Lon Chaney was an American film actor whose versatility and moving performances in even the most macabre roles are classics of the silent screen. He is perhaps best known for his performances in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925). (Read Chaney’s 1929 Britannica

Lon Chaney: …after changing his name to Lon Chaney, Jr., and portraying notable horror roles for Universal Studios, in particular the title character in The Wolf Man (1941).

zhang, an old Chinese measure of length equal to 10 chi, or 3.58 metres (11 feet 9 inches). The value was agreed upon by China in treaties (1842–44 and 1858–60) with England and France. It was thereafter used by Chinese maritime customs as the standard value for assessing all tariff duties. The

Tibet: Food and drink: …beverages—tea and barley beer (chang, or chhaang)—are particularly noteworthy. Brick tea from elsewhere in China and local Tibetan tea leaves are boiled in soda water. The tea is then strained and poured into a churn, and salt and butter are added before the mixture is churned. The resulting tea…

Nagaland: Cultural life: …chieftainships of the Semas and Changs to the democratic structures of the Angamis, Aos, Lothas, and Rengmas. A prominent village institution is the morung (a communal house or dormitory for young unmarried men), where skulls and other trophies of war formerly were hung. The pillars are still carved with striking…

Zhang Ailing was a Chinese writer whose sad, bitter love stories gained her a large devoted audience as well as critical acclaim. A descendant of the famous late Qing statesman Li Hongzhang, Zhang attended a traditional private school in her early childhood. Her mother arranged a Western-style

Chang and Eng were congenitally joined twins who gained worldwide fame for their anatomical anomaly. As a result of their fame, the term Siamese twin came to denote the condition of being one of a pair of conjoined twins (of any nationality). Chang and Eng, joined at the waist by a tubular band of

Zhang Qian was a Chinese explorer, the first man to bring back a reliable account of the lands of Central Asia to the court of China. He was dispatched by the Han dynasty emperor Wudi in 138 bce to establish relations with the Yuezhi people, a Central Asian tribal group that spoke an Indo-European

Karakoram Range: Physiography: …km) if its easternmost extension—the Chang Chenmo (Chinese: Qiangchenmo) and Pangong ranges of the Plateau of Tibet—is included. The system occupies about 80,000 square miles (207,000 square km). The average elevation of mountains in the Karakorams is about 20,000 feet (6,100 metres), and four peaks exceed 26,000 feet (7,900 metres);…

Zhang Jian was a leading social reformer and industrial entrepreneur in early 20th-century China. Zhang received a traditional Confucian education, and in 1894 he passed the top level of the civil service examination. The following year China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, and Zhang retired

Zhang Zhidong was a Chinese classicist and provincial official, one of the foremost reformers of his time. Zhang was born to a family of scholar-officials in Xingyi, Guizhou province, but, in accordance with Chinese custom, he was considered native to Nanpi (in present-day Hebei) province, where

Zhang Juzheng was a powerful Chinese minister during the years of the reign (1566/67–72) of the emperor Muzong (reign title Longqing) and the first decade of the reign (1572–1620) of the emperor Shenzong (reign title Wanli), both of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). His benevolent rule and strong

Zhang Junxiang was a leading playwright and motion-picture director in China. Zhang was educated at Qinghua University in Beijing and at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, and then studied film technique in Hollywood. His first published play, Xiaocheng gushi (1940; Tale of a Small Town),

Zhang Zhongjing was a Chinese physician who wrote in the early 3rd century ce a work titled Shang han za bing lun (Treatise on Febrile and Other Diseases), which greatly influenced the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. The original work was later edited and divided into two books, Shang han

Morris Chang is a Chinese-born engineer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who founded (1987) Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), a leading maker of computer chips. Chang originally wanted to become a writer, but his father dissuaded him from the idea. In 1949 Chang moved to the

chronology: Chinese: … inscriptions of the last nine Shang kings (1324–1122 bc) record the number of months up to the 12th, with periodical additions of a 13th month, and regular religious services on the summer and winter solstice days, all of which indicates the adjustment of the length of the lunar year by…

