The Middle Ages, BAL-CHÄ
The Middle Ages comprise the period in European history that began with the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century CE and lasted until the dawn of the Renaissance in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century. This interval of time saw the development of the Gothic style of art and architecture, flying buttresses and all. It was also the era of the Crusades and of papal monarchy, and it was during this period that the idea of Europe as a distinct cultural unit emerged.
The Middle Ages Encyclopedia Articles By Title
BalÄdhurÄ«, al-
al-BalÄdhurÄ« was a Muslim historian best known for his history of the formation of the Arab Muslim empire. Al-BalÄdhurÄ«......
Barbarossa
Barbarossa , also known as "Redbeard", was a Barbary pirate and later admiral of the Ottoman fleet, by whose initiative......
Bari, Siege of
Siege of Bari, (1068ā71), three-year blockade by Norman forces under Robert Guiscard that resulted (April 1071)......
Barmakids
Barmakids, priestly family of Iranian origin, from the city of Balkh in KhorÄsÄn, who achieved prominence in the......
Basil I
Basil I was the Byzantine emperor (867ā886), who founded the Macedonian dynasty and formulated the Greek legal......
Basil II
Basil II was a Byzantine emperor (976ā1025), who extended imperial rule in the Balkans (notably Bulgaria), Mesopotamia,......
Basil the Chamberlain
Basil the Chamberlain was a eunuch minister of the Byzantine Macedonian dynasty. After the death of the emperor......
Basiliscus
Basiliscus was an usurping Eastern Roman emperor from 475 to 476. He was the brother of Verina, wife of the Eastern......
Batavi
Batavi, ancient Germanic tribe from whom Batavia, a poetic name for the Netherlands, is derived. The Batavi inhabited......
Batu
Batu was the grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Khanate of Kipchak, or the Golden Horde. In 1235 Batu......
Bayar, CelĆ¢l
CelĆ¢l Bayar was the third president of the Turkish Republic (1950ā60), who initiated etatism, or a state-directed......
Bayeux Tapestry
Bayeux Tapestry, band of embroidered linen from the Middle Ages depicting more than 70 scenes with Latin inscriptions......
Bayezid I
Bayezid I was an Ottoman sultan in 1389ā1402 who founded the first centralized Ottoman state based on traditional......
Bayezid II
Bayezid II was an Ottoman sultan (1481ā1512) who consolidated Ottoman rule in the Balkans, Anatolia, and the eastern......
Bedford, John Plantagenet, duke of
John Plantagenet, duke of Bedford was a general and statesman who commanded Englandās army during a critical period......
Bedreddin
Bedreddin was an Ottoman theologian, jurist, and mystic whose social doctrines of communal ownership of property......
Belgrade, Treaty of
Treaty of Belgrade, (September 1739), either of two peace settlements achieved by the Ottoman Empire that ended......
Belisarius
Belisarius was a Byzantine general, the leading military figure in the age of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I......
Bent, James Theodore
James Theodore Bent was a British explorer and archaeologist who excavated the ruined Zimbabwe (dzimbahwe; i.e.,......
Berengar
Berengar was the son of Eberhard, Frankish margrave of Friuli, king of Italy from 888 (as Berengar I), and Holy......
Berlin, Congress of
Congress of Berlin, (June 13āJuly 13, 1878), diplomatic meeting of the major European powers at which the Treaty......
Berthold Von Henneberg
Berthold Von Henneberg was an archbishop-elector of Mainz, imperial chancellor and reformer, who worked unsuccessfully......
Biondo, Flavio
Flavio Biondo was a humanist historian of the Renaissance and author of the first history of Italy that developed......
Birka
Birka, medieval city in southeastern Sweden, on the Lake MƤlaren island of Bjƶrkƶ. It was Swedenās first major......
Blastares, Matthew
Matthew Blastares was a Greek Orthodox monk, theological writer, and Byzantine legal authority whose systematizing......
Bloch, Marc
Marc Bloch was a French medieval historian, editor, and Resistance leader known for his innovative work in social......
Blue Mosque
Blue Mosque, 17th-century mosque that is one of the most magnificent structures of the Ottoman Empire, set next......
Bohemond I
Bohemond I was the prince of Otranto (1089ā1111) and prince of Antioch (1098ā1101, 1103ā04), one of the leaders......
Bonampak
Bonampak, ancient Mayan city, situated on a tributary of the Usumacinta River, now in eastern Chiapas, Mexico.......
