The Middle Ages, HUN-KöP
The Middle Ages comprise the period in European history that began with the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century CE and lasted until the dawn of the Renaissance in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century. This interval of time saw the development of the Gothic style of art and architecture, flying buttresses and all. It was also the era of the Crusades and of papal monarchy, and it was during this period that the idea of Europe as a distinct cultural unit emerged.
The Middle Ages Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Hundred Years’ War
Hundred Years’ War, intermittent struggle between England and France in the 14th–15th century over a series of......
Hungary
Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary......
- Introduction
- Rivers, Plains, Soils
- Plains, Mountains, Villages
- Agriculture, Manufacturing, Tourism
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Trade, Agriculture, Industry
- Politics, Constitution, Economy
- Healthcare, Social Security, Poverty
- Education, Universities, Research
- Cuisine, Music, Culture
- Museums, Art, Music
- Magyar, Ottoman, Habsburg
- Medieval, Danube, Carpathian
- Expansion, Consolidation, Revolution
- Mongol Invasion, Arpad Kings
- Sigismund, Luxembourg, Reformation
- Janos Hunyadi, Matthias Corvinus, Renaissance
- Jagiellon, Decay, Renaissance
- Partition, Habsburgs, Revolution
- Royalty, Transylvania, Habsburgs
- Habsburg, Revolution, Austro-Hungarian
- Ethnicities, Minorities, Magyars
- Dual Monarchy, Austro-Hungarian Empire, WWI
- Economy, Politics, Culture
- WWI Losses, Treaty of Trianon, Sovereignty
- Postwar, Reconstruction, Confusion
- Financial Crisis, Right Radicalism
- War, Defeat, Renewal
- Soviet Occupation, Reforms, Uprising
- Revolution, 1956, Uprising
- Kadar Regime, Communism, Reforms
- Political Reforms
- Politics, Economy, Culture
- Economic and social change
Hunyadi, János
János Hunyadi was a Hungarian general and governor of the kingdom of Hungary from 1446 to 1452, who was a leading......
Hussein ibn Ali
Hussein ibn Ali was the emir of Mecca from 1908 to 1916 and king of the Hejaz from 1916 to 1924. Hussein was born......
Hünkâr İskelesi, Treaty of
Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, (July 8, 1833), defensive alliance signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the......
Hādī, al-
al-Hādī was the fourth caliph of the ʿAbbāsid dynasty (reigned 785–786). Al-Hādī’s persecution of the ʿAlids, representatives......
Hārūn al-Rashīd
Hārūn al-Rashīd was the fifth caliph of the Abbasid dynasty (786–809), who ruled the Islamic world at the zenith......
Hōjō Family
Hōjō Family, family of hereditary regents to the shogunate of Japan who exercised actual rule from 1199 to 1333.......
Hōjō Yasutoki
Hōjō Yasutoki was a regent whose administrative innovations in the shogunate, or military dictatorship, were responsible......
Hōjō Yoshitoki
Hōjō Yoshitoki was a warrior responsible for the consolidation of the power of the Kamakura shogunate, the military......
Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula, peninsula in southwestern Europe, occupied by Spain and Portugal. Its name derives from its......
Ibn al-Ashʿath
Ibn al-Ashʿath was an Umayyad general who became celebrated as the leader of a revolt (ad 699–701) against the......
Ibn Muqlah
Ibn Muqlah was one of the foremost calligraphers of the ʿAbbāsid Age (750–1258), reputed inventor of the first......
Iconoclastic Controversy
Iconoclastic Controversy, a dispute over the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire in the 8th......
Imperial Crown
Imperial Crown, crown created in the 10th century for coronations of the Holy Roman emperors. Although made for......
imperialism
imperialism, state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial......
Inca
Inca, Indigenous people who, at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1532, ruled an empire that extended along the......
inquisition
inquisition, a judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by......
Inti
Inti, in Inca religion, the sun god; he was believed to be the ancestor of the Incas. Inti was at the head of the......
Investiture Controversy
Investiture Controversy, conflict during the late 11th and the early 12th century involving the monarchies of what......
Iran
Iran, a mountainous, arid, and ethnically diverse country of southwestern Asia. The country maintains a rich and......