Japanese performing arts: 7th to 16th centuries: …on the 9th-century narrative poem Chang hen ge (“The Song of Everlasting Sorrow”) by Bai Juyi. The original describes Emperor Xuanzong’s love for his concubine Yang Guifei (Yōkihi in Japanese). The Noh play emphasizes the Buddhist sentiment of the evanescence of mortal life and the inevitability of pain and sadness.…

Zhang Heng was a Chinese mathematician, astronomer, and geographer. His seismoscope for registering earthquakes was apparently cylindrical in shape, with eight dragons’ heads arranged around its upper circumference, each with a ball in its mouth. Below were eight frogs, each directly under a

Korean literature: Later Chosŏn: 1598–1894: …wihangin, among them Chŏng Nae-Gyo, Chang Hon, and Cho Su-Sam, formed fellowships of poets and composed poetry with great enthusiasm. They referred to their poems as p’ungyo (“poems of the people,” also called talk songs) and published a number of collections of these works (e.g., Sodae p’ungyo [1737; “Poems of…

Zhang Xianzhong was a Chinese rebel leader at the close of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Following a disastrous famine in the northern province of Shaanxi in 1628, Zhang became the leader of a gang of freebooters who used hit-and-run tactics to plunder widely throughout North China. Although his

Zhang Xueliang was a Chinese warlord who, together with Yang Hucheng, in the Xi’an Incident (1936), compelled the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) to form a wartime alliance with the Chinese communists against Japan. Zhang Xueliang was the oldest son of the warlord Zhang Zuolin,

China: Conflict over entry into the war: Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün), a power in the Beiyang clique and also a monarchist, to mediate. As a price for mediation, Zhang demanded that Li dissolve parliament, which he did reluctantly on June 13. The next day Zhang entered Beijing with an army and set…

Yangtze River, longest river in both China and Asia and third longest river in the world, with a length of 3,915 miles (6,300 km). Its basin, extending for some 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from west to east and for more than 600 miles (1,000 km) from north to south, drains an area of 698,265 square

Yangtze River floods, floods of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in central and eastern China that have occurred periodically and often have caused considerable destruction of property and loss of life. Among the most recent major flood events are those of 1870, 1931, 1954, 1998, 2010, and 2020. The

Yangtze Plain, series of alluvial plains of uneven width along the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and its major tributaries, beginning east of Yichang (Hubei province), east-central China. The middle Yangtze Plain covers parts of northeastern Hunan, southeastern Hubei, and north-central Jiangxi

Chen Kaige: …codirected Chang jin hu (2021; The Battle at Lake Changjin), about a military campaign in the Korean War; hugely popular, the war epic set records at the Chinese box office.

Zhang Guolao, in Chinese religion, one of the Baxian, the Eight Immortals of Daoism. In art he is depicted carrying a phoenix feather and the peach of immortality. He rides (often backward) on a marvelous mule that is capable of being folded like paper when not in use. Zhang claimed to have been

Zhang Guotao was a founding member and leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the late 1920s and ’30s. After briefly contesting the leadership of the party with Mao Zedong in 1935 (the last time Mao’s leadership was contested), Zhang fell from power and in 1938 defected to the Chinese

Nian Rebellion: …coalition under the leadership of Zhang Lexing in 1855 and began to expand rapidly. Numbering from 30,000 to 50,000 soldiers and organized into five armies, they began to conduct plundering raids into adjacent regions. In 1863 they received a setback when their citadel, Zhihe (now Guoyang, Anhui province), was captured…

South Korea: The Second Republic: …the office of Prime Minister Chang Myon (Jang Myeon), who was elected by the lower house by a narrow margin of 10 votes.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights: …of the UDHR were Roosevelt; Chang Peng-chun, a Chinese playwright, philosopher, and diplomat; and Charles Habib Malik, a Lebanese philosopher and diplomat.