Bongars, Jacques, Seigneur De Bauldry Et De La Chesnaye
Jacques Bongars, seigneur de Bauldry et de La Chesnaye was a French diplomat and classical scholar who compiled......
Boucicaut, Jean II le Meingre
Jean II le Meingre Boucicaut was a marshal of France, a French soldier, and a champion of the ideals of chivalry.......
Bourbon, Charles III, 8 duc de
Charles III, 8th duke de Bourbon was the constable of France (from 1515) under King Francis I and later a leading......
Bourbon, Jean I, 4 duc de
Jean I, 4e duke de Bourbon was the count of Clermont (from 1404) and duke of Bourbon (from 1410), who was a champion......
Bourbon, Jean II, 6 duc de
Jean II, 6e duc de Bourbon was a duke of Bourbon (from 1456) whose military successes, as at Formigny (1450) and......
Bouvines, Battle of
Battle of Bouvines, battle on July 27, 1214, that gave a decisive victory to the French king Philip II Augustus......
Braudel, Fernand
Fernand Braudel was a French historian and author of several major works that traversed borders and centuries and......
Breitenfeld, Battle of
Battle of Breitenfeld, the first major Protestant victory of the Thirty Yearsā War. On September 17, 1631, the......
Bruno the Great, Saint
Saint Bruno the Great ; feast day October 11) was the archbishop of Cologne and coregent of the Holy Roman Empire.......
Bruno, Giordano
Giordano Bruno was an Italian philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, and occultist whose theories anticipated......
Bryennius, Nicephorus
Nicephorus Bryennius was a Byzantine soldier, statesman, and historian who wrote a history of the imperial Comnenus......
BrƩquigny, Louis-Georges-Oudard-Feudrix de
Louis-Georges-Oudard-Feudrix de BrƩquigny was a French scholar who carried out a major compilation of the annals......
BrƩtigny, Treaty of
Treaty of BrĆ©tigny, (1360) Treaty between England and France that ended the first phase of the Hundred Yearsā War.......
BrƩzƩ, Pierre II de
Pierre II de BrƩzƩ was a trusted soldier and statesman of Charles VII of France. BrƩzƩ made his name in the Hundred......
Bucharest, Treaty of
Treaty of Bucharest, peace agreement signed on May 18, 1812, that ended the Russo-Turkish War, begun in 1806. The......
Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, 1st duke of
Humphrey Stafford, 1st duke of Buckingham was a Lancastrian prominent in the Hundred Yearsā War in France and the......
Bulgaria
Bulgaria, country occupying the eastern portion of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe. Founded in the......
- Introduction
- Ethnic Groups, Language, Religion
- Agriculture, Industry, Tourism
- Finance, Economy, Trade
- Politics, Constitution, Democracy
- Culture, Traditions, Cuisine
- Folklore, Music, Dance
- Ottoman Empire, Balkan Wars, Communism
- Slavs, Byzantines, Khanate
- Medieval, Orthodox, Balkan
- National Revival, Culture, History
- San Stefano, Berlin, Treaties
- Ottoman Rule, National Revival, Balkan Wars
- WWI, Balkan Wars, Treaty of Neuilly
- Communism, Reforms, Democracy
- WWII, Axis, Allies
- Communism, Soviet Union, Balkan Region
- Communist Rule, Reforms, Transition
- Transition, Reforms, EU
Bulgarian Horrors
Bulgarian Horrors, atrocities committed by the forces of the Ottoman Empire in subduing the Bulgarian rebellion......
Burgh, Hubert de
Hubert de Burgh was the justiciar for young King Henry III of England (ruled 1216ā72) who restored royal authority......
Bury, J.B.
J.B. Bury was a British classical scholar and historian. The range of Buryās scholarship was remarkable: he wrote......
Byzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture, building style of Constantinople (now Istanbul, formerly ancient Byzantium) after ad 330.......
Byzantine art
Byzantine art, architecture, paintings, and other visual arts produced in the Middle Ages in the Byzantine Empire......
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half......
- Introduction
- Diocletian, Constantine, Reforms
- Barbarians, Relations, Trade
- East Rome, Christianity, Constantinople
- Justinian I, Constantinople, Legacy
- The successors of Justinian: 565ā610
- Iconoclasm, Religion, Empire
- 867-1453, Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire
- Estrangement, West, Religion
- Byzantine decline and subjection to Western influences: 1025ā1260
- Fourth Crusade, Latin Empire
- Andronicus II, Palaiologos Dynasty, Constantinople
- Manuel II, Respite, Turks
BƔthory, Sigismund
Sigismund BƔthory was a prince of Transylvania whose unpopular anti-Turkish policy led to civil war. The son of......