- Introduction
- Mountains, Plateaus, Deserts
- Soils, Climate, Geology
- Flora, Fauna, Deserts
- Ethnic Groups, Languages, Religions
- Persian, Kurdish, Luri
- Religion, Islam, Shia
- Urbanization, Climates, Plateaus
- Oil, Agriculture, Manufacturing
- Farming, Crops, Livestock
- Oil, Gas, Minerals
- Labour, Taxation, Economy
- Politics, Religion, Society
- Justice, Law, Sharia
- Security, Geopolitics, Middle East
- Education, Literacy, Schools
- Culture, Traditions, Cuisine
- Art, Music, Poetry
- Sports, Recreation, Culture
- Ancient Empire, Persian Culture, Islamic Revolution
- Abbasid Caliphate, 750-821
- Intermezzo, 821-1055, Dynasties
- Renaissance, Culture, History
- Seljuqs, Mongols, Empire
- Mongol Invasion, Persian Empire, Middle East
- Timurids, Turkmen, History
- Shah Abbas, Safavid Dynasty, Persia
- Qajar Dynasty, Persian Empire, Middle East
- Reza Khan, Pahlavi Dynasty, Modernization
- Oil Nationalization, Wartime Economy, Revolution
- White Revolution, Reforms, Shah
- Persian Empire, Middle East, Shiite Islam
- Ayatollah Khamenei, Islamic Republic, Persian Empire
- Ahmadinejad, Conservatives, Power
- Foreign Affairs, Tension, Sanctions
- Nuclear Deal, Sanctions, Diplomacy
Iran in 2006: A Country at a Crossroads
One spring afternoon in 1997, the telephone at the New York Times bureau in Istanbul rang. I was then serving as......
Iraq
Iraq, country of southwestern Asia. During ancient times, lands that now constitute Iraq were known as Mesopotamia......
- Introduction
- Mountains, Deserts, Tigris
- Desert, Arid, Hot
- Arabs, Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates
- Shiah, Sectarianism, Middle East
- Baghdad, Tigris, Euphrates
- Oil, Agriculture, Trade
- Farming, Crops, Livestock
- Oil Pipelines, Refineries, Exports
- Trade, Oil, Agriculture
- Federalism, Sectarianism, Autonomy
- Security, Conflict, Politics
- Education, Literacy, Schools
- Art, Music, Poetry
- Ancient Mesopotamia, Saddam Hussein, War
- Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad, Mesopotamia
- Buyid Dynasty, Abbasid Caliphate, Mesopotamia
- Abbasid, Seljuks, Mongols
- Abbasids, Caliphate, Baghdad
- Turkmen, 1410-1508
- Conquest, Suleyman, Regime
- Mamluks, British, Consolidation
- Midhat Pasa, Governorship, Ottoman Empire
- British Occupation, Mandatory Regime
- Mandate, British, Revolt
- WW2, British Intervention, Middle East
- Middle East, Tigris, Euphrates
- Revolution, Ba'ath, Saddam
- Ba'athism, Saddam Hussein, War
- Dictatorship, Invasion, Sanctions
- Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein, Invasion
- Persian Gulf War, Saddam Hussein, Invasion
- UN Embargo, Oil for Food
- U.S. withdrawal and the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
Irene
Irene was a Byzantine ruler and saint of the Greek Orthodox Church who was instrumental in restoring the use of......
Irene Ducas
Irene Ducas was the wife of the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus, known from the description of her in the......
Iron Age
Iron Age, final technological and cultural stage in the Stone–Bronze–Iron Age sequence. The date of the full Iron......
Isaac I Comnenus
Isaac I Comnenus was a Byzantine emperor who restored economic stability at home and built up the neglected military......
Isaac II Angelus
Isaac II Angelus was a Byzantine emperor, who, although incapable of stemming administrative abuses, partly succeeded,......
Isabella I
Isabella I was the queen of Castile (1474–1504) and of Aragon (1479–1504), ruling the two kingdoms jointly from......
Islam
Islam, major world religion promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century ce. The Arabic term......
- Introduction
- Qur'an, Doctrines, Beliefs
- Eschatology, Judgment, Afterlife
- Prayer, Salat, Rituals
- Beliefs, Practices, History
- Beliefs, Sects, Sunnis
- Sunni Beliefs, Practices, & History
- Shi'a, Imams, Twelvers
- Philosophy, Theology, Mysticism
- Philosophy, Theology, Law
- Avicenna, Teachings, Philosophy
- Western Philosophers
- Averroes, Teachings, Philosophy
- Critiques, Theology, Aristotle
- Sufism, Mysticism, Ibn al-Arabi
- Modernism, Reforms, Beliefs
- Schools, Madrasas, Universities
- Art, Architecture, Calligraphy
- Myths, Legends, Beliefs
- Tales, Legends, Figures
Islamic State in Iraq and Syria
Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), transnational jihad movement that has orchestrated or inspired numerous......