Zhang Binglin was a Nationalist revolutionary leader and one of the most prominent Confucian scholars in early 20th-century China. Zhang received a traditional education during which he was influenced by Ming dynasty (1368–1644) loyalist writers who had refused to serve the foreign Qing dynasty

Korea: The emergence of provincial magnates: …fortress under the command of Jang Bogo, who virtually monopolized trade with China and Japan and had a private navy of 10,000 men. Silla settlements in Chinese coastal cities in the Shantung Peninsula also were engaged in trade. Also powerful were the village rulers, who became “castle lords” by establishing…

traditional Chinese medicine: Bian Qiao: …older residents of the inn, Chang Sangjun, recognized Bian Qiao’s sterling qualities and decided to make the younger man his medical heir. Chang Sangjun told Bian Qiao that he could have his medical secrets if he would vow not to divulge them to others. When Bian Qiao agreed, Chang Sangjun…

pharmaceutical industry: Medicines of ancient civilizations: …of a substance known as chang shan (from the plant species Dichroa febrifuga), which has since been shown to contain antimalarial alkaloids (alkaline organic chemicals containing nitrogen). Workers at the school of alchemy that flourished in Alexandria, Egypt, in the 2nd century bc prepared several relatively purified inorganic chemicals,

Chang Sŭng-ŏp was an outstanding painter of the late Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) in Korea. An orphan, Chang worked as a servant to a wealthy family, learning his art by watching the master’s son study painting. Although he later worked with Chinese painting manuals, he had no formal teachers, and

Zhang Tianyi was a Chinese writer whose brilliant, socially realistic short stories achieved considerable renown in the 1930s. Zhang was born into a scholarly family. In 1924 he graduated from a secondary school in Hangzhou and began writing, at first working in the detective-story genre. The

Zhang Daqian was a painter and collector who was one of the most internationally renowned Chinese artists of the 20th century. As a child, Zhang was encouraged by his family to pursue painting. In 1917 his elder brother, Zhang Shanzi (an artist famous for his tiger paintings), accompanied him to

Zhang Daoling was the founder and first patriarch of the Tianshidao (“Way of the Celestial Masters”) movement within Daoism. Zhang settled in the Sichuan area and there studied Daoism sometime during the reign of Shundi (125–144) of the Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty. Zhang claimed to have received a

Zhang Zai was a realist philosopher of the Song dynasty, a leader in giving neo-Confucianism a metaphysical and epistemological foundation. The son of a magistrate, Zhang studied Buddhism and Daoism but found his true inspiration in the Confucian Classics. In his chief work, Zhengmeng (“Correcting

Zhang Zuolin was a Chinese soldier and later a warlord who dominated Manchuria (now Northeast China) and parts of North China between 1913 and 1928. He maintained his power with the tacit support of the Japanese; in return he granted them concessions in Manchuria. Born into a peasant family, Zhang

Zhang Ziping was a Chinese author of popular romantic fiction and a founder of the Creation Society, a literary association devoted to the propagation of romanticism. After receiving a classical Chinese education and attending an American Baptist mission school for three years, Zhang Ziping went to

Victor Chang was a Chinese-born Australian cardiologist and surgeon who was a pioneer in modern heart and heart-lung transplantation. He also helped develop devices, such as artificial heart valves, that could be used in heart surgery. Chang was the son of Australian-born Chinese parents. In 1937

Long March, family of Chinese launch vehicles. Like those of the United States and Soviet Union, China’s first launch vehicles were also based on ballistic missiles. The Long March 1 (LM-1, or Chang Zheng 1) vehicle, which put China’s first satellite into orbit in 1970, was based on the Dong Feng 3

Chang’an, ancient site, north-central China. Formerly the capital of the Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties, it is located near the present-day city of

Chang’an, ancient site, north-central China. Formerly the capital of the Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties, it is located near the present-day city of

Chang’e, the Chinese moon goddess whose loveliness is celebrated in poems and novels. She sought refuge in the moon when her consort, Hou Yi (the Lord Archer), discovered she had stolen the drug of immortality given to him by the gods. Hou Yi’s pursuit was impeded by the Hare, who would not let the

Chang’e, series of lunar probes launched by the China National Space Administration. The satellites are named for a goddess who, according to Chinese legend, flew from Earth to the Moon. Chang’e 1 was China’s first spacecraft to travel beyond Earth orbit. Its mission included stereoscopic imaging

Chang’e: Chang’e 1 was China’s first spacecraft to travel beyond Earth orbit. Its mission included stereoscopic imaging of the lunar surface, assaying the chemistry of the surface, and testing technologies that could be used in expanding the Chinese national space program to the Moon. A Long…

