Cees Nooteboom: Literary work: England, Madeira, and Malaysia”), De zucht naar het Westen (1985; “The Yearning for the West”), and Berlijnse notities (1990; “Berlin Notes”). Having for many years lived part of each year in Spain, he produced an hour-long film on the pilgrimage to the Spanish commune of Santiago de Compostela and…

Mark Zuckerberg is an American computer programmer who was cofounder of the social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg serves as CEO (2004– ) of both Facebook and its parent company Meta Platforms. After attending Phillips Exeter Academy, Zuckerberg enrolled at Harvard University in 2002. On

Mark Zuckerberg is an American computer programmer who was cofounder of the social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg serves as CEO (2004– ) of both Facebook and its parent company Meta Platforms. After attending Phillips Exeter Academy, Zuckerberg enrolled at Harvard University in 2002. On

Philip Roth: … (film 2019) under the title Zuckerman Bound (1985). After a fourth Zuckerman novel, The Counterlife (1986), Roth released Sabbath’s Theater (1995), about the aging and lascivious Mickey Sabbath, a former puppeteer; it won the National Book Award.

Philip Roth: Two later novels, Zuckerman Unbound (1981) and The Anatomy Lesson (1983), trace his writer-protagonist’s subsequent life and career and constitute the Zuckerman trilogy. These three works were republished together with the novella The Prague Orgy (film 2019) under the title Zuckerman Bound (1985). After a fourth Zuckerman novel,…

Yitzhak Zuckerman was a hero of Jewish resistance to the Nazis in World War II and one of the few survivors of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Zuckerman was active in a federation of young Zionist organizations, Hehalutz, and early favoured armed resistance to Nazi depredations against the Jews. He was

Project Ozma: …at the same observatory by Benjamin Zuckerman and Patrick Palmer, who intermittently monitored more than 650 nearby stars for about four years (1973–76).

The Atlantic: Economic challenges: Mortimer Zuckerman bought the magazine in 1980, but, despite his efforts, the publication continued to struggle. In 1999 he sold it to David G. Bradley, owner of the National Journal Group. Bradley invested millions in The Atlantic Monthly and oversaw numerous changes. The number of…

Yitzhak Zuckerman was a hero of Jewish resistance to the Nazis in World War II and one of the few survivors of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Zuckerman was active in a federation of young Zionist organizations, Hehalutz, and early favoured armed resistance to Nazi depredations against the Jews. He was

Carl Zuckmayer was a German playwright whose works deal critically with many of the problems engendered by two world wars. Zuckmayer served for four years in the German army in World War I and thereafter devoted himself to writing. In spite of his association in 1924 with the avant-garde playwright

Dhofar, historical region in southern Oman, extending from Cape Al-Sharbatāt on the coast of the Arabian Sea southwestward to the Oman-Yemen border. The region’s northern boundary has never been defined, but generally included in the territory is the Wadi Mughshin, located about 150 miles (240 km)

Zug, smallest undivided canton of Switzerland, with an area of 92 sq mi (239 sq km), of which 12 sq mi are occupied by Lakes Zug and Ägeri. Bounded by the cantons of Lucerne and Aargau on the west, Zürich on the north, and Schwyz on the east and south, Zug lies on the hilly central Swiss Plateau,

Zug, capital of Zug canton, north central Switzerland, on the northeastern shore of Lake Zug (Zugersee), at the foot of the Zugerberg (3,409 ft [1,039 m]), just south of Zürich. First mentioned in 1242 as a possession of the counts of Kyburg, it was purchased by Rudolf IV of Habsburg (later Rudolf

Heinrich Böll: …Der Zug war pünktlich (1949; The Train Was on Time) and Wo warst du Adam? (1951; Adam, Where Art Thou?), he describes the grimness and despair of soldiers’ lives. The uneasiness of reality is explored in the life of a mechanic in Das Brot der frühen Jahre (1955; The Bread…

Western architecture: Poland: …(1775–93) for the king, while Szymon Bogumił Zug brought Neoclassicism to ecclesiastical architecture in his Lutheran Church, Warsaw (1777–81), modeled on the Pantheon. Zug also designed Arkadia (1777–98), one of the many picturesque gardens in Poland. Laid out on the Radziwiłł family estate of Nieborow, the garden contains numerous Romantic…

Talmud and Midrash: Early compilations: …judicial body headed by the zugot—pairs of scholars—assumed Halakhic authority. There were five pairs in all, between c. 150 and 30 bce. The first of the zugot also introduced the Mishnaic style of transmitting the oral tradition.

