their nations on the ideal of racial mixture. Gamio’s Teotihuacán project (1922) was notable not only for its accomplishments in the fields of archaeology and ethnography but also because it guided…

Gamla Stan, the medieval center of Stockholm, Sweden. It consists of Stads Island, Helgeands Island, and Riddar Island. Most of the buildings in this area date from the 16th and 17th centuries and are legally protected from renovation. Stads Island contains the Royal Palace; Storkyrkan, also called

Århus: …display of runic stones, and Den Gamle By is a unique open-air museum (1909) of an early Danish town. The Viking Museum contains exhibits of Viking artifacts. In addition to Aarhus University (opened 1928), there are several specialized colleges and an academy of music in the city. The city’s main…

Ruth Fuchs is an East German athlete, winner of two Olympic gold medals. She dominated the javelin throw during the 1970s, winning 113 of 129 events. In 1972, just 35 minutes after Polish athlete Ewa Gryziecka had set a record for the women’s javelin throw, Fuchs threw the javelin more than 2.3