Chancery Division, in England and Wales, one of three divisions of the High Court of Justice, the others being the Queen’s Bench Division and the Family Division. Presided over by the chancellor of the High Court in that judge’s capacity as president of the Chancery Division, it hears cases

Inns of Court: …of their knowledge through an Inn of Chancery, an institution for training in the framing of writs and other legal documents used in the courts of chancery.

Jackie Collins: Her next book, Chances (1981), cut between New York City and Las Vegas and featured mobster’s daughter Lucky Santangelo. Though lacquered with Collins’s proprietary blend of sex and glamour, the plot was bolstered by its steely heroine and gritty depictions of organized crime. The formula struck a chord…

Johnny Mathis: Chances Are and other timeless classics: …to Say” (1957) and “Chances Are” (1957) further highlighted his smooth and precisely controlled tenor. Mathis found additional success with the albums Johnny’s Greatest Hits (1958)—believed to be the first-ever compilation of an artist’s previously released hit singles—and the holiday-themed Merry Christmas (1958), both of which sold steadily for…

Montserrat: Land: Chances Peak, in the Soufrière Hills, was, at 3,000 feet (915 metres), the highest point on the island until the mid-1990s, when the first volcanic eruptions in Montserratian history dramatically changed the landscape. In July 1995 a series of eruptions began in which volcanic domes…

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: …altitude of 19,000 feet in Mount Chanchani (about latitude 16° S) and declines to about 15,000 feet in Cordillera Blanca and to 13,000 feet on Mount Huascarán. Permanent snow is less common north of 8° S, the puna grasslands end, and the so-called humid puna, or jalca, begins. Mountains become…

audiencia: …to a higher court, the chancillería.

Latin American dance: Cuba: …dances, such as conga and chancletas (“sandals”), which originated in the colonial period. Conga is an upbeat walking dance that accents the fourth beat of the measure as the dancers (solo or in groups) wind through the streets. In formal parade units, simple conga choreographies give form and shape to…

periodic table: History of the periodic law: …arithmetic function, and in 1862 Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois proposed a classification of the elements based on the new values of atomic weights given by Stanislao Cannizzaro’s system of 1858. De Chancourtois plotted the atomic weights on the surface of a cylinder with a circumference of 16 units, corresponding to…

chancre, typical skin lesion of the primary stage of infectious syphilis, usually appearing on the penis, labia, cervix, or anorectal region. (Because in women the chancre often occurs internally, it may go unnoticed.) The lesion often occurs in combination with a painless swelling of the regional

chancroid, acute, localized, chiefly sexually transmitted disease, usually of the genital area, caused by the bacillus Haemophilus ducreyi. It is characterized by the appearance, 3–5 days after exposure, of a painful, shallow ulcer at the site of infection. Such an ulcer is termed a soft chancre,

South Asian arts: Hindi: …epic poem Pṛthvīrāj Rāsau, by Chand Bardaī of Lahore, which recounts the feats of Pṛthvīrāj, the last Hindu king of Delhi before the Islāmic invasions. The work evolved from the bardic tradition maintained at the courts of the Rājputs. Noteworthy also is the poetry of the Persian poet Amīr Khosrow,…

Rajasthan: Literature: …tradition, Chand Bardai’s epic poem Prithviraj Raso (or Chand Raisa), the earliest manuscript of which dates to the 12th century, is particularly notable.

Dhyan Chand was an Indian field hockey player who was considered to be one of the greatest players of all time. Chand is most remembered for his goal-scoring feats and for his three Olympic gold medals (1928, 1932, and 1936) in field hockey, while India was dominant in the sport. He joined the

Nek Chand was an Indian self-taught artist best known for transforming trash and debris into the Rock Garden of Chandigarh, an assemblage of thousands of sculptures in a forest on the outskirts of Chandigarh, India. As an adolescent, Chand left home to live with an uncle and attend high school.

glassfish: The genus Chanda includes most of the glassfishes. Three are familiar to home aquarists: C. ranga (or C. lala), sometimes called Indian glassfish, a popular Asian species 5 cm (2 inches) long with blue-edged fins; C. buruensis, a 5-centimetre Indonesian species; and C. nama, a 10-centimetre fish…

