Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Napoleonic period (1805–16) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Goethe’s Color Theory), and in 1806 Goethe sent to him the completed manuscript of part one of Faust. War, however, delayed publication of Faust until 1808. On October 14, 1806, Napoleon routed the Prussian armies at the Battle of Jena. Weimar, 12 miles from the…

Friedrich Nietzsche: Decade of isolation and creativity (1879–89) of Friedrich Nietzsche: …Zur Genealogie der Moral (On the Genealogy of Morals), also failed to win a proper audience.

Heinrich Heine: Later life and works: …The Romantic School) and “Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland” (1834–35; “On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany”), in which he mounted a criticism of Germany’s present and recent past and argued the long-range revolutionary potential of the German heritage of the Reformation, the Enlightenment,…

Leopold Zunz: Zur Geschichte und Literatur (1845; “On History and Literature”) was a wide-ranging work that placed the gamut of Jewish literary activity in the context of European literature and politics. Zunz wrote three important works on the liturgies of Judaism and served as editor in chief…

Harald zur Hausen was a German virologist who was a corecipient, with Franƈoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Zur Hausen was given half the award in recognition of his discovery of the human papilloma virus (HPV) and its link to cervical

Karl Marx: Early years: …Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie” (“Toward the Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right”) with its oft-quoted assertion that religion is the “opium of the people.” It was there, too, that he first raised the call for an “uprising of the proletariat” to realize the conceptions of philosophy. Once more,…

Karl Marx: Early years in London of Karl Marx: …Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy). In its preface he again summarized his materialistic conception of history, his theory that the course of history is dependent on economic developments. At this time, however, Marx regarded his studies in economic and social history at…

Leopold von Ranke: Early career.: The appended treatise, Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtsschreiber, in which he showed that the critical analysis of tradition is the historian’s basic task, is the more important work. As a result of these publications, he was appointed associate professor in 1825 at the University of Berlin, where he taught…

Robert Michels: …in der modernen Demokratie (1911; Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy), he set forth his ideas on the inevitable development of oligarchies, even in organizations committed to democratic ideals, because of such organizational needs as rapid decisionmaking and full-time activity. In his later writings…

Johannes Müller: In the meantime, his voluminous Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtssinnes… (1826; “Comparative Physiology of the Visual Sense…”) brought Müller to the attention of scholars by its wealth of new material on human and animal vision; he included the results of analyses of human expressions and research on the compound eyes…

Georgia: GD-backed presidency of Salome Zurabishvili: In the 2018 presidential election Salome Zurabishvili, an independent candidate backed by GD, won in a runoff with 59 percent of the vote and became the country’s first female president. Days before the runoff, Bakhtadze announced that a charity run by Ivanishvili would buy the debts of 600,000 Georgians.

Henry the Navigator: Early life: According to Henry’s enthusiastic biographer, Gomes Eanes de Zurara, the three princes persuaded their still-vigorous father to undertake a campaign that would enable them to win their knightly spurs in genuine combat instead of in the mock warfare of a tournament. King John consented and, with Ceuta in mind, began…

Ṣulayḥid dynasty: …Aden was given to the Zurayʿids, a related dynasty also of Ismāʿīlī persuasion. Late in his reign Aḥmad transferred effective control of the principality to his wife, al-Sayyidah Arwā. The Fāṭimids recognized her as suzerain of the kings of the Yemen until her death in 1138, when Yemen passed into…

Francisco de Zurbarán was a major painter of the Spanish Baroque who is especially noted for religious subjects. His work is characterized by Caravaggesque naturalism and tenebrism, the latter a style in which most forms are depicted in shadow but a few are dramatically lighted. Zurbarán was

Mount Aconcagua: …in 1897 by Swiss climber Matthias Zurbriggen.