Islamic world
Islamic world, the complex of societies and cultures in which Muslims and their faith have been prevalent and socially......
- Introduction
- Middle East, Africa, Asia
- Arabia, Caliphate, Expansion
- Prophet Muhammad, Arabia, Qur'an
- Migration, Yathrib, Medina
- Expansion, Sects, Caliphates
- Conversion, Crystallization, 634-870
- Umar's Succession
- Uthman, Succession, Policies
- Fitnah, Caliphate, Umayyads
- Arab, Persian, Ottoman
- Third Fitnah, Umayyad Dynasty, Abbasid Caliphate
- Sunnis, Shiites, Sects
- 4th Fitnah, Umayyads, Abbasids
- Fragmentation, Florescence, 870-1041
- Andalusia, Maghrib, Africa
- Egypt, Syria, Holy Cities
- Iraq, Middle East, Religion
- Buyid Dynasty, Persian Empire, Shi'a Islam
- Iran, Afghanistan, India
- Migration, Renewal, 1041-1405
- Franks, Crusades, Reconquista
- Mongols, Expansion, Trade
- Mongol Conversion, Spread of Islam, Cultural Exchange
- Imazighen, Berbers, North Africa
- Almohad Dynasty, North Africa, Spain
- Consolidation, Expansion, 1405-1683
- Ottomans, Expansion, Legacy
- Safavids, Persia, Shi'ism
- Indo-Timurids, Mughals
- Trans-Saharan, Trade, Religion
- Indian Ocean, Trade, Culture
- Reform, Dependency, Recovery
- British Colonialism, Ottoman Empire
- Islamist Movements, 1960s
- Revival, Reform, Culture
Ismāʿīl I
Ismāʿīl I was the shah of Iran (1501–24) and religious leader who founded the Safavid dynasty (the first Persian......
Israel
Israel, country in the Middle East, located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bounded to the north......
- Introduction
- Mediterranean, Arid, Semi-arid
- Urbanization, Agriculture, Borders
- Jews, Arabs, Immigrants
- Population, Migration, Urbanization
- Economy, Trade, Agriculture
- Industry, Manufacturing, Technology
- Culture, Religion, History
- Art, Music, Dance
- Middle East, Conflict, Zionism
- Immigration, Conflict, Middle East
- Jewish Homeland, Zionism, 1948
- Armistice, Refugees, Conflict
- Conflict, Borders, Tensions
- Labour, Politics, Economy
- Labour Decline, Politics, Economy
- Peace Process, Middle East, Negotiations
- Lebanon War, Conflict, Invasion
- Palestinian Autonomy, Borders, Conflict
- Oslo Accords, Peace Process, Middle East
- Peace Process, Oslo II, Rabin
- Wye River, Peace Process, Oslo Accords
- Intifada, Conflict, Middle East
- Netanyahu, Politics, Middle East
- Netanyahu’s second stint
- Prime Ministers, Politics, History
- Prime ministers of Israel
Italo-Turkish War
Italo-Turkish War, (1911–12), war undertaken by Italy to gain colonies in North Africa by conquering the Turkish......
Italy
Italy, country of south-central Europe, occupying a peninsula that juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. Italy......
- Introduction
- Alps, Mediterranean, Islands
- Rivers, Alps, Po
- Mediterranean, Alpine, Temperate
- Mediterranean, Alpine, Flora
- Culture, Cuisine, Regions
- Latin, Romance, Dialects
- Regions, Culture, Cuisine
- Urbanization, Regions, Culture
- Population, Migration, Aging
- Manufacturing, Tourism, Agriculture
- Economic Growth, Infrastructure, Tourism
- Farming, Crops, Livestock
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Manufacturing, Automotive, Textiles
- Economy, Banking, Euro
- Trade, Manufacturing, Exports
- Services, Tourism, Culture
- Labour, Taxation, Economy
- Roads, Railways, Telecoms
- Politics, Regions, Unification
- Legislature, Politics, Constitution
- Regional, Local Government
- Justice, Legal System, Courts
- Politics, Regions, Constitution
- Security, Geography, Culture
- Education, Literacy, Universities
- Cuisine, Culture, Traditions
- Art, Culture, Heritage
- Music, Opera, Folk
- Art, Culture, Museums
- Media, Publishing, Culture
- Roman Empire, Renaissance, Unification
- Lombards, Byzantines, Unification
- Lombards, Kingdom, Charlemagne
- Popes, Exarchs, 590-800
- Culture, Regions, Unification
- Carolingian, Post-Carolingian, 774-962
- Rome, History, Culture
- Berengar I, Lombards, Papacy
- Mediterranean, Roman Empire, Renaissance
- Renaissance, Art, Literature
- Economy, Society, Culture
- Renaissance, Culture, Cuisine
- Renaissance, City-States, Culture
- Reform, Salian, Emperors
- Papacy, Normans, Renaissance
- Investiture, Papacy, Conflict
- Communes, Medieval, Renaissance
- Renaissance, Unification, Culture
- Frederick I, Barbarossa, Empire
- Institutional Reforms
- Renaissance, Unification, Tourism
- Henry VI, Renaissance, Unification
- Frederick II, Medieval, Papacy
- Wars, Northern, Unification
- Politics, Factions, Regions
- Renaissance, Unification, Papacy
- Renaissance, Art, Cuisine
- Renaissance, City-States, Papacy
- Renaissance, Culture, Cuisine
- Signorie, Popolo, Central/Northern
- Venice, 14th Century, Trade
- Renaissance, Art, Culture
- Economic Reform, Industrialization, Tourism
- Famine, War, Plague
- Renaissance, City-States, Humanism
- City-States, Renaissance, Unification
- Venice, Canals, Gondolas
- Renaissance, Art, Architecture
- Milan, Lombardy, Renaissance
- French Invasion, Unification, Risorgimento
- Savonarola, Florence, Reform
- Renaissance, Art, Culture
- Renaissance, Baroque, Unification
- Renaissance, Papacy, Habsburgs
- Spanish Rule, Renaissance, Cuisine
- Kingdom, Naples, Culture
- Milan, Duchy, Renaissance
- Republic, Venice, Maritime
- Papal States, Vatican City, Rome
- Food, Art, History
- Culture, Economy, Tourism
- Crisis, Baroque, Renaissance
- Enlightenment, Reform, Revolution
- Enlightenment, Reform, Unification
- Revolution, Restoration, Unification
- Republics, 1796-99, Unification
- French Consulate, Revolution, Unification
- Napoleonic, Empire, 1804-14
- Unification, Risorgimento, Cavour
- Rebellions, 1831, Aftermath
- Revolutions, 1848, Unification
- Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State
- War of 1859, Unification, Cavour
- Garibaldi, Thousand, Unification
- Unification, Culture, Economy
- Unification, Venetia, Rome
- Unification, Fascism, WW2
- Opposition, Politics, Unification
- Land Reform, Agriculture, History
- Unification, Renaissance, Culture
- Unification, Crispi, Risorgimento
- Giolitti, Unification, Politics
- Economy, Industrialization, Tourism
- WWI, Fascism, Unification
- Unification, Risorgimento, Cost
- Economic Crisis, Political Turmoil, Two Red Years
- Fascism, Mussolini, Unification
- Unification, Revolution, Monarchy
- Anti-Fascist, Resistance, Partisans
- Economy, Reforms, Growth
- European Union, Mediterranean, Diplomacy
- WWII, Axis, Allies
- Unification, Fascism, Republic
- Republic, Salo, Occupation
- Partisans, Resistance, WWII
- Post-WWII, Renaissance, Culture
- Cold War, Political Order, Unification
- Economic Miracle, Post-WWII, Industrialization
- Renaissance, Culture, Cuisine
- Economic Stagnation, Labour Militancy, 1960s-70s
- Student Protest, Social Movements, 1960s-80s
- Terrorism, Mafia, Politics
- Politics, Unification, Economy
- Economy, 1980s, Reforms
- Mafia, Organized Crime, Law Enforcement
- Culture, Economy, Politics
- Economy, Manufacturing, Tourism
- Politics, Unification, Renaissance
- Unification, Renaissance, Culture
- Scandal, Economy, Struggles
- Migration, Populism, Crisis
- Immigration, Foreign Policy, EU
Itzamná
Itzamná, principal pre-Columbian Mayan deity, ruler of heaven, day, and night. He frequently appeared as four gods......
Ivar the Boneless
Ivar the Boneless was a Viking chieftain, of Danish origin, whose life story is suffused with legend. He is best......
Ixchel
Ixchel, Mayan moon goddess. Ixchel was the patroness of womanly crafts but was often depicted as an evil old woman......
Ixtlilxóchitl
Ixtlilxóchitl was an Aztec chieftain, the chief of Texcoco who supported the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés......
Jacquerie
Jacquerie, insurrection of peasants against the nobility in northeastern France in 1358—so named from the nobles’......
Jaffa, Battle of
The Battle of Jaffa, which was fought on August 5, 1192, was the final battle of the Third Crusade. It led directly......
James I
James I was the most renowned of the medieval kings of Aragon (1213–76), who added the Balearic Islands and Valencia......
Janissary
Janissary, member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire from the late 14th century to 1826.......
Jassy, Treaty of
Treaty of Jassy, (Jan. 9, 1792), pact signed at Jassy in Moldavia (modern Iaşi, Romania), at the conclusion of......
Jelālī Revolts
Jelālī Revolts, rebellions in Anatolia against the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first revolt......
Jerusalem cross
Jerusalem cross, symbol in Christianity that has been used since the late Middle Ages (c. the 11th century) and......
Jiménez de Cisneros, Francisco
Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros was a prelate, religious reformer, and twice regent of Spain (1506, 1516–17). In......
Joan of Arc, St
St. Joan of Arc ; canonized May 16, 1920; feast day May 30; French national holiday, second Sunday in May) is a......
Jobst
Jobst was a margrave of Moravia and Brandenburg and for 15 weeks the German king (1410–11), who, by his political......
John
John was a count of Brienne who became the titular king of Jerusalem (1210–25) and Latin emperor of Constantinople......
John
John was the second duke of Burgundy (1404–19) of the Valois line, who played a major role in French affairs in......
John
John was the king of England from 1199 to 1216. In a war with the French king Philip II, he lost Normandy and almost......
John I
John I was the duke of Brittany (from 1237), son of Peter I. Like his father, he sought to limit the temporal power......
John I Tzimisces
John I Tzimisces was a Byzantine emperor (969–976) whose extension of Byzantine influence into the Balkans and......
John II
John II was the king of France from 1350 to 1364. Captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers on Sept. 19,......
John II Comnenus
John II Comnenus was a Byzantine emperor (1118–43) whose reign was characterized by unremitting attempts to reconquer......
John III
John III was the king of Portugal from 1521 to 1557. His long reign saw the development of Portuguese seapower......
John IV
John IV (or V) was the duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years’......
John of Capistrano, St
St. John of Capistrano ; canonized 1690; feast day October 23) was one of the greatest Franciscan preachers of......
John V
John V (or VI) was the duke of Brittany from 1399, whose clever reversals in the Hundred Years’ War and in French......
John V Palaeologus
John V Palaeologus was a Byzantine emperor (1341–91) whose rule was marked by civil war and increased domination......
John VI Cantacuzenus
John VI Cantacuzenus was a statesman, Byzantine emperor, and historian whose dispute with John V Palaeologus over......
John VII Palaeologus
John VII Palaeologus was a Byzantine emperor who reigned for several months in 1390 by seizing control of Constantinople......
John VIII Palaeologus
John VIII Palaeologus was a Byzantine emperor who spent his reign appealing to the West for help against the final......
Jordan
Jordan, Arab country of Southwest Asia, in the rocky desert of the northern Arabian Peninsula. Jordan is a young......
- Introduction
- Arid, Desert, Mediterranean
- Bedouin, Deserts, Oases
- Trade, Agriculture, Industry
- Resources, Power, Middle East
- Monarchy, Constitution, Parliament
- Security, Borders, Middle East
- Art, Music, Poetry
- Ancient, Middle East, Fertile Crescent
- Hashemite Kingdom, Palestine War, Transjordan
- Middle East, Hashemite, Reforms
- Middle East, 1967-Civil War
- West Bank, Peace, Arab-Israeli Conflict
- Hussein's Reign, Abdullah II, Middle East
Joseph I
Joseph I was the Holy Roman emperor from 1705, who unsuccessfully fought to retain the Spanish crown for the House......