Chandrapur, city, eastern Maharashtra state, western India. It is situated along the Wardha River. The city’s name means “village of the Moon.” Chandrapur was the capital of the Gond dynasty from the 12th to the 18th century, and it was later conquered by the Maratha Bhonsles from Nagpur. It formed

glassfish: …inches) long with blue-edged fins; C. buruensis, a 5-centimetre Indonesian species; and C. nama, a 10-centimetre fish of India and Asia. The name glassfish is also given to certain other unrelated, semitransparent fishes, including the icicle fish (q.v.).

glassfish: lala), sometimes called Indian glassfish, a popular Asian species 5 cm (2 inches) long with blue-edged fins; C. buruensis, a 5-centimetre Indonesian species; and C. nama, a 10-centimetre fish of India and Asia. The name glassfish is also given to certain other unrelated, semitransparent fishes, including the icicle…

glassfish: … a 5-centimetre Indonesian species; and C. nama, a 10-centimetre fish of India and Asia. The name glassfish is also given to certain other unrelated, semitransparent fishes, including the icicle fish (q.v.).

glassfish: lala), sometimes called Indian glassfish, a popular Asian species 5 cm (2 inches) long with blue-edged fins; C. buruensis, a 5-centimetre Indonesian species; and C. nama, a 10-centimetre fish of India and Asia. The name glassfish is also given to certain other unrelated, semitransparent fishes, including the icicle…

Robert Clive: First years in India: In 1751 Chanda Sahib, an ally of the French, was besieging his British-connected rival, Muḥammad ʿAlī, in the fortress of Trichinopoly (now Tiruchchirappalli). Clive offered to lead a diversion against Chanda’s base at Arcot. With 200 Europeans and 300 Indians, he seized Arcot on August 31 and…

Chanthakuman was the ruler of the Lao kingdom of Luang Prabang who was confronted by increasingly serious local, regional, and international threats to his state’s survival. Chanthakuman was the second son of King Mangthaturat, and succeeded his elder brother Suk Soem (Souka-Seum) in 1852 as a

caṇḍāla, class of people in India generally considered to be outcastes and untouchables. According to the ancient law code the Manu-smṛti, the class originated from the union of a Brahmin (the highest class within the varṇa, or four-class system) woman and a Śūdra (the lowest class) man. The term

Vadodara, city, east-central Gujarat state, west-central India. It is located on the Vishvamitra River about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Ahmadabad. The earliest record of the city is in a grant or charter of 812 ce that mentions it as Vadapadraka, a hamlet attached to the town of Ankottaka. In

Chandannagar, city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just west of the Hugli (Hooghly) River and part of the Kolkata (Calcutta) urban agglomeration. It is connected by road and rail with Kolkata and Burdwan. Settled in 1673 by the French and expanded commercially, it was captured

Hinduism: The Vedangas: …four of which are extant—(2) chandas (metre), of which there remains only one late representative, (3) vyakarana (analysis and derivation), in which the language is grammatically described—Panni’s grammar (c. 400 bce) and the pratishakhyas are the oldest examples of this discipline—(4) nirukta (lexicon), which discusses and defines difficult words, represented…

Chandela, Rajput clan that for some centuries ruled Bundelkhand (Jejakabhukti during the Chandela rule) in what is now Madhya Pradesh state, north-central India. In the post-Harsha (emperor who ruled some of India’s northern areas in the 7th century ce) period, many Rajput clans claiming Kshatriya

Chandela, Rajput clan that for some centuries ruled Bundelkhand (Jejakabhukti during the Chandela rule) in what is now Madhya Pradesh state, north-central India. In the post-Harsha (emperor who ruled some of India’s northern areas in the 7th century ce) period, many Rajput clans claiming Kshatriya

Chandela, Rajput clan that for some centuries ruled Bundelkhand (Jejakabhukti during the Chandela rule) in what is now Madhya Pradesh state, north-central India. In the post-Harsha (emperor who ruled some of India’s northern areas in the 7th century ce) period, many Rajput clans claiming Kshatriya

chandelier, a branched candleholder—or, in modern times, electric-light holder—suspended from the ceiling. Hanging candleholders made of wood or iron and simply shaped were used in Anglo-Saxon churches before the Norman Conquest (1066). In the 12th and 13th centuries huge openwork hoops of iron or

pandanus: Major species and uses: The candelabrum tree (P. candelabrum) is grown as an outdoor ornamental in warm regions and may indicate the presence of diamond-bearing kimberlite in its native Africa.