Chang’e: Chang’e 2 was launched by a Long March 3C rocket on October 1, 2010. Instead of taking more than 13 days to reach the Moon as Chang’e 1 did, Chang’e 2 entered a 100-km (60-mile) circular lunar orbit 5 days after launch. Chang’e 2 was…

Chang’e: Chang’e 3 launched on December 2, 2013. The spacecraft consisted of a 1,200-kg (2,600-pound) lander, which carried a 120-kg (260-pound) rover, called Yutu after the rabbit that accompanied the goddess Chang’e to the Moon. The lander touched down in Mare Imbrium in the Moon’s northern…

Chang’e: Chang’e 4 lifted off on December 8, 2018. Like Chang’e 3, it carried a rover, Yutu-2. On January 3, 2019, Chang’e 4 became the first spacecraft to land on the Moon’s far side, which faces away from Earth. It landed in the Von Kármán crater…

Chang’e: Chang’e 5 launched on November 24, 2020, and landed on the Moon on December 1. It returned a sample of about 1.7 kg (60 ounces) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth from the plains of Oceanus Procellarum. The material was dated to be about…

Chang’e: Another lunar sample return mission, Chang’e 6, launched on May 3, 2024. Chang’e 6 landed on the lunar far side on June 1 and returned the first far-side samples to Earth on June 25. Two other missions, Chang’e 7 and 8, are planned in the 2020s as part of the…

Chang’e: Two other missions, Chang’e 7 and 8, are planned in the 2020s as part of the south pole research station project.

Chang’e: …other missions, Chang’e 7 and 8, are planned in the 2020s as part of the south pole research station project.

Zhang Ailing was a Chinese writer whose sad, bitter love stories gained her a large devoted audience as well as critical acclaim. A descendant of the famous late Qing statesman Li Hongzhang, Zhang attended a traditional private school in her early childhood. Her mother arranged a Western-style

Wild Swans: …memoir by Chinese-born British author Jung Chang. Published in 1991, it was widely praised and is her best-known work.

Thomas Muster: …6–2, 6–4) victory over American Michael Chang in the final of the 1995 French Open, Muster extended his clay court winning streak to 35 matches. He would carry that string to 40, which at the time was the third longest streak in the Open era, behind Björn Borg (44) and…

Morris Chang is a Chinese-born engineer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who founded (1987) Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), a leading maker of computer chips. Chang originally wanted to become a writer, but his father dissuaded him from the idea. In 1949 Chang moved to the

Victor Chang was a Chinese-born Australian cardiologist and surgeon who was a pioneer in modern heart and heart-lung transplantation. He also helped develop devices, such as artificial heart valves, that could be used in heart surgery. Chang was the son of Australian-born Chinese parents. In 1937

Victor Chang was a Chinese-born Australian cardiologist and surgeon who was a pioneer in modern heart and heart-lung transplantation. He also helped develop devices, such as artificial heart valves, that could be used in heart surgery. Chang was the son of Australian-born Chinese parents. In 1937

Kalgan, city in northwestern Hebei sheng (province), northern China. Kalgan, the name by which the city is most commonly known, is from a Mongolian word meaning “gate in a barrier,” or “frontier.” The city was colloquially known in Chinese as the Dongkou (“Eastern Entry”) into Hebei from Inner

Zhangzhou, city, southeastern Fujian sheng (province), China. The city is situated on the north bank of the Xi River, some 25 mi (40 km) upstream from Xiamen (Amoy) in the small alluvial plain formed by the Xi and Jiulong rivers. Zhangzhou was first established as a county in 502–515 ce and became

Franklin Chang-Díaz is a Costa Rican-born American physicist and the first Hispanic astronaut. Chang-Díaz aspired to be an astronaut as a young child. In 1967 his parents sent him from Costa Rica to live with relatives in Connecticut. He earned a bachelor’s degree (1973) in mechanical engineering

dress: China: The informal Manchu changfu, a plain long robe, was worn by all classes from the emperor down, though Chinese women also continued to wear their Ming-style costumes, which consisted of a three-quarter-length jacket and pleated skirt. Men’s changfu, cut in the style of the qifu, usually were made…