Joseph II
Joseph II was the Holy Roman emperor (1765–90), at first coruler with his mother, Maria Theresa (1765–80), and......
Joshua the Stylite
Joshua the Stylite was a monk of the convent of Zuknin and the reputed author of a chronicle covering mainly the......
Joveynī, ʿAṭā Malek
ʿAṭā Malek Joveynī was a Persian historian. Joveynī was the first of several brilliant representatives of Persian......
Justiciar
Justiciar, early English judicial official of the king who, unlike all other officers of the central administration,......
Justin I
Justin I was a Byzantine emperor (from 518) who was a champion of Christian orthodoxy; he was the uncle and predecessor......
Justin II
Justin II was a Byzantine emperor (from 565) whose attempts to maintain the integrity of the Byzantine Empire against......
Justinian I
Justinian I was a Byzantine emperor (527–565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government......
Justinian II
Justinian II was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty. Although possessed of a despotic temperament......
Kaifeng, Mongol siege of
In 1211 the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan declared war on the Jin dynasty of China. A army commanded by Subutai,......
Kamakura period
Kamakura period, in Japanese history, the period from 1192 to 1333 during which the basis of feudalism was firmly......
Kaminaljuyú
Kaminaljuyú, historical centre of the highland Maya, located near modern Guatemala City, Guatemala. The site was......
Kantemir, Dmitry
Dmitry Kantemir was a statesman, scientist, humanist, scholar, and the greatest member of the distinguished Romanian-Russian......
Kaqchikel
Kaqchikel, Mayan people of the midwestern highlands of Guatemala, closely related linguistically and culturally......
Kara Mustafa Paşa, Merzifonlu
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa was an Ottoman grand vizier (chief minister) in 1676–83, who in 1683 led an unsuccessful......
Kemalpaşazâde
Kemalpaşazâde was a historian, poet, and scholar who is considered one of the greatest Ottoman historians. Born......
Khālid ibn al-Walīd
Khālid ibn al-Walīd was one of the two generals (with ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ) of the enormously successful Islamic expansion......
Kidder, Alfred V.
Alfred V. Kidder was the foremost American archaeologist of his day involved in the study of the southwestern United......
Kings and Queens Regnant of Spain
Spain’s constitution declares it a constitutional monarchy. From 1833 until 1939 Spain almost continually had a......
Klesl, Melchior
Melchior Klesl was an Austrian statesman, bishop of Vienna and later a cardinal, who tried to promote religious......
Konrad von Marburg
Konrad von Marburg was the first papal inquisitor in Germany, whose excessive cruelty led to his own death. In......
Konya, Battle of
Battle of Konya, conflict fought on December 21, 1832, between the Muslim armies of Egypt and Turkey in the First......
Kosovo, Battle of
Battle of Kosovo, battle fought on June 28 (June 15, Old Style), 1389, at Kosovo Polje (“Field of the Blackbirds,”......
Kosovo, Battle of
Battle of Kosovo, (October 17–20, 1448), battle between forces of the Ottoman Empire and a Hungarian-Walachian......
Koumoundhoúros, Aléxandros
Aléxandros Koumoundhoúros was a politician who was nine times prime minister of Greece between 1865 and 1882. He......
Koƈu Bey
Koƈu Bey was a Turkish minister and reformer, a notable early observer of the Ottoman decline. Originally from......
Krum
Krum was the khan of the Bulgars (802–814) who briefly threatened the security of the Byzantine Empire. His able,......
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan was a Mongolian general and statesman, who was the grandson and greatest successor of Genghis Khan.......
Kulikovo, Battle of
Battle of Kulikovo, military engagement fought on September 8, 1380, near the Don River, celebrated as the first......
Kuwait
Kuwait, country of the Arabian Peninsula located in the northwestern corner of the Persian Gulf. A small emirate......
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan, country of Central Asia. It is bounded by Kazakhstan on the northwest and north, by China on the east......
Kâmil Paşa, Mehmed
Mehmed Kâmil Paşa was a Turkish army officer who served four times as Ottoman grand vizier (chief minister). Trained......
Kâtip Çelebi
Kâtip Çelebi was a Turkish historian, geographer, and bibliographer. Kâtip became an army clerk and took part in......
Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa
Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa was the eldest son of Köprülü Mehmed Paşa and his successor as grand vizier (1661–76)......