Robert Faesi: Zürcher Idylle (1908; rev. ed. 1950; “The Zürich Idyll”) and one of his most important works, the epic saga Die Stadt der Väter, Die Stadt der Freiheit, Die Stadt des Friedens, 3 vol. (1941–52; “The City of the Fathers,” “The City of Freedom,” “The City…

Zürich, largest city of Switzerland and capital of the canton of Zürich. Located in an Alpine setting at the northwestern end of Lake Zürich, this financial, cultural, and industrial centre stretches out between two forested chains of hills, about 40 miles (60 km) from the northern foothills of the

Zürich, canton, northeastern Switzerland, with an area of 668 sq mi (1,729 sq km), of which about 80 percent is reckoned as productive, including about 195 sq mi of forests. Of the rest, 28 sq mi are occupied by lakes, chiefly Greifen and Pfäffikon and part of Lake Zürich. The terrain consists of

Zürich: History: …at once and founded the Zürich Gold Pool, a gold trading organization set up by Switzerland’s largest banks, which helped establish Zürich as one of the most important trading places for gold worldwide.

Rudolf Wolf: …groups, which are known as Wolf’s sunspot numbers.

Zürich ware, faience (tin-glazed earthenware), faience fine (lead-glazed earthenware), and porcelain made at a factory near Zürich founded in 1763 by Salomon Gessner and others. The faience was at first painted in a style similar to that of the porcelain, but after 1775 both the faience and the

Zürich Zoological Garden, privately owned zoological park partially funded by the city and canton of Zürich. Opened in 1929, the 10-hectare (25-acre) zoo exhibits nearly 2,100 specimens of more than 380 species. It is home to many ungulates and a breeding group of Humboldt penguins. Its specialties

Lake Zürich, Swiss lake extending southeast from the city of Zürich. It lies at an altitude of 1,332 feet (406 m) and has an area of about 34 square miles (88 square km); its extreme length is 18 miles (29 km), maximum breadth 2 12 miles, and maximum depth 469 feet. The Linth River flows into it

André Masséna, duc de Rivoli, prince d’Essling: …large Russian army in the Second Battle of Zürich on September 25 and then prevented another Russian army from advancing into Italy. These victories saved France from the immediate threat of invasion.

Zürich: History: In the mid-19th century the University of Zürich (1833), maintained by the canton, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (1855) were founded. The University of Zürich was the first university in Europe to accept female students. Zürich also boasts a long line of Nobel Prize winners among its citizenry,…

Jerónimo de Zurita y Castro was a Spanish government official who is regarded as the first modern Spanish historian. A member of a noble Aragonese family, he was educated at the University of Alcalá. Under the Holy Roman emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) and King Philip II of Spain,

Western sculpture: Central Europe: Jörg Zürn, whose finest wood carvings are to be seen at Überlingen, and Ludwig Münsterman, in Oldenburg, continued in the Mannerist style, whereas Georg Petel, who came under the influence of Peter Paul Rubens, is almost the only sculptor to reveal the impact of the…

African music: Reed pipes: …basically related to the Arab zūrnā, having a disk (or pirouette) below the reed that supports the player’s lips.

Zurvān, in ancient Iranian religion and Zoroastrianism, the god of time. The earliest mentions of Zurvān appear in tablets dated to about the 13th and 12th centuries bce, found at the site of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Nuzi. Known also as the god of growth, maturity, and decay, Zurvān

Zurvanism, modified form of Zoroastrianism that appeared in Persia during the Sāsānian period (3rd–7th century ad). It was opposed to orthodox Zoroastrianism, which by that time had become dualistic in doctrine. According to Zurvanism, time alone—limitless, eternal, and uncreated—is the source of

Joseph Kirkland: …life and was 57 when Zury: The Meanest Man in Spring County was published in 1887. The first book of the trilogy, it was praised for its portrait of the farmer Zury Prouder. The McVeys (1888), depicting village life, and The Captain of Company K (1891), about the American Civil…

