Sociology & Society, NAT-PAL
The study of human societies is an important tool for the improvement of living conditions. It analyzes the innumerable factors that are the makeup of human behavior and that can cause social injustice, stratification, and societal disorder in the form of crime, deviance, and revolution. It helps to find the best possible solutions to issues such as economic inequality, race relations, and gender discrimination. The discipline of sociology has grown by leaps and bounds in the last century with the contribution of scholars from different schools of thought.
Sociology & Society Encyclopedia Articles By Title
National Federation of Independent Business
National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), the largest political advocacy organization in the United States......
National Film Registry
National Film Registry, list of movies selected for preservation by the U.S. Library of Congress, in consultation......
National Football League
National Football League (NFL), major American professional football organization, founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio,......
National Geographic Magazine
National Geographic Magazine, monthly magazine of geography, archaeology, anthropology, and exploration, providing......
National Geographic Society
National Geographic Society, American scientific society founded (1888) in Washington, D.C., by a small group of......
National Gun Violence Awareness Day
A broad coalition of U.S. public health, education, and advocacy groups are marking June 2 as the first annual......
National Health Service
National Health Service (NHS), in Great Britain, a comprehensive public-health service under government administration,......
National Hispanic Heritage Month
National Hispanic Heritage Month, month (September 15âOctober 15) in which the people of the United States honour......
National Organization for Men Against Sexism
National Organization for Men Against Sexism (NOMAS), the oldest antisexist menâs organization in the United States,......
National Organization for Women
National Organization for Women (NOW), American activist organization (founded 1966) that promotes equal rights......
national park
national park, an area set aside by a national government for the preservation of the natural environment. A national......
National Press Photographers Association
The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) is a professional organization in the United States that advocates......
National Primitive Baptist Convention, Inc.
National Primitive Baptist Convention, Inc., association of independent black Baptist churches in the United States......
National Recording Registry
National Recording Registry, list of audio recordings selected for preservation by the head of the U.S. Library......
National Rifle Association of America
National Rifle Association of America (NRA), leading gun rights organization in the United States. The National......
National Trust
National Trust, British organization founded in 1895 and incorporated by the National Trust Act (1907) for the......
National Urban League
National Urban League, American service agency founded for the purpose of eliminating racial segregation and discrimination......
National Woman Suffrage Association
National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), American organization, founded in 1869 and based in New York City,......
National Womenâs History Alliance
National Womenâs History Alliance (NWHA), not-for-profit American organization founded in 1980 as the National......
National Womenâs History Month
National Womenâs History Month, honorary observance of the month of March in the United States, as designated in......
National Womenâs History Month 2016
For too long, womenâapart from the likes of Hatshepsut and Cleopatraâhave been granted only a marginal place at......
National Womenâs Political Caucus
National Womenâs Political Caucus (NWPC), nonpartisan American political organization formed in 1971 to identify,......
nationality
nationality, in law, membership in a nation or sovereign state. It is to be distinguished from citizenship (q.v.),......
Nature Conservancy
Nature Conservancy, nonprofit organization dedicated to environmental conservation and the preservation of biodiversity.......
nature, state of
state of nature, in political theory, the real or hypothetical condition of human beings before or without political......
Nayar
Nayar, Hindu caste of the Indian state of Keralam. Before the British conquest in 1792, the region contained small,......
NCAA Division I menâs college basketball champions
NCAA Division I menâs college basketball champions, winners of the annual National Collegiate Athletic Association......
Nebula Award
Nebula Award, any of various annual awards presented by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA).......
neighbourhood association
neighbourhood association, organized group whose aim is to address local issues, such as education reform, crime,......
Neoevolutionism
Neoevolutionism, school of anthropology concerned with long-term culture change and with the similar patterns of......
neoinstitutionalism
neoinstitutionalism, methodological approach in the study of political science, economics, organizational behaviour,......
neotraditionalism
neotraditionalism, in politics, the deliberate revival and revamping of old cultures, practices, and institutions......
nepotism
nepotism, the unfair practice of granting jobs and other favors to relatives, whether by blood or marriage. Nepotism......
netiquette
netiquette, guidelines for courteous communication in the online environment. It includes proper manners for sending......
networking
networking, the development, maintenance, or use of social or professional contacts for the purpose of exchanging......
Neurath, Otto
Otto Neurath was an Austrian philosopher and sociologist noted for interpreting logical-positivist thought as a......
New Seven Wonders of the World
In 2000 a Swiss foundation launched a campaign to determine the New Seven Wonders of the World. Given that the......
New York indictment of Donald Trump
On May 30, 2024, Donald Trump became the first former U.S. president to be convicted of criminal charges after......
New York Manumission Society
New York Manumission Society, early abolitionist group (founded 1785) that worked to end the slave trade in New......
Newcomb, Josephine Louise Le Monnier
Josephine Louise Le Monnier Newcomb was an American philanthropist, founder of Newcomb College, the first self-supporting......
Newdigate Prize
Newdigate Prize, poetry prize founded in 1805 by Sir Roger Newdigate and awarded at the University of Oxford. The......
Ngata, Äpirana
Äpirana Ngata was a political and cultural leader of the MÄori community in New Zealand. He was a major force behind......
Ngubane, Jordan Kush
Jordan Kush Ngubane was a Zulu novelist, scholar, and editor for the South African publications Ilanga lase Natal......
Niagara Movement
Niagara Movement, (1905â10), organization of Black intellectuals that was led by W.E.B. Du Bois and called for......
Niceforo, Alfredo
Alfredo Niceforo was an Italian sociologist, criminologist, and statistician who posited the theory that every......
Nihon Hidankyo
Nihon Hidankyo, Japanese grassroots movement dedicated to eliminating nuclear weapons. Nihon Hidankyo was founded......
NIMBY
NIMBY, a colloquialism signifying oneâs opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in oneâs......
Nizam al-Mulk
Nizam al-Mulk, title borne by various Indian Muslim princes. The term is Arabic for âGovernor of the Kingdom,â......
Nobel Foundation
Nobel Foundation, private institution founded in 1900 to coordinate the various provisions of the will of Alfred......
Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from......
Nobel, Alfred
Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist who invented dynamite and other more powerful explosives......
noblesse de robe
noblesse de robe, (French: âNobility of the Robeâ), in 17th- and 18th-century France, a class of hereditary nobles......
Nomadism
Nomadism, way of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place (a practice called sedentism) but......
nongovernmental organization
nongovernmental organization (NGO), voluntary group of individuals or organizations, usually not affiliated with......
Nonliterate society
Nonliterate society, a people or culture without a written language. The term nonliterate is distinguished from......
Nonpartisan League
Nonpartisan League, in U.S. history, alliance of farmers to secure state control of marketing facilities by endorsing......
nonprofit organization
nonprofit organization, an organization, typically dedicated to pursuing mission-oriented goals through the collective......
Noor, Queen
Queen Noor is an American-born architect who was the consort (1978â99) of King Hussein of Jordan. (Read Queen Noorâs......
NORAD
NORAD, binational military organization involving the United States and Canada. Established in 1957, with a formal......
Nordenskiöld, Erland
Erland Nordenskiöld was a Swedish ethnologist, archaeologist, and a foremost student of South American Indian culture.......
norm
norm, rule or standard of behaviour shared by members of a social group. Norms may be internalizedâi.e., incorporated......
North American Indian Womenâs Association
North American Indian Womenâs Association (NAIWA), organization created in 1970 by Marie Cox and others to foster......
Norwegian Nobel Committee
Norwegian Nobel Committee, group of five individuals responsible for selecting the annual winners of the Nobel......
Novikov, Nikolay Ivanovich
Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov was a Russian writer, philanthropist, and Freemason whose activities were intended to......
Nuclear family
Nuclear family, in sociology and anthropology, a group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood......