Cajamarca, Battle of
On November 14, 1532, a small force of 168 Spanish soldiers and auxiliaries, led by the conquistador Francisco......
Calais, Siege of
Siege of Calais, siege during the Hundred Yearsā War on the northern coast of France, lasting from September 4,......
Calatrava, Order of
Order of Calatrava, major military and religious order in Spain. The order was originated in 1158 when King Sancho......
caliph
caliph, in Islamic history the ruler of the Muslim community. Although khalÄ«fah and its plural khulafÄŹ¾ occur several......
Caliphate
Caliphate, the political-religious state comprising the Muslim community and the lands and peoples under its dominion......
Cambrai, League of
League of Cambrai, formed Dec. 10, 1508, an alliance of Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I, Louis......
Cange, Charles du Fresne, Seigneur du
Charles du Fresne, seigneur du Cange was one of the great French universal scholars of the 17th century, who wrote......
Caracol
Caracol, major prehistoric Maya city, now an archaeological site in west-central Belize, 47 miles (76 km) southeast......
Carloman
Carloman was a Frankish prince, son of Charles Martel and brother of Pippin III the Short. After inheriting Austrasia,......
Carlowitz, Treaty of
Treaty of Carlowitz, (Jan. 26, 1699), peace settlement that ended hostilities (1683ā99) between the Ottoman Empire......
Castillon, Battle of
Battle of Castillon, (July 17, 1453), the concluding battle of the Hundred Yearsā War between France and England.......
Catholic Monarchs
Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage (1469) led to the unification......
Caton-Thompson, Gertrude
Gertrude Caton-Thompson was an English archaeologist who distinguished two prehistoric cultures in the Al-Fayyūm......
Cemal PaÅa
Cemal PaÅa was a Turkish army officer and a leading member of the Ottoman government during World War I. Cemal......
Central Powers
Central Powers, World War I coalition that consisted primarily of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, the ācentralā......
Cevdet PaÅa, Ahmed
Ahmed Cevdet PaÅa was a statesman and historian, a major figure in 19th-century Turkish letters. Cevdet went to......
Chac
Chac, Mayan god of rain, especially important in the YucatƔn region of Mexico where he was depicted in Classic......
Chalcocondyles, Laonicus
Laonicus Chalcocondyles was a Byzantine historian, the author of the valuable work Historiarum demonstrationes......
Charibert I
Charibert I was a Merovingian king of the Franks, the eldest son of Chlotar I and Ingund. He shared in the partition......
Charlemagne
Charlemagne was the king of the Franks (768ā814), king of the Lombards (774ā814), and first emperor (800ā814) of......
Charles II
Charles II was the king of France (i.e., Francia Occidentalis, the West Frankish kingdom) from 843 to 877 and Western......
Charles III
Charles III was a Frankish king and emperor, whose fall in 887 marked the final disintegration of the empire of......
Charles IV
Charles IV was a German king and king of Bohemia from 1346 to 1378 and Holy Roman emperor from 1355 to 1378, one......
Charles IV Leopold
Charles IV (or V) Leopold was the duke of Lorraine and Bar, Austrian field marshal who commanded the forces defeating......
Charles Martel
Charles Martel was the mayor of the palace of Austrasia (the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom) from 715 to......
Charles V
Charles V was the king of France from 1364 who led the country in a miraculous recovery from the devastation of......
Charles V
Charles V was the Holy Roman emperor (1519ā56), king of Spain (as Charles I; 1516ā56), and archduke of Austria......
Charles VI
Charles VI was the Holy Roman emperor from 1711 and, as Charles III, archduke of Austria and king of Hungary. As......
Charles VII
Charles VII was the king of France from 1422 to 1461, who succeededāpartly with the aid of Joan of Arcāin driving......
Charles VII
Charles VII was the elector of Bavaria (1726ā45), who was elected Holy Roman emperor (1742ā45) in opposition to......
charter
charter, a document granting certain specified rights, powers, privileges, or functions from the sovereign power......
Chatti
Chatti, Germanic tribe that became one of the most powerful opponents of the Romans during the 1st century ad.......
Chevalier, Ulysse
Ulysse Chevalier was a French priest, scholar, and author of major bibliographical works in medieval history. As......
ChichƩn ItzƔ
ChichƩn ItzƔ, ruined ancient Maya city occupying an area of 4 square miles (10 square km) in south-central YucatƔn......
Childebert I
Childebert I was the Merovingian king of Paris from 511, who helped to incorporate Burgundy into the Frankish realm.......
Childeric I
Childeric I was the king of the Salian Franks, one of the first of the Merovingians and the father of Clovis I.......
Childrenās Crusade
Childrenās Crusade, popular religious movement in Europe during the summer of 1212 in which thousands of young......
China
China, country of East Asia. It is the largest of all Asian countries. Occupying nearly the entire East Asian landmass,......
- Introduction
- Mountains, Plateaus, Rivers
- Eastern Region, Geography, Culture
- Sichuan Basin, Agriculture, Population
- Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Gobi Desert
- Soil Types, Climate, Erosion
- Climate, Temperature, Variation
- Rainfall, Monsoon, Climate
- Wildlife, Mammals, Birds
- Sino-Tibetan, Ethnic Groups, Geography
- Altaic, Ethnic Groups, Geography
- Urbanization, Megacities, Population
- Population, Geography, Regions
- Government, Economy, Politics
- Economic Reforms, Growth, Trade
- Farming, Crops, Fisheries
- Minerals, Resources, Mining
- Manufacturing, Industry, Exports
- Trade, Silk Road, Manufacturing
- Railways, Expansion, Network
- Rivers, Canals, Lakes
- Posts, Telecommunications, Infrastructure
- Constitution, Government, Politics
- Administration, Regions, Provinces
- Health, Welfare, Population
- Education, Literacy, Schools
- Culture, Traditions, History
- Art, Sculpture, Painting
- Cultural Institutions
- Dynasties, Revolution, Communism
- Ancient Sites, Dynasties, Artifacts
- Ancient History, Dynasties, Civilization
- Religion, Social Structure
- Shang Dynasty, Oracle Bones, Bronze Age
- Divination, Religion, Shang
- Ancient Dynasties, Rituals, Oracle Bones
- Feudalism, Zhou Dynasty, Confucianism
- Cultural, Political, Social Changes
- Dynasties, Emperors, Civilization
- Qin Empire, 221-207 BCE
- Han Dynasty, Silk Road, Confucianism
- Ancient Dynasties, Silk Road, Confucianism
- Dynasties, Emperors, History
- Dynasties, Culture, Economy
- Provincial Government, Autonomy, Regions
- Government, Politics, Bureaucracy
- Relations, Peoples, Trade
- Dynasties, Art, Religion
- Six Dynasties, Han, Tang
- Shiliuguo, Sixteen Kingdoms, 303-439
- Daoism, Philosophy, Religion
- Sui Dynasty, Grand Canal, Reunification
- Foreign Affairs, Yangdi, Expansion
- Administration, Politics, Regions
- Dynasties, Reforms, Economy
- Empress Wuhou, Tang Dynasty, Unification
- Economic Growth, Reforms, Infrastructure
- Provincial Separatism
- Central Authority, Dynasties, Warlords
- Arts, Culture, Traditions
- Migration, Urbanization, Ruralization
- Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms
- Tangut, Khitan, Juchen
- Song Dynasty, Economy, Culture
- Consolidation, Expansion, Revolution
- Decline, Fall, Qing Dynasty
- Survival, Consolidation, Reforms
- Juchen Relations, Dynasties, Trade
- Dynasties, Emperors, Rulers
- Bureaucracy, Imperialism, Dynasties
- Neo-Confucianism, Philosophy, Education
- Song Culture, Art, Economy
- Yuan Dynasty, Mongol Rule, Silk Road
- Invasion, Song, Dynasty
- Mongol Empire, Yuan Dynasty, Expansion
- Manufacturing, Exports, Imports
- Buddhism, Monasteries, Philosophy
- Ancient, Poetry, Novels
- Trade, Expansion, Mongols
- Mongol Rule, Dynasties, Imperialism
- Dynastic Succession, History, Culture
- Government, Administration, Politics
- Innovations, Technology, Economy
- Relations, Diplomacy, Trade
- Economic Reforms, Growth, Trade
- Coinage, Currency, Mints
- Literature, Scholarship, Classics
- Manchu Dynasty, Expansion, Cultural Revolution
- Economic Reform, Industrialization, Urbanization
- Dynastic Rule, Social Hierarchy, Confucianism
- Population, Economy, Culture
- Opium War, Aftermath, Treaty
- Uprising, Revolution, Democracy
- Muslim Rebellions
- Foreign Relations, 1860s
- Tibet, Nepal, Himalayas
- Japan, Ryukyu, Islands
- Reform, 1898, Dynasty
- Reform, Revolution, Dynasty
- Revolution, 1911-12, Republic
- WWI, Neutrality, Treaty
- Civil War, Nationalists, Communists
- Riots, Protests, Repression
- Communist, Nationalist, Cooperation
- Reorganization, KMT, Politics
- Northern Expedition, Warlord Era, Kuomintang
- Nationalist, 1928-1937
- Civil War, Nationalists, Communists
- Stagnation, Reforms, Economy
- U.S. Aid, Relations, Trade
- Nationalism, Deterioration, Revolution
- Civil War, Revolution, Mao Zedong
- Civil War, Revolution, Communism
- Land Reform, Revolution, Economy
- Revolution, Communism, Mao
- Reconstruction, Consolidation, 1949-52
- Socialism, Transition, Revolution
- Politics, Reforms, Revolution
- Reforms, Modernization, Industrialization
- Cultural Revolution, Maoism, Communism
- Cultural Revolution, Mao, Communism
- Political Repression, Cultural Revolution, Maoism
- Urbanization, Reforms, Industrialization
- Struggle, Premiership, Politics
- Consequences, Revolution, Impact
- Economic Reforms, Marketization, Privatization
- Education, Cultural Reforms, Policies
- Leaders, 1949, PRC
Chlodio
Chlodio was the king of a tribe of Salian Franks, considered the founder of the Merovingian dynasty. Chlodioās......
Chol
Chol, Mayan Indians of northern Chiapas in southeastern Mexico. The Chol language is closely related to Chontal,......
Choniates, Michael
Michael Choniates was a Byzantine humanist scholar and archbishop of Athens whose extensive Classical literary......
Choniates, Nicetas
Nicetas Choniates was a Byzantine statesman, historian, and theologian. His chronicle of Byzantiumās humiliations......
ChortĆ
ChortĆ, Mayan Indians of eastern Guatemala and Honduras and formerly of adjoining parts of El Salvador. The ChortĆ......
Chosen Women
Chosen Women, in Inca religion, women who lived in temple convents under a vow of chastity. Their duties included......
Christianity
Christianity, major religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus of Nazareth (the Christ, or......
- Introduction
- Beliefs, Practices, History
- Medieval, Reformation, Views
- Beliefs, Practices, History
- Faith, Doctrine, Identity
- Origins, Expansion, Reformation
- Jesus, Early Church, Intentions
- Gentile Mission, St. Paul, Apostles
- Faith, Doctrine, Worship
- Church History, Doctrine, Practices
- Scripture, Authority, Interpretation
- Heretical Movements, Gnosticism, Arianism
- Roman Govt, Hellenistic Culture
- Early Liturgy, Calendar, Arts
- Church, Empire, Alliance
- 4th, 5th Century, Controversies
- Liturgy, Arts, Constantine
- East-West Relations, Politics, Religion
- Dark Ages Art, Lit.