Paul Ernst: …and repudiated the doctrine in Der Zusammenbruch des Marxismus (1919; “The Collapse of Marxism”). He had already expressed his antagonism toward naturalism in art and called for a return to classicism in his essay Der Weg zur Form (1906; “The Road to Form”). His search for eternal truths led him…

Zuse computer, any of a series of computers designed and built in Germany during the 1930s and ’40s by the German engineer Konrad Zuse. He had been thinking about designing a better calculating machine, but he was advised by a calculator manufacturer in 1937 that the field was a dead end and that

Zuse computer: …’40s by the German engineer Konrad Zuse. He had been thinking about designing a better calculating machine, but he was advised by a calculator manufacturer in 1937 that the field was a dead end and that every computing problem had already been solved. Zuse had something else in mind, though.

Maximilian I: …May 17, 1648, at the Battle of Zusmarshausen, they destroyed Maximilian’s last field army. The elector once more fled from his duchy. Only the Peace of Westphalia, later that year, saved him. Maximilian managed to retain his electoral title and also the Upper Palatinate, restoring only the Rhenish lands to…

Zutphen, gemeente (municipality), east-central Netherlands, at the confluence of the IJssel and Berkel rivers. Founded in the 11th century as Zuidveen (meaning “southern peat bog”), it became the seat of a line of independent counts until it passed to the counts of Gelderland in 1190. It was

Arabia: Ethnic groups: In Oman the Zuṭṭ, a nomadic Roma (Gypsy) folk, seem to be descendants of Indian emigrants to the gulf in the early 9th century, but the Baloch, whose ancestors immigrated more recently, have formed a sort of warrior tribe there. In the border regions of Oman and Yemen…

Tz’utujil, Mayan Indians of the midwestern highlands of Guatemala. The Tz’utujil language is closely related to those of the neighbouring Kaqchikel and K’iche’. The Tz’utujil, like neighbouring Mayan peoples, are agricultural, growing the Indian staple crops—corn (maize), beans, and squash. They

Kaqchikel language: Its closest relative is Tz’utujil. K’iche’ is also closely related. The Annals of the Cakchiquels (also called Anales de los Cakchiqueles, Memorial de Tecpán-Atitlán, or Memorial de Sololá), written in Kaqchikel between 1571 and 1604, is considered an important example of Native American literature. It contains both mythology and…

Addo Elephant National Park: …originally established in 1985 as Zuurberg National Park. It is located 7 miles (12 km) north of the original Addo Elephant National Park, with which it was amalgamated in 1995, thereby increasing the amount of land available for elephant and black rhinoceros conservation. Headquarters are at Gqeberha.

African literature: Hausa: … (“Hippo-Hide Whip”) and Alhaji Umaru’s Zuwan nasara (“Arrival of the Christians”). Much poetry dealt with the Prophet Muhammad and other Islamic leaders. There was mystical poetry as well, especially among the Sufi. Religious and secular poetry continued through the 20th century and included the work of Garba Affa, Sa’adu Zungur,…

Zuwārah, Mediterranean port, northwestern Libya. First mentioned in a Catalan sailing manual (1375) as Punta dar Zoyara, it later served as the western outpost of Italian-controlled Libya (1912–43), being the terminus of the now-defunct railway from Tripoli 65 mi (105 km) east. Its artificial

Ilya Aleksandrovich Golosov: …were the competition projects the Zuyev Club in Moscow (1927–29) and the pavilion of the newspaper Leningradskaya Pravda at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925. Golosov’s most famous construction, the Zuyev Club, shows a skillful combination of Suprematist principles with the architectural…

Isabelle de Charrière was a Swiss novelist whose work anticipated early 19th-century emancipated ideas. She married her brother’s Swiss tutor and settled at Colombier near Neuchâtel. Influenced by Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, she expressed views critical of aristocratic privilege, moral

Ḥamzah ibn ʿAlī was one of the founders of the Druze religion. Almost nothing is known of his life before he entered Egypt in 1017. He became a spokesman for the religious convictions of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim (the Fāṭimids were the ruling dynasty in Egypt), who was already accorded the

History of film: The Soviet Union: …several minor works, he made Zvenigora (1928), a collection of boldly stylized tales about a hunt for an ancient Scythian treasure set during four different stages of Ukrainian history; Arsenal (1929), an epic film poem about the effects of revolution and civil war upon the Ukraine; and Zemlya (Earth, 1930),…

Zvenigorod, city, Moscow oblast (region), western European Russia. It is located on the Moscow River 33 miles (53 km) west of Moscow. Archaeological excavations (1943–45 and 1954–57) have revealed the existence of settlement there from the 12th and 13th centuries. The first written mention of

Zveno Group, small political organization that briefly formed a dictatorial regime in Bulgaria (1934–35); the name Zveno refers to a link in a chain. Founded in 1930, the Zveno Group was led by Col. Kimon Georgiev and was composed primarily of radical civilians, who had become disillusioned with a

Jannik Sinner: Number one ranking and doping violations: …Australian Open, where he defeated Alexander Zverev in the final to win his third Grand Slam title. In February Sinner and WADA reached a settlement. He accepted a three-month suspension from competition, and WADA affirmed that “Mr. Sinner did not intend to cheat, and…his exposure to clostebol did not provide…

Jannik Sinner: Number one ranking and doping violations: …Australian Open, where he defeated Alexander Zverev in the final to win his third Grand Slam title. In February Sinner and WADA reached a settlement. He accepted a three-month suspension from competition, and WADA affirmed that “Mr. Sinner did not intend to cheat, and…his exposure to clostebol did not provide…

space station: The International Space Station: …of the next ISS element, Zvezda, a crew habitat and control centre similar to the Mir base block, until mid-2000. Two weeks after it was carried up on a Proton rocket, Zvezda rendezvoused and docked automatically at the trailing end of Zarya. Later in the year, the first resident ISS…

Vasily Aksyonov: (1960; Colleagues), Zvezdnyi bilet (1961; A Ticket to the Stars), and Apelsiny iz Morokko (1963; “Oranges from Morocco”) are fast-moving narratives dealing with youthful rebels and misfits in Soviet society. In these books Aksyonov excels in reproducing the racy slang and jargon of characters who are attracted to Western culture…

Zvishavane, town, south-central Zimbabwe. Its name is derived from shavani, a Sindebele word meaning “finger millet” or “trading together.” Surrounded by low hills, it is on direct rail links to Harare (formerly Salisbury) and Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and to Maputo in Mozambique. The adjacent asbestos

bell chime: The Russian zvony (“chimes”) are sets of stationary bells rung by pulling ropes attached to clappers. They date from the 9th century but are rarely heard today. The zvon plays repetitious rhythmic patterns that form a part of the liturgy of the Orthodox Church. See also bell;…

Novohrad-Volynskyy, city, western Ukraine. It lies at the confluence of the Sluch and Smilka rivers. Documents first record the existence of the town in 1257. It was incorporated in 1795, before which it was known as Zvyahel. It contains the ruins of a 14th-century castle. The city’s industries

Lewes, city, Sussex county, southeastern Delaware, U.S. It lies at the mouth of Delaware Bay just west of Cape Henlopen (state park), where it is protected by Delaware Breakwater (built 1828–35). Founded in 1631 by Dutch colonists, it was the first white settlement along the Delaware River.

Hendrick Zwaardecroon was the governor-general (1718–25) of the Dutch East Indies who introduced the cultivation of export crops there. Zwaardecroon went to the Indies in 1684 as secretary to the commissioner-general of the Dutch East India Company and advanced steadily until he was appointed

Zwangendaba was an African king who led his Jere people on a monumental migration of more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) that lasted more than 20 years. A leader of incomparable stature, he took his initially small group (later called the Ngoni) from its original home near modern Swaziland to the

graphic design: Modernist experiments between the world wars: …number of Dutch designers, including Piet Zwart, drew upon the Modernist vocabulary of form and colour to develop unique personal approaches to graphic design, applying their vision to the needs of clients. While working at an architectural firm in the early 1920s, Zwart received commissions for graphic-design projects by happenstance.…

Paul Verhoeven: …his next movie, Zwartboek (2006; Black Book), another story of the Dutch resistance in Nazi-occupied Netherlands. The drama—which he wrote with Gerard Soeteman, a frequent collaborator—was a triumph. After the minor comedy Steekspel (2012; Tricked), Verhoeven won widespread praise and a nomination for the top prize at the Cannes film…

Cees Nooteboom: Literary work: …poetry, in such collections as Het zwarte gedicht (1960; “The Black Poem”), Aas: gedichten (1982; “Carrion: Poetry”), Rollende stenen (1991; “Rolling Stones”), and Licht overal (2008, expanded and republished in 2012; Light Everywhere), is largely concerned with mortality and the passage of time.

Zwarte Piet is a character in Dutch folklore who serves St. Nicholas (in Dutch, Sinterklaas) in St. Nicholas Day (December 6 and its eve) festivities in the Netherlands. Usually performed in blackface, Zwarte Piet is widely considered a racist caricature, though some defend the character as part of

Berber languages: Tashelhait, Shilha), Tarifit, Kabyle, Tamazight, and Tamahaq. The family may also include extinct languages such as the Guanche languages of the Canary Islands, Old Libyan (Numidian), and Old Mauretanian, which are known from inscriptions but have not yet been studied thoroughly enough to make any affirmative generalizations about…

Rudolf von Jhering: …the 20th century was his Law As a Means to an End, 2 vol. (1877–83; originally in German), which maintained that the purpose of law was the protection of individual and societal interests by coordinating them and thus minimizing occasions for conflict. Where conflict was unavoidable, he assigned greater weight…

Zwedru, town, southeastern Liberia. Zwedru has expanded into an important administrative, marketing, and traffic centre. It is surrounded by rubber plantations and diamond mines; cattle are abundant. Rubber, coffee, cocoa, piassava, sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits are collected there from the

Martin Buber: From mysticism to dialogue.: In his Zwei Glaubensweisen (1950) he construed two religious types according to their approach to God: one called by the Hebrew term for trust, emuna, spelling mutual confidence between God and man (I and Thou), and the other called by the Greek term for faith, pistis, spelling…

Liv Ullmann: …Darkly) and Zwei leben (2012; Two Lives). In addition, Ullmann directed the films Sofie (1992); Kristin Lavransdatter (1995); Trolösa (1999; Faithless), for which Bergman wrote the screenplay; and Miss Julie (2014), which she adapted from August Strindberg’s play of the same name.

Richard Dehmel: …of his cyclical epic poem, Zwei Menschen (1903; “Two People”). His treatment of sexual themes was not only passionate but, for the times, shockingly frank.

Arnold Zweig was a German writer best known for his novel Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa (1927; The Case of Sergeant Grischa). In 1933 Zweig left Germany for Czechoslovakia. He later lived as an émigré in Palestine until 1948, when he moved to East Germany. He served as president of the East

quark: Quark flavours: (The American physicist George Zweig developed a similar theory independently that same year and called his fundamental particles “aces.”) Gell-Mann’s model provided a simple picture in which all mesons are shown as consisting of a quark and an antiquark and all baryons as composed of three quarks. It…

Stefan Zweig was an Austrian writer who achieved distinction in several genres—poetry, essays, short stories, and dramas—most notably in his interpretations of imaginary and historical characters. Zweig was raised in Vienna. His first book, a volume of poetry, was published in 1901. He received a

children’s literature: National and modern literature: According to the historian Eva von Zweigbergk, didacticism (“diligence, obedience, and moderation”) obtained up to the 1920s, though she also views the period 1890–1915 as Sweden’s Golden Age. It included not only Nils but the emergence of a school of creators of picture books for small children headed by…

Germany: Broadcasting: …by a second television network, ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen), which is based in Mainz. A third channel is operated by ARD but is organized and broadcast regionally, with special emphasis placed on local and regional events and school instruction, as well as on educational, informational, and fine arts programs. The…

Zwelitsha, town, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. It was the provisional capital (1981–94) of the republic of Ciskei. The town is located directly south of Qonce (formerly King William’s Town). It was established in 1946 as a residential area for employees of the nearby Da Gama textile factory

Miniature Pinscher, breed of toy dog originating in Germany, perhaps as early as the 1600s. The dog may have been used for ratting or for companionship. Although it resembles a miniaturized version of the Doberman Pinscher, the dog likely was the result of the crossbreeding of German Pinschers,

Pomeranian, breed of toy dog that can be traced back—like the related Keeshond, Samoyed, and Norwegian Elkhound—to early sled-dog ancestors. The breed is named for the duchy of Pomerania, where in the early 19th century it was reportedly bred down in size from a 30-pound (13.5-kg) sheepdog.

Albert and David Maysles: Both films were made with Charlotte Zwerin. Perhaps Albert and David’s best-known documentary was Grey Gardens (1975), an examination of the eccentric socialites Edith Bouvier Beale and her daughter, “Little Edie.” The film inspired a highly acclaimed Broadway musical (2006–07) and a television movie (2009). The brothers earned an Academy…

Arthur van Schendel: …Wanderer in Love”) and Een zwerver verdwaald (1907; “A Lost Wanderer”) are set in medieval Italy, but the historical aspect is subordinated to the inner life and imagination of the hero, Tamalone. The force of destiny is felt throughout, and Schendel’s muted, sober use of language intensifies the tragic note.

Arthur van Schendel: His first important novels Een zwerver verliefd (1904; “A Wanderer in Love”) and Een zwerver verdwaald (1907; “A Lost Wanderer”) are set in medieval Italy, but the historical aspect is subordinated to the inner life and imagination of the hero, Tamalone. The force of destiny is felt throughout, and…

Silesia: …Śląska) in 1990 and the Union of People of Silesian Nationality (Związek Ludności Narodowości Śląskiej) in 1996. Central to the controversial assertion of Silesian nationality were conflicting linguistic interpretations: some scholars (and Silesian nationalists) argued that Silesian was a language unto itself, while other scholars (and the Polish government) classified…

Zwickau, city, Saxony Land (state), Germany. It lies on the Zwickauer Mulde River, at the entrance to the western Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), south of Leipzig. Slavic in origin, it was mentioned in 1118 as a trading centre. It developed as a German imperial city between 1135 and 1145 and became a

Thomas Müntzer: Early life and career: Driven away from Zwickau in 1521, Müntzer sought on trips to Saaz (Žatec) and Prague to gain the support of the Taborites, a Bohemian group that followed the teaching of Jan Hus, a 15th-century reformer. In Prague he also published a manifesto proclaiming the start of the final…

Fritz Zwicky was a Swiss astronomer and physicist who made valuable contributions to the theory and understanding of supernovas (stars that for a short time are far brighter than normal). Zwicky received a doctorate in physics (1922) from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, and

Sobhuza I: …from the Ndwandwe chieftaincy under Zwide, Sobhuza began to migrate with his people north of the Usutu River, where he was attacked on several more occasions. After the destruction of the Ndwandwe in the mid-1820s (attributed to the Zulu under Shaka), Sobhuza returned south to the Ezulwini valley (southern Swaziland),…

Heinrich Hoffmann was a German physician and writer who is best known for his creation of Struwwelpeter (“Slovenly Peter”), a boy whose wild appearance is matched by his naughty behaviour. Peter appeared in Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder mit füntzehn schön kolorten Tafeln für Kinder von

children’s literature: Norway: With this period are associated Dikken Zwilgmeyer, author of the “Inger Johanne” series about a small-town little girl; Barbra Ring, creator of the popular “Peik” stories and of a play The Princess and the Fiddler, which was produced yearly at the National Theatre in Oslo; Gabriel Scott; and the fairy-tale…

Ellen Taaffe Zwilich is an American composer, the first woman to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize in composition. Taaffe began composing as a child, and, by the time she finished high school, she had studied piano, violin, and trumpet. After receiving both a bachelor’s (1960) and a master’s (1962)

Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger: The best of these works, Die Zwillinge (1776; “The Twins”), like Schiller’s Die Räuber (“The Robbers”), deals with a favourite theme of the period, the enmity of brothers.

Zwinger, historical landmark complex in Dresden, Germany, that houses parts of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden (Dresden State Art Collections). It is considered one of the best examples of Baroque architecture. The Zwinger (begun 1709 and completed 1719) was commissioned by Augustus II, king

Zwinger, historical landmark complex in Dresden, Germany, that houses parts of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden (Dresden State Art Collections). It is considered one of the best examples of Baroque architecture. The Zwinger (begun 1709 and completed 1719) was commissioned by Augustus II, king

Huldrych Zwingli was the most important reformer in the Swiss Protestant Reformation. He founded the Swiss Reformed Church and was an important figure in the broader Reformed tradition. Like Martin Luther, he accepted the supreme authority of the Scriptures, but he applied it more rigorously and

Balthasar Hubmaier: Persecuted even by the Zwinglians for his beliefs, he was arrested in 1525 at Zürich and forced to recant his views. Subsequently, however, he resumed his Anabaptist proselytizing, first in Augsburg and later in Nikolsburg, Moravia (now Mikulov, Czech Republic), where the ruling elite largely welcomed colonies of Anabaptists…

Josef Weinheber: …songs using folk tunes; and Zwischen Göttern und Dämonen (1938; “Between Gods and Demons”), a volume comprising four odes on the poet’s vision of reality. Weinheber later released Kammermusik (1939; “Chamber Music”). He committed suicide as the Soviet Red Army approached Vienna in 1945. Hier ist das Wort (1947; “Here…

Otto Ludwig: …Zwischen Himmel und Erde (1855; Between Heaven and Earth). His Shakespeare-Studien (1891) showed him to be a discriminating critic, but his preoccupation with literary theory proved something of a hindrance to his success as a creative writer.

Richard Dehmel: …last work, a war diary, Zwischen Volk und Menschheit (1919; “Between People and Humanity”). His other major works are Weib und Welt (1896; “Woman and World”), Die Verwandlungen der Venus (1907; “The Transformations of Venus”), and Schöne wilde Welt (1913; “Beautiful, Wild World”).

Zwischengoldgläser, (German: “gold between glasses”), drinking glasses decorated with engraving in gold leaf laminated between two pieces of glass. The term is usually applied to beakers, goblets, and tumblers produced in Bohemia during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, but examples have been

liquid: Solutions of electrolytes: …the other is called a zwitterion. Very large molecules, such as those of proteins, may have numerous positive and negative charges; such molecules are called polyelectrolytes. In solution, the conformation (i.e., the three-dimensional structure) of a large, charged molecule is strongly dependent on the ionic strength of the dissolving medium;…

Zwolle, gemeente (municipality), north-central Netherlands, on the Zwarte Water (river). Chartered in 1230, it was a member of the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages and a stronghold until its ramparts were destroyed in 1674 during the Anglo-Dutch Wars. It is now a commercial center and rail

Vladimir Zworykin was a Russian-born American electronic engineer and the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems. Zworykin studied at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, where from 1910 to 1912 he assisted physicist Boris Rosing in his experiments with a television