Chang-hua, county (hsien, or xian), west-central Taiwan. Chang-hua city, in the north of the county, is the administrative seat. The county is bordered by the special municipality T’ai-chung (Taizhong) to the north, the counties Nan-t’ou (Nantou) and Yün-lin (Yunlin) to the east and south,

Chang-hua, shih (municipality) and seat of Chang-hua hsien (county), west central Taiwan, situated southwest of T’ai-chung in the centre of the western coastal plain. Founded in the 17th century, the city was fortified in 1734 and in the succeeding century became the chief market and commercial

bridge: Taiwan: Completed in 2007, the Chang-hua–Kao-hsiung Viaduct is the world’s second longest bridge and serves as part of the Taiwan High Speed Rail network. Reaching 157.3 km (97.8 miles) in length, the bridge runs from Zouying in Kao-hsiung to Baguashan in Chang-hua county. The bridge and train line were built…

Zhangshu, city, north-central Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. It lies along the Gan River some 47 miles (75 km) southwest of Nanchang, the provincial capital. A county named Qingjiang was first set up in the area in 938 ce during the Nan (Southern) Tang dynasty in the Ten Kingdoms

Zhangdi was an emperor (reigned ad 75–88) of the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220), whose reign marked the beginning of the dissipation of Han rule. The Zhangdi emperor’s reign was the third since the Liu family had restored the Han imperial dynasty following Wang Mang’s usurpation of power, and

Ernest B. Schoedsack: Early life and work: Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness (1927) was filmed in the jungles of Siam (now Thailand) and was about a family menaced by man-eating tigers and leopards; its “star” was a baby elephant. The herd of stampeding elephants that climaxes the film nearly flattened Schoedsack…

Hangayn Mountains, range in central Mongolia. It extends northwest-southeast for about 500 miles (805 km), parallels the Mongolian Altai Mountains (south), and rises to a height of 12,812 feet (3,905 m) in Otgon Tenger Peak. Most of its northern drainage flows into the Selenge River, which, with

Changamire Dynasty: Its founder, Changamir, was a lowly son of Matope, the ruler of the Mbire (or Monomotapa) empire, who appointed him governor of its central and southern provinces. He declared his independence of Matope’s successor and founded a kingdom that he called Rozwi. He established trade contacts with…

Changamire Dynasty, dynasty that ruled a vast area in central Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers (now in Zimbabwe). The dynasty was the greatest power in central Africa from the 15th century until its destruction about 1830; it succeeded even in driving the Portuguese out of the interior

Changbai Mountains, mountain range forming the border between the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and North Korea. The name in Chinese means “Forever White Mountains”; the Korean name means “White-Topped Mountains.” Consisting of a series of parallel ranges with a general

Changbai Mountains, mountain range forming the border between the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and North Korea. The name in Chinese means “Forever White Mountains”; the Korean name means “White-Topped Mountains.” Consisting of a series of parallel ranges with a general

Changbai Mountains, mountain range forming the border between the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and North Korea. The name in Chinese means “Forever White Mountains”; the Korean name means “White-Topped Mountains.” Consisting of a series of parallel ranges with a general

Changbai Mountains: Changbai Mountains Natural Reserve, established in 1960, covers some 850 square miles (2,200 square km) and contains a great diversity of vegetation and wildlife, as well as a crater lake, a high waterfall, and hot springs.

Changbai Mountains: Changbai Mountains Natural Reserve, established in 1960, covers some 850 square miles (2,200 square km) and contains a great diversity of vegetation and wildlife, as well as a crater lake, a high waterfall, and hot springs.

Changbai Mountains, mountain range forming the border between the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and North Korea. The name in Chinese means “Forever White Mountains”; the Korean name means “White-Topped Mountains.” Consisting of a series of parallel ranges with a general

Ch’ang-ch’un was a Taoist monk and alchemist who journeyed from China across the heartland of Asia to visit Genghis Khan, the famed Mongol conqueror, at his encampment north of the Hindu Kush mountains. The narrative of Ch’ang-ch’un’s expedition, written by his disciple-companion Li Chih-chang,