- Missions, Monasticism, Faith
- Photian Schism, East-West Schism
- Schism, Reformation, Doctrine
- Reformation, Globalization, 21st Century
- Denominations, Beliefs, Practices
- Eastern Churches, Orthodoxy, Catholicism
- Reformation, Denominations, Doctrine
- Presbyterian, Reformed, Churches
- Doctrine, Beliefs, Practices
- Scripture, Tradition, Apostolic
- Evangelism, God, Jesus
- Catechesis, Baptism, Instruction
- Liturgy, School, Feast
- Obeying Truth, Morality, Ethics
- Aversion, Orthodoxy, Heresy
- Apologetics, Defending, Faith
- Language, Knowledge, Beliefs
- Inculturation, Respect, Peoples
- Dogma, Authority, Teaching
- Consensus, Agreement, Doctrine
- Theology, Loving, Mind
- Symbols, Creeds, Confessions
- Development, Maturation, Understanding
- Schism, Division, Doctrine
- Controversy, Fighting, Faith
- Ecumenism, Love, Truth
- Trinity, Salvation, Worship
- Omnipotent, Omniscient, Omnibenevolent
- Oneness, Father, Son
- Revelation, Trinity, Salvation
- Creator, Sustainer, Judge
- Trinity, Monotheism, Faith
- Monotheism, Trinity, Incarnation
- Satan, Origin, Evil
- Christological Controversies
- Messianic Views, Prophecy, Salvation
- Virgin Mary, Holy Wisdom, Doctrine
- Trinity, Salvation, Worship
- Order, Charismatic, Freedom
- Holy Spirit, Faith, Salvation
- Trinity, Father, Son, Holy Spirit
- Trinity, Doctrine, Beliefs
- Creation, Incarnation, Trinity
- Redemption, Salvation, Grace
- Suffering, Compassion, Hope
- Perfection, Salvation, Grace
- Reborn, Salvation, Grace
- Liberation, Social Justice, Equality
- Joy, Human Existence, Faith
- Perfection, Holiness, Grace
- Fellow Humans, Present Christ
- Church, Beliefs, Practices
- Apologetics, Theology, Doctrine
- Episcopal Office, Hierarchy, Clergy
- Authority, Dissent, Beliefs
- Denominations, Sects, Churches
- Church Polity, Doctrine, History
- Liturgy, Sacraments, Worship
- Liturgy, Antiliturgy, Reforms
- Church Tradition, Doctrine, History
- Sacraments, Baptism, Eucharist
- Scripture, Traditions, Beliefs
- Veneration, Places, Objects
- Monasticism, Celibacy, Vows
- Saints, Miracles, Worship
- Art, Iconography, Religion
- Iconography, Theology, Worship
- Eschatology, Heaven, Hell
- Medieval, Reformation, Kingdom
- Missions, Emigrations, Expectation
- Eschatology, Secularization, Beliefs
- Afterlife, Resurrection, Heaven
- Beliefs, Practices, History
- Doctrine, Beliefs, Church
- Aristotle, Aquinas, Faith
- Judaism, Hellenism, Roman Empire
- Faith, Reason, Beliefs
- Natural Theology, Philosophy, Beliefs
- Cosmological Argument, Creationism, Theology
- Ontological Argument, Anselm, God's Existence
- Moral Arguments, Doctrine, Ethics
- Religious Experience, Miracles, Faith
- Immortality, Soul, Beliefs
- Ecumenism, Social Justice, Globalization
- Evidentialism, Faith, Reason
- Mysticism, Spirituality, Faith
- Mysticism, Contemplation, Devotion
- Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism
- Catholic Church, Sacraments, Doctrine
- Reformation, Denominations, Beliefs
- Mysticism, Contemplation, Union
- Mysticism, Contemplation, Devotion
- Myth, Legend, Beliefs
- Myth, Legend, Beliefs
- Myth, Legend, History
- Messianic Secrets, Salvation Mysteries
- Relics, Saints, Worship
- Medieval, Doctrine, Beliefs
- Renaissance Magic, Science
- Global, Ecumenical, Faith
- Faith, Doctrine, Community
- Church, Sects, Mysticism
- Church, State, Religion
- Church, State, History
- Church, Western States, Doctrine
- Separation, Church, State
- Eastern, Western, Theology
- Church, Society, Beliefs
- Church, Education, Doctrine
- Education, Schools, Theology
- Social Welfare, Church History, Charitable Works
- Widows, Orphans, Care
- Poverty, Property, Poor
- Pastoral Care, Worship, Community
- Minorities, Inclusion, Equality
- Church, Family, Beliefs
- Faith, Sacraments, Salvation
- Missions, Evangelism, Conversion
- Missions, Expansion, History
- Reformation, Renaissance, Expansion
- Reformation, Modernization, Globalization
- Protestant Missions, 1500-1950
- Missions, SE Asia, Pacific
- Orthodox Missions, Nondenominational Outreach
- 1950s Revival, Ecumenism, Globalization
- Bible Translations, Scripture Versions, Language Adaptations
- Ecumenism, Unity, Dialogue
- Bible, Faith, Salvation
- Ecumenism, Unity, Reformation
- Schism, 1054, East-West
- Reformation, Protestantism, Catholicism
- Ecumenism, 17th & 18th Centuries
- 19th Century Efforts
- Ecumenism, 20th Century, Unity
- Judaism, Islam, Buddhism
Chumnus, Nicephorus
Nicephorus Chumnus was a Byzantine Greek scholar and statesman who left a number of writings, some still unpublished,......
ChÄldirÄn, Battle of
Battle of ChÄldirÄn, military engagement on August 23, 1514 (2 Rajab 920), in which the Ottomans won a decisive......