Chandannagar, city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just west of the Hugli (Hooghly) River and part of the Kolkata (Calcutta) urban agglomeration. It is connected by road and rail with Kolkata and Burdwan. Settled in 1673 by the French and expanded commercially, it was captured

Chandi, demon-destroying form of the Hindu goddess Shakti, particularly popular in eastern India. She is known by various names, such as Mahamaya (“Great Magic”) or Abhaya (“She Who Is Without Fear”). Her representation is similar to that of Durga, another form of Shakti. She is shown with either 8

glassfish, any of about 24 small Indo-Pacific fishes of the family Chandidae (or Ambassidae, order Perciformes), most with more or less transparent bodies. Sometimes placed with the snooks and Nile perch in the family Centropomidae, glassfishes are found in freshwater and in the sea along coasts

Chandidas was a poet whose love songs addressed to the washerwoman Rami were popular in the medieval period and were a source of inspiration to the Vaishnava-Sahajiya religious movement that explored parallels between human and divine love. The popularity of Chandidas’s songs inspired much

Chandigarh, city and union territory of India. Located about 165 miles (265 km) north of New Delhi, the territory is bounded by the state of Haryana on the east and by the state of Punjab on all other sides. It is situated on the Indo-Gangetic Plain a short distance southwest of the Siwalik Range

Chandigarh: union territory of India. Located about 165 miles (265 km) north of New Delhi, the territory is bounded by the state of Haryana on the east and by the state of Punjab on all other sides. It is situated on the Indo-Gangetic Plain a short…

Chandi, demon-destroying form of the Hindu goddess Shakti, particularly popular in eastern India. She is known by various names, such as Mahamaya (“Great Magic”) or Abhaya (“She Who Is Without Fear”). Her representation is similar to that of Durga, another form of Shakti. She is shown with either 8

Chandler, city, Maricopa county, south-central Arizona, U.S. Founded in the 1890s, the city was named for veterinarian and real-estate developer A.J. Chandler, who built an extensive agricultural canal system in the area. Chandler is a winter resort in a cotton, alfalfa, citrus fruit, pecan, sugar

Seth Carlo Chandler: …his discovery (1884–85) of the Chandler Wobble, a movement in Earth’s axis of rotation that causes latitude to vary with a period of about 433 days. A wandering of the rotation axis had been predicted by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in 1765. Chandler’s detection of this effect was facilitated by…

Seth Carlo Chandler: …his discovery (1884–85) of the Chandler Wobble, a movement in Earth’s axis of rotation that causes latitude to vary with a period of about 433 days. A wandering of the rotation axis had been predicted by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in 1765. Chandler’s detection of this effect was facilitated by…

Happy Chandler was an American politician and baseball executive who served in the U.S. Senate (1939–45) and as governor of Kentucky (1935–39, 1955–59) and who brought major changes to baseball as its commissioner (1945–51), notably overseeing the integration of the sport. Chandler attended

Happy Chandler was an American politician and baseball executive who served in the U.S. Senate (1939–45) and as governor of Kentucky (1935–39, 1955–59) and who brought major changes to baseball as its commissioner (1945–51), notably overseeing the integration of the sport. Chandler attended

“Swinging London” Experiences Jimi Hendrix: …York City’s Greenwich Village by Chas Chandler, the bassist for the British Invasion band the Animals, then on a tour of the U.S. With a plane ticket purchased by Chandler, Hendrix embarked for England in September 1966 with little more than a clutch of clothing and his Fender Stratocaster guitar.…

“Swinging London” Experiences Jimi Hendrix: …York City’s Greenwich Village by Chas Chandler, the bassist for the British Invasion band the Animals, then on a tour of the U.S. With a plane ticket purchased by Chandler, Hendrix embarked for England in September 1966 with little more than a clutch of clothing and his Fender Stratocaster guitar.…

Atlanta Falcons: …a balanced team starring quarterback Chris Chandler and running back Jamal Anderson on offense and linebacker Jessie Tuggle on defense. The Falcons upset a 15–1 Minnesota Vikings team in the NFC championship game to earn their first Super Bowl berth, a loss to the Denver Broncos. The season after their…

Ellen Louise Chandler Moulton was an American writer, critic, and hostess of the late 19th century, particularly influential through her literary salons in Boston and London. Louise Chandler was educated from 1854 to 1855 at Emma Willard’s Troy (New York) Female Seminary. In 1854 she published

Happy Chandler was an American politician and baseball executive who served in the U.S. Senate (1939–45) and as governor of Kentucky (1935–39, 1955–59) and who brought major changes to baseball as its commissioner (1945–51), notably overseeing the integration of the sport. Chandler attended

Los Angeles Times: …the Chandler family, beginning when Harry Chandler succeeded his father-in-law, Otis, as publisher in 1917. Norman Chandler took over from his father in 1944, and in 1948 he introduced an afternoon tabloid, the Los Angeles Mirror, which was discontinued in 1962. When Norman resigned as publisher in 1960 to devote…

beast tale: Joel Chandler Harris’s Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings (1880) derived many episodes from beast tales carried to the United States by African slaves. Animal Farm (1945), an anti-utopian satire by George Orwell, is a modern adaptation of the beast tale.