Changchun, city and provincial capital of Jilin sheng (province), China. The area around the city was originally the grazing ground of a Mongol banner (army division). In 1796 the Mongol duke requested and was granted permission from the Qing (Manchu) court to open this area to colonization by

pansori: Rhythm: …frameworks of pansori are called jangdan. Each jangdan is distinguished by the number and subdivision of beats within a metric unit, by the pattern of accents, and by general tempo specifications. Like the melodic modes, the meters employed in pansori are evocative of particular emotional states. Some jangdan, for instance,…

Changde, city in northern Hunan sheng (province), China. Situated on the north bank of the Yuan River above its junction with the Dongting Lake system, Changde is a natural centre of the northwest Hunan plain. In historical times it was also a centre from which governments controlled the mountain

Qamdo, mountainous area in the far eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, western China. It borders the provinces of Qinghai, Yunnan, and Sichuan to the north, east, and southeast, respectively. Myanmar and the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh lie to the south. In Qamdo the great fold

Anaxagoras: …He also accounted for biological changes, in which substances appear under new manifestations: as men eat and drink, flesh, bone, and hair grow. In order to explain the great amount and diversity of change, he said that “there is a portion of every thing, i.e., of every elemental stuff, in…

photoreception: Eye movements and active vision: This phenomenon, known as change blindness, seems to imply that one reason humans do not “see” saccades is that the preceding image is not retained. Thus, humans have no basis for detecting the change that each saccade causes.

Sam Cooke: “A Change Is Gonna Come” (1965) remains his signature song, an anthem of hope and boundless optimism that expresses the genius of his poetry and sweetness of his soul. Cooke was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 and was a…

Hilary Mantel: …Botswana to write the novel A Change of Climate (1994), about British missionaries in South Africa, and on her own straitened adolescence for the clear-eyed coming-of-age novel An Experiment in Love (1995). Three years later she returned to historical fiction with The Giant, O’Brien, which imaginatively explores and contrasts the…

Elvis Presley: Military service, movies, and mainstreaming: …movies—from Blue Hawaii (1961) to Change of Habit (1969)—over the next eight years, almost none of which fit any genre other than “Elvis movie,” which meant a light comedic romance with musical interludes. Most had accompanying soundtrack albums, and together the movies and the records made him a rich man,…

Shirley Temple: …other credits from 1934 included Change of Heart; Now I’ll Tell, which starred Spencer Tracy as a gambler; and Now and Forever, a romantic drama featuring Gary Cooper and Carole Lombard. However, it was arguably Bright Eyes (1934) that propelled her to stardom. The musical was specifically made for

Michel Butor: …Modification (1957; Second Thoughts, or A Change of Heart), Butor perfected his experimental technique and was considered to have arrived at his full powers. The work won the Prix Renaudot.

Carlos Fuentes: Cambio de piel (1967; A Change of Skin) defines existentially a collective Mexican consciousness by exploring and reinterpreting the country’s myths. Terra nostra (1975; “Our Land,” Eng. trans. Terra nostra) explores the cultural substrata of New and Old Worlds as the author, using Jungian archetypal symbolism, seeks to understand…

phase: …altered to another form, a phase change is said to have occurred.

Ornette Coleman: …Jazz to Come (1959) and Change of the Century (1960). Coleman moved to New York City, where his radical conception of structure and the urgent emotionality of his improvisations aroused widespread controversy. His recordings Free Jazz (1960), which used two simultaneously improvising jazz quartets, and Beauty Is a Rare Thing…

Adrienne Rich: Background and early work: The resulting volume, A Change of World (1951), reflected her mastery of the formal elements of poetry and her considerable restraint. The Diamond Cutters and Other Poems (1955) was followed by Snapshots of a Daughter-in-Law: Poems 1954–1962 (1963), published long after her earlier volumes. This third collection exhibited…

change ringing, traditional English art of ringing a set of tower bells in an intricate series of changes, or mathematical permutations (different orderings in the ringing sequence), by pulling ropes attached to bell wheels. On five, six, or seven bells, a peal is the maximum number of permutations

AFL–CIO: Merger of the AFL and the CIO: …from the AFL-CIO and launched Change to Win, a formal coalition that afforded an alternative to the AFL-CIO.

chemical compound: …into their constituent elements by chemical changes. A chemical change (that is, a chemical reaction) is one in which the organization of the atoms is altered. An example of a chemical reaction is the burning of methane in the presence of molecular oxygen (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and…