Nuffield, William Richard Morris, Viscount, Baron Nuffield Of Nuffield
William Richard Morris, Viscount Nuffield was a British industrialist and philanthropist whose automobile manufacturing......
Oakley, Kenneth
Kenneth Oakley was an English physical anthropologist, geologist, and paleontologist best known for his work in......
Oath Keepers
Oath Keepers, far-right American militia group that adheres to a conspiracy-focused, antigovernment worldview.......
Oberlin, Johann Friedrich
Johann Friedrich Oberlin was a Lutheran pastor and philanthropist who spent his life transforming desperately poor......
Odum, Howard W.
Howard W. Odum was an American sociologist who was a specialist in the social problems of the southern United States......
Ogburn, William Fielding
William Fielding Ogburn was an American sociologist known for his application of statistical methods to the problems......
Oktoberfest
Oktoberfest, annual festival in Munich, Germany, held over a two-week period and ending on the first Sunday in......
omertĂ
omertĂ , code of silence and refusal to cooperate with legal authorities that forms one of the central pillars of......
Onion, The
The Onion is a U.S.-based media organization with an estimated readership of four trillion people around the known......
Opinion poll
Opinion poll, a method for collecting information about the views or beliefs of a given group. Information from......
Opus Dei
Opus Dei, Roman Catholic organization whose members seek personal Christian perfection and strive to implement......
Oraon
Oraon, aboriginal people of the Choáča NÄgpur region in the state of BihÄr, India. They call themselves Kurukh and......
Order of Canada
Order of Canada, Canadian honors system founded in July 1967 by Queen Elizabeth II (under the advice of Canadian......
Order, The
The Order, American white supremacist group known for its assassination of Jewish radio talk-show host Alan Berg......
Organization of American States
Organization of American States (OAS), organization formed to promote economic, military, and cultural cooperation......
Organization of Pan Asian American Women
Organization of Pan Asian American Women, oldest public-policy organization devoted to concerns of Asian Pacific-American......
organization theory
organization theory, a large and multidisciplinary body of scholarly work that focuses on understanding organizations.......
organizational culture
organizational culture, conventionally defined as the ensemble of beliefs, assumptions, values, norms, artifacts,......
Ortega y Gasset, José
José Ortega y Gasset was a philosopher and humanist who greatly influenced the cultural and literary renaissance......
Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, Union of
Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, official federation of Jewish Orthodox synagogues in the United......
Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada, Union of
Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada, Orthodox Jewish organization founded in New York City......
Ortiz, Fernando
Fernando Ortiz was an anthropologist, essayist, and philologist who pioneered in the study of neo-African cultures......
Oswald of York, St.
St. Oswald of York ; feast day February 28) was an Anglo-Saxon archbishop who was a leading figure in the 10th-century......
Otero-Warren, Nina
Nina Otero-Warren was an American public official and activist who was a leader in the fight for womenâs suffrage......
Ottendorfer, Anna Sartorius Uhl
Anna Sartorius Uhl Ottendorfer was a publisher and philanthropist who helped establish a major German-American......
outcaste
outcaste, in the Hindu caste system, an individual or group that has been thrown out of caste, usually for some......
Overstreet, Harry Allen
Harry Allen Overstreet was an American social psychologist and a staunch advocate of an informed citizenry. He......
Oxfam International
Oxfam International, privately funded international organization that provides relief and development aid to impoverished......
OâFaolain, Sean
Sean OâFaolain was an Irish writer best known for his short stories about Irelandâs lower and middle classes. He......
Pac-12
Pac-12, West Coast American collegiate athletic association that grew out of several earlier versions, the first......
Padma Awards
Padma Awards, three awardsâPadma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shriâthat are among the highest civilian honors......
pagus
pagus, among ancient Germanic peoples, a village community usually formed by a band of related people who would......
paleoanthropology
paleoanthropology, interdisciplinary branch of anthropology concerned with the origins and development of early......
Palestine Liberation Organization
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), umbrella political organization claiming to represent the worldâs Palestiniansâthose......
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), militant group founded with the goal of liberating historical Palestine through......