Chang Lo-hsing

…coalition under the leadership of Zhang Lexing in 1855 and began to expand rapidly. Numbering from 30,000 to 50,000 soldiers and organized into five armies, they began to conduct plundering raids into adjacent regions. In 1863 they received a setback when their citadel, Zhihe (now Guoyang, Anhui province), was captured…

In 1856 Zhang Luoxing received the title “lord of the alliance” of the Nian, but he was far too weak to form a center. Imperial pacification was launched by General Senggelinqin, who led a powerful cavalry into the affected area in 1862, but his pursuit was ineffective,…