Norman Chandler was an American newspaper publisher who helped change the Los Angeles Times from a conservative regional journal to one of the largest and most influential newspapers in the world. After attending Stanford University, Norman Chandler joined the Los Angeles Times in 1922 as secretary

Raymond Chandler was an American author of detective fiction, the creator of the private detective Philip Marlowe, whom he characterized as a poor but honest upholder of ideals in an opportunistic and sometimes brutal society in Los Angeles. From 1896 to 1912 Chandler lived in England with his

Raymond Chandler was an American author of detective fiction, the creator of the private detective Philip Marlowe, whom he characterized as a poor but honest upholder of ideals in an opportunistic and sometimes brutal society in Los Angeles. From 1896 to 1912 Chandler lived in England with his

Seth Carlo Chandler was an American astronomer best known for his discovery (1884–85) of the Chandler Wobble, a movement in Earth’s axis of rotation that causes latitude to vary with a period of about 433 days. A wandering of the rotation axis had been predicted by Swiss mathematician Leonhard

William Eaton Chandler was an American politician and Republican Party official who played a major role in swinging the disputed 1876 presidential election to Rutherford B. Hayes. After graduating from Harvard Law School in 1854, Chandler began a dual career in law and journalism. In 1863 he was

Zachariah Chandler was an American politician, one of the leaders of the Radical Republicans during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. After a public school education in Bedford, N.H., Chandler in 1833 moved to Detroit, Mich. There, starting first with a general store and later going into

Yash Chopra: Career: His reputation was redeemed by Chandni (1989; “Moonlight”), but Lamhe (1991; “Moments”), which is considered by many critics to be his best film, did not achieve wide popularity. Among Chopra’s other noteworthy works as producer-director were Kaala Patthar (1979; “Black Stone”), Dil To Pagal Hai (1997; “The Heart Is Crazy”),…

creation myth: Creation from the cosmic egg: …world is symbolized in the Chandogya Upanishad by the breaking of an egg, and the universe is referred to as an egg in other sources. The Buddhists speak of the transcending of ordinary existence, the realization of a new mode of being, as breaking the shell of the egg. Similar…

Alps: Agriculture: Villagers in such locations as Chandolin in the Swiss Anniviers Valley—which at 6,561 feet is the highest settlement inhabited year-round in the Alps—cut grass for feeding dairy cows, but most of the agriculture and pastoralism in the high valleys exists as hobby farming or second-income enterprises.

George Frideric Handel: Music of George Frideric Handel: …of which are the 11 Chandos Anthems; though written for a small group of singers and instrumentalists, they are conceived on a grand scale. Closely following these works are the four Coronation Anthems for George II; the most celebrated of these, Zadok the Priest, is a striking example of what…

Hugo von Hofmannsthal: …“Ein Brief” (also called “Chandos Brief,” 1902). This essay was more than the revelation of a personal predicament; it has come to be recognized as symptomatic of the crisis that undermined the esthetic Symbolist movement of the end of the century.

James Brydges, 1st duke of Chandos was an English nobleman and patron of composer George Frideric Handel. The son and heir of James Brydges, 8th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, he was a member of Parliament from 1698 to 1714. For eight years (1705–13) during the War of the Spanish Succession, he was

Grey Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos was a British nobleman whose lavish lifestyle earned him the nickname “King of the Cotswolds.” Brydges was member of Parliament for Cricklade in 1597–98. Because of his family’s friendship with Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Brydges was imprisoned in 1601 after

James Brydges, 1st duke of Chandos was an English nobleman and patron of composer George Frideric Handel. The son and heir of James Brydges, 8th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, he was a member of Parliament from 1698 to 1714. For eight years (1705–13) during the War of the Spanish Succession, he was

James Brydges, 1st duke of Chandos was an English nobleman and patron of composer George Frideric Handel. The son and heir of James Brydges, 8th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, he was a member of Parliament from 1698 to 1714. For eight years (1705–13) during the War of the Spanish Succession, he was

John Brydges, 1st Baron Chandos of Sudeley was a knight prominent in England’s Tudor period. Brydges was descended from Sir John Chandos, a famous medieval knight, and served in the French wars of Henry VIII. He was knighted in 1513. During Queen Mary I’s reign he was lieutenant of the Tower of

Sir John Chandos was an English military captain, soldier of fortune, and a founding member of the Order of the Garter (1349). Chandos was a lifelong follower and companion of Edward the Black Prince, fighting under him at Crécy (1346), Poitiers (1356), and Nájera (1367). Given the lands of the

Chandpur, river port, south-central Bangladesh. It is situated at the confluence of the Dakatia and Meghna rivers. It is a major jute-shipping centre, connected by road and rail with Comilla, near the eastern border with India, and Noakhali to the southeast. Chandpur is linked by riverboat to

Chandragupta was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty (reigned c. 321–c. 297 bce) and the first emperor to unify most of India under one administration. He is credited with saving the country from maladministration and freeing it from foreign domination. He later fasted to death in sorrow for his

Chandragupta II, was a powerful emperor (reigned c. 380–c. 415 ce) of northern India. He was the son of Samudra Gupta and grandson of Chandragupta I. During his reign, art, architecture, and sculpture flourished, and the cultural development of ancient India reached its climax. According to

Chandra Gupta I, was the king of India (reigned 320 to c. 330 ce) and founder of the Gupta empire. He was the grandson of Sri Gupta, the first known ruler of the Gupta line. Chandra Gupta I, whose early life is unknown, became a local chief in the kingdom of Magadha (parts of modern Bihar state).

Chandra Gupta I, was the king of India (reigned 320 to c. 330 ce) and founder of the Gupta empire. He was the grandson of Sri Gupta, the first known ruler of the Gupta line. Chandra Gupta I, whose early life is unknown, became a local chief in the kingdom of Magadha (parts of modern Bihar state).

Chandragupta II, was a powerful emperor (reigned c. 380–c. 415 ce) of northern India. He was the son of Samudra Gupta and grandson of Chandragupta I. During his reign, art, architecture, and sculpture flourished, and the cultural development of ancient India reached its climax. According to

Chandra Shekhar was a politician and legislator, who served as prime minister of India from November 1990 to June 1991. Shekhar was a leading member of the Socialist Party before he joined the ruling Congress Party in 1964. He was a member of India’s upper legislative chamber, the Rajya Sabha, from

Chandra X-ray Observatory, U.S. satellite, one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) fleet of “Great Observatories” satellites, which is designed to make high-resolution images of celestial X-ray sources. In operation since 1999, it is named in honour of Subrahmanyan

Gahadavala dynasty: …three rulers: Yashovigraha, Mahichandra, and Chandradeva (c. 1089–1103). By the period of Chandradeva, the Gahadavalas had taken control of Varanasi, Ayodhya, Kannauj, and Indrasthaniyaka (modern Delhi) and had expanded throughout Uttar Pradesh—sometimes at the expense of such powers as the Kalacuri dynasty. The Gahadavalas sought to ward off the growing…

Hemachandra was a teacher of the Shvetambara (“White-Robed”) sect of Jainism who gained privileges for his religion from Siddharaja Jayasimha, one of the greatest kings of Gujarat. Eloquent and erudite, Hemachandra also succeeded in converting the next king, Kumarapala, thus firmly entrenching

Chandragiri, village and historic site, southern Andhra Pradesh state, southeastern India. It lies in an upland region, about 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Tirupati and some 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Chennai (formerly Madras) in Tamil Nadu state. Chandragiri is historically important for its

Chandragupta was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty (reigned c. 321–c. 297 bce) and the first emperor to unify most of India under one administration. He is credited with saving the country from maladministration and freeing it from foreign domination. He later fasted to death in sorrow for his

Chandra Gupta I, was the king of India (reigned 320 to c. 330 ce) and founder of the Gupta empire. He was the grandson of Sri Gupta, the first known ruler of the Gupta line. Chandra Gupta I, whose early life is unknown, became a local chief in the kingdom of Magadha (parts of modern Bihar state).

Chandragupta II, was a powerful emperor (reigned c. 380–c. 415 ce) of northern India. He was the son of Samudra Gupta and grandson of Chandragupta I. During his reign, art, architecture, and sculpture flourished, and the cultural development of ancient India reached its climax. According to

Chandragupta was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty (reigned c. 321–c. 297 bce) and the first emperor to unify most of India under one administration. He is credited with saving the country from maladministration and freeing it from foreign domination. He later fasted to death in sorrow for his

Nayanthara: Rise to stardom: …her first few years include Chandramukhi (2005; “Moon-Faced Woman”) and Ghajini (2005), a remake of Christopher Nolan’s Memento (2000). Nayanthara had been 19 when she made her debut, and, in the early phase of her career, she had starred with male actors many years older than she. These actors included…

Chandrapur, city, eastern Maharashtra state, western India. It is situated along the Wardha River. The city’s name means “village of the Moon.” Chandrapur was the capital of the Gond dynasty from the 12th to the 18th century, and it was later conquered by the Maratha Bhonsles from Nagpur. It formed

Natarajan Chandrasekaran is an Indian businessman and chairman (2017– ) of Tata Sons, the holding company that owns the Tata Group conglomerate. Chandrasekaran was born into a farming family in 1963. After completing his primary and secondary education in public schools, he attended the Coimbatore

Chandrasekhar limit, in astrophysics, maximum mass theoretically possible for a stable white dwarf star. This limiting value was named for the Indian-born astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who formulated it in 1930. Using Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity and the principles of

is an Indian actor-turned-politician who is the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. As an actor, he is known for his work in Tamil films and is regarded as one of contemporary southern Indian cinema’s biggest and most bankable stars. He is noted for his mass appeal and the frenzy he inspires among fans,

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was an Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars. Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Sir Chandrasekhara

Rajput: …of the epic Ramayana; and Chandravanshi (“House of the Moon,” or Lunar people), or those descended from Krishna, the hero of the epic Mahabharata. A third group, Agnikula (“Family of the Fire God”), is the group from which the Rajputs derive their claim to be Kshatriyas. Rajput habits of eating…

Chandrayaan, series of Indian lunar space probes. Chandrayaan-1 (chandrayaan is Hindi for “moon craft”), the first lunar space probe of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), found water on the Moon. It mapped the Moon in infrared, visible, and X-ray light from lunar orbit and used

Mylswamy Annadurai: …director for India’s lunar probes Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2. Chandrayaan-1 was launched from Sriharikota Island, India, on October 22, 2008, by a PSLV-C11 launch vehicle. It had a mass at liftoff of 1,380 kg (3,042 pounds), including a 55-kg (121-pound) payload that contained 11 scientific instruments from India and several other…

Mylswamy Annadurai: India’s lunar probes Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2. Chandrayaan-1 was launched from Sriharikota Island, India, on October 22, 2008, by a PSLV-C11 launch vehicle. It had a mass at liftoff of 1,380 kg (3,042 pounds), including a 55-kg (121-pound) payload that contained 11 scientific instruments from India and several other countries. The…

Coco Chanel: Legacy: Since her death in 1971, Chanel’s couture house has been led by a series of designers, with Karl Lagerfeld’s tenure (1983–2019) the longest and most influential. Under their direction the Chanel brand has remained one of the most influential and iconic. Coco Chanel’s shrewd understanding of women’s fashion needs, her…

Coco Chanel: Chanel No. 5: …basis of her empire was Chanel No. 5. She developed the phenomenally successful perfume in 1921 with the help of Ernest Beaux, one of the most talented perfume creators in France. It has been said that the perfume got its name from the series of scents that Beaux created for…

Coco Chanel was a French fashion designer who ruled Parisian haute couture for almost six decades. Her elegantly casual designs inspired women to abandon the complicated, uncomfortable clothes that were prevalent in early 20th-century dress, including petticoats and corsets. Among her now-classic

Coco Chanel was a French fashion designer who ruled Parisian haute couture for almost six decades. Her elegantly casual designs inspired women to abandon the complicated, uncomfortable clothes that were prevalent in early 20th-century dress, including petticoats and corsets. Among her now-classic

Lon Chaney: …after changing his name to Lon Chaney, Jr., and portraying notable horror roles for Universal Studios, in particular the title character in The Wolf Man (1941).

Jack London was an American novelist and short-story writer whose best-known works—among them The Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906)—depict elemental struggles for survival. During the 20th century, he was one of the most extensively translated of American authors. Deserted by his

Lon Chaney was an American film actor whose versatility and moving performances in even the most macabre roles are classics of the silent screen. He is perhaps best known for his performances in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925). (Read Chaney’s 1929 Britannica