zūrnā

The zurna is a traditional Middle Eastern shawm, a type of double-reed woodwind instrument. It is found throughout the Arab world, Turkey, and parts of Europe and Asia. The zurna emerged from a synthesis of earlier instruments from regions like Iran and Mesopotamia and spread with the expansion of Arab cultures.

Initially used as a signaling instrument in military bands, the zurna later found use in various ceremonies, greetings, and even funerals in different cultures. It is often associated with festive village music and is played in small ensembles, historically by members of lower social classes. The instrument's design typically includes a flared body, a reed, a staple, and a pirouette. Its dissemination reflects cultural connections, with similar instruments appearing in India (shehnai) and China (suona).12