Zugspitze, mountain on the border between Germany and Austria, the highest point (9,718 feet [2,962 meters]) in Germany. Zugspitze is part of the Wettersteingebirge in the Bavarian Alps. The mountain is approached on the west by an aerial tramway (built 1924–26) from the village of Eibsee, and on

Iraq: The local despotisms in the 17th century: The Treaty of Qaṣr-e Shīrīn (also called the Treaty of Zuhāb) of 1639 brought an end to 150 years of intermittent warfare between the Ottomans and Safavids and established a boundary between the two empires that remained virtually unchanged into modern times. Ottoman sovereignty had been…

Zuhayr ibn Abī Sulmā was one of the greatest of the Arab poets of pre-Islamic times, best known for his long ode in the Muʿallaqāt collection. Zuhayr was from the Muzaynah tribe but lived among the Ghaṭafān. Zuhayr’s father was a poet, his first wife the sister of a poet, and two of his sons were

Zuhayr ibn Abī Sulmā was one of the greatest of the Arab poets of pre-Islamic times, best known for his long ode in the Muʿallaqāt collection. Zuhayr was from the Muzaynah tribe but lived among the Ghaṭafān. Zuhayr’s father was a poet, his first wife the sister of a poet, and two of his sons were

zuhd, (Arabic: “detachment”), in Islam, asceticism. Even though a Muslim is permitted to enjoy fully whatever unforbidden pleasure God bestows on him, Islam nevertheless encourages and praises those who shun luxury in favour of a simple and pious life. The Qurʾān (Islamic scripture) is full of

Arabic literature: Later genres: (wine poems), ṭardiyyāt (hunt poems), zuhdiyyāt (ascetic poems), and ghazal (love poems).

Abū al-ʿAtāhiyah: …of his later years, the Zuhdīyāt (Ger. trans. by O. Rescher, 1928), collected in 1071 by the Spanish scholar Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr. The Zuhdīyāt depicts the leveling of the rich and powerful by the horrors of death; these poems found an enthusiastic following among the masses, as well as being…

Arabic literature: Later genres: (wine poems), ṭardiyyāt (hunt poems), zuhdiyyāt (ascetic poems), and ghazal (love poems).

Islamic arts: Indian literature in Persian: …the lyrics and mas̄navīs by Ẓuhūrī (died 1615) at the court of Bijāpur are charming and enjoyable.

South African Republic (SAR), 19th-century Boer state formed by Voortrekkers (Boer migrants from the British Cape Colony) in what is now northern South Africa. Its internationally recognized existence began with the Sand River Convention in 1852, when the British withdrew from the Southern African

Zuid-Holland, provincie, western Netherlands, bordering the North Sea and adjoining the provincies of Noord-Holland (north), Utrecht and Gelderland (east), and Noord-Brabant and Zeeland (south). Drained by the ramifications of the Lek, Waal, and Maas (Meuse) rivers, Zuid-Holland includes the

IJsselmeer Polders: The South (Zuidelijk) Flevoland Polder (166 square miles [430 square km]) was completed in 1968. A fifth potential polder is the Markerwaard Polder in southwest IJsselmeer. Under construction since 1963, its diking was partially complete by the mid-1980s, but plans were then abandoned.

Hendrick de Keyser: …in Amsterdam, such as the Zuiderkerk (1606–14; “South Church”), the first Protestant church in the Netherlands; the East India House (1606); and his greatest building, the Westerkerk (1620–38; “West Church”).

Zuiderzee, former inlet of the North Sea. From the 13th to the 20th century, the Zuiderzee penetrated the Netherlands and occupied some 2,000 square miles (5,000 square km); it was separated from the North Sea by an arc of former sandflats that are now the West Frisian Islands. From about 400 ce

Zuiderzee floods, two catastrophic seawall collapses along the Netherlands’ coastline that caused major flooding of the former Zuiderzee (now IJsselmeer). The first, in 1287, caused more than 50,000 casualties, and the second, in 1421, killed up to 10,000 people. On Dec. 14, 1287, a heavy storm

IJsselmeer Polders: The Zuiderzee project, which involved the construction of a dam (Afsluitdijk; completed 1932) enclosing the IJsselmeer and the subsequent land reclamation of its rich marine clay, began in 1920, following the plans of engineer-statesman Cornelis Lely. The Wieringermeer Polder (75 square miles [193 square km]), the…

Battle on the Zuiderzee, sea battle fought on the Zuiderzee, an inland sea in the northern Netherlands, on October 11, 1573, between a royal Spanish fleet and Dutch rebels as part of the long Dutch Revolt. The battle resulted in a Spanish defeat. In 1569, the Spanish occupied Amsterdam, and Dutch

Zuid-Holland, provincie, western Netherlands, bordering the North Sea and adjoining the provincies of Noord-Holland (north), Utrecht and Gelderland (east), and Noord-Brabant and Zeeland (south). Drained by the ramifications of the Lek, Waal, and Maas (Meuse) rivers, Zuid-Holland includes the

Low Countries: The Zuidplaspolder northeast of Rotterdam is the lowest point in the Low Countries and lies 22 feet (6.76 metres) below sea level. The principal rivers of the Low Countries include the Schelde, Meuse (Maas), and branches of the lower Rhine. An extensive network of shipping canals…

Zutphen, gemeente (municipality), east-central Netherlands, at the confluence of the IJssel and Berkel rivers. Founded in the 11th century as Zuidveen (meaning “southern peat bog”), it became the seat of a line of independent counts until it passed to the counts of Gelderland in 1190. It was

Can Xue: Works of fiction and mind-stretching enchantments: …novel, Zuihou de qingren (2005; The Last Lover), explored the relationships, guessing games, desires, and dreams of several characters, both Western and Eastern, who journey to real and imaginary places in different parts of the world. Noting the book’s “mind-stretching enchantments,” The Independent’s reviewer

Ouyang Xiu was a Chinese poet, historian, and statesman of the Song dynasty who reintroduced the simple “ancient style” in Chinese literature and sought to reform Chinese political life through principles of classical Confucianism. Ouyang Xiu’s father, a judge in Mianyang, died when Ouyang was

Ouyang Xiu: …an essay about it, “Zuiwengting ji” (“Old Drunkard Pavilion”), which has become one of the most celebrated works in Chinese literature. After a term (1050) as defense commander of the southern capital of Shangqiu, in Henan province, he was recalled to the capital in 1054 to become an academician…

William Donald Hamilton: With American ecologist Marlene Zuk, Hamilton also developed the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis of sexual selection, which explains the evolutionary benefit behind the female preference for healthy, parasite-free males.

Jack Sharkey was an American world heavyweight-boxing champion from June 21, 1932, when he defeated Max Schmeling in 15 rounds at Long Island City, N.Y., until June 29, 1933, when he was knocked out by Primo Carnera in six rounds in New York City. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on

Pinchas Zukerman is an Israeli American violinist, violist, and conductor who earned widespread acclaim in a career that spanned more than five decades. Zukerman began playing at about the age of seven; when he was eight he entered the Tel Aviv Academy of Music. In 1962, sponsored by violinist

Louis Zukofsky was an American poet, the founder of Objectivist poetry and author of the massive poem “A.” The son of Jewish immigrants from Russia, Zukofsky grew up in New York, attended Columbia University (M.A., 1924), and taught at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (1947–1966). By the 1930s he

Adolph Zukor was an American entrepreneur who built the powerful Famous Players–Paramount motion-picture studio. Immigrating to the United States at age 15, Zukor entered the penny-arcade business in 1903. Between 1904 and 1912 he and his partner Marcus Loew controlled a chain of theatres; in 1912

Eduard Bernstein: …with the German socialist organ, Die Zukunft (“The Future”). The economic crisis of 1873, which continued into the 1890s, reinforced his belief in the fragility of capitalism. It was, however, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck’s anti-socialist laws that finally impelled him toward a more radical position. Exiled from Germany, he emigrated…

Marie Luise Kaschnitz: …Poems of the Times”) and Zukunftsmusik (1950; “Music of the Future”), she expressed an anguished, unflinching vision of the modern world that was nevertheless tempered by guarded feelings of optimism and hope. Such later collections of poems as Dein Schweigen, meine Stimme (1962; “Your Silence, My Voice”) reflect the sorrow…

Vistula River: Physiography: …from the left—the Vistula enters Żuławy Wiślane, its delta area, renowned for its splendidly fertile soils. Żuławy is a forestless plain, partly below sea level, threaded by the Vistula and its branches, together with a great number of canals and drainage ditches. Some of the local embankments and dikes date…

Max Beerbohm: …1897 and his only novel, Zuleika Dobson, a burlesque of Oxford life, in 1911. The Christmas Garland (1912) is a group of Christmas stories that mirror the stylistic faults of a number of well-known writers, notably Henry James. His collection of stories, Seven Men (1919), is a masterpiece.

India: Cracks in the core: His principal opponent was Ẓulfiqār Khan (Dhū al-Fiqār Khan), a powerful Iranian noble, who was the chief bakhshī of the empire and the viceroy of the Deccan. Ẓulfiqār negotiated an unusual agreement allying the three other princes against ʿAẓīm al-Shān and setting forth a partitioned, jointly ruled empire with…

Zulia, estado (state), northwestern Venezuela. Zulia is bounded north by the Gulf of Venezuela and west by Colombia. Except for two narrow corridors on the southeastern shore, the largest one lying between the states of Mérida and Trujillo, it surrounds Lake Maracaibo. The state is composed mainly

Maracaibo: The University of Zulia was established at Maracaibo in 1946, and it is one of the 12 universities and 14 institutes of technology that have sites in Maracaibo. The city is linked by highway to each of the major urban centers of northern Venezuela; a bridge…

Islamic arts: Early religious buildings: …covered colonnade known as a ẓullah (a shady place) was put up on the qiblah side. In 670 a wall pierced by many doors was built in place of the ditch, and colonnades were put up on all four sides, with a deeper one on the qiblah. In all probability…

Ignacio Zuloaga was a Spanish genre and portrait painter noted for his theatrical paintings of figures from Spanish culture and folklore. The son of a successful metalworker, Zuloaga was a largely self-taught artist who learned to paint by copying Old Masters in the Prado Museum in Madrid.

Ignacio Zuloaga was a Spanish genre and portrait painter noted for his theatrical paintings of figures from Spanish culture and folklore. The son of a successful metalworker, Zuloaga was a largely self-taught artist who learned to paint by copying Old Masters in the Prado Museum in Madrid.

France: Frankish expansion: …Cologne about 495–496 at the Battle of Tolbiacum (Zülpich), the second by Clovis about 506, after his annexation of Cologne. Clovis thus extended his authority over most of the territory of the Alemanni. Some of the former inhabitants sought refuge in the Ostrogothic kingdom of Theodoric the Great, the most…

Zulu, a nation of Nguni-speaking people in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. They are a branch of the southern Bantu and have close ethnic, linguistic, and cultural ties with the Swazi and Xhosa. The Zulu are the single largest ethnic group in South Africa and numbered about nine million in the

Zulu, British war film, released in 1964, that is a fact-based account of the British stand against overwhelming odds in the Battle of Rorke’s Drift (1879), one of the first significant battles of the Anglo-Zulu War in Southern Africa. After destroying a British garrison at Isandlwana, a massive

Zulu language, a Bantu language spoken by more than nine million people mainly in South Africa, especially in the Zululand area of KwaZulu/Natal province. The Zulu language is a member of the Southeastern, or Nguni, subgroup of the Bantu group of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language

Mazisi Kunene: Kunene’s Zulu Poems (1970), a collection of his poetry translated from Zulu into English, was praised by critics for the freshness of the English translations, with patterns and imagery successfully carried over from Zulu vernacular traditions. Again translating his work from the original Zulu into English,…

Anglo-Zulu War, decisive six-month war in 1879 in Southern Africa, resulting in British victory over the Zulus. During the second half of the 19th century, the British were interested in Zululand for several reasons, including their desire for the Zulu population to provide labour in the diamond

Zululand, traditional region in the northeastern section of present-day KwaZulu-Natal (formerly Natal) province, South Africa. It is the home of the Zulu people and site of their 19th-century kingdom. The Zulu, a Nguni people, initially were a small chieftaincy situated near the White Mfolozi

Pamirs: Physiography: …Nauk Range, and the central, Zulumart, are relatively short; the eastern, the Sarykol Range, forms the border between Tajikistan and China. The mountains east of the Sarykol Range are sometimes called the Chinese Pamirs.

Jacob Zuma is a politician who served as president of South Africa from 2009 until he resigned under pressure in 2018. He also served as the country’s deputy president (1999–2005) and as deputy president (1997–2007) and president (2007–17) of the country’s ruling party, the African National

Jacob Zuma is a politician who served as president of South Africa from 2009 until he resigned under pressure in 2018. He also served as the country’s deputy president (1999–2005) and as deputy president (1997–2007) and president (2007–17) of the country’s ruling party, the African National

Tomás de Zumalacárregui y de Imaz was a Spanish military tactician and the most brilliant soldier to fight for Don Carlos, a Bourbon traditionalist contender for the Spanish throne, in the First Carlist War (1833–39). Zumalacárregui abandoned his legal studies in 1808 to fight against the French in

Latin American music: Early European influences: Manuel de Zumaya, an early 18th-century Mexico City chapelmaster, produced the expected Latin music and villancicos in the European Baroque style; he also composed the opera La Parténope, produced at the viceroyal palace in 1711. By the middle of the 18th century, subsequent chapelmasters in…

wax sculpture: …reliefs of this type was Gaetano Giulio Zumbo, a Sicilian. In addition to artistic and religious works, he produced, in collaboration with the French surgeon Desnoues, anatomical models in wax—a new invention for which both men subsequently claimed the credit.

wind instrument: Reedpipes: …known today as mizmār or zummārah (zamr) wherever Muslim civilization flourished, and closely related instruments—the arghūl of the Middle East, which has one long drone pipe and one short fingered pipe, and the launeddas of Sardinia, which consists of three pipes—also preserve the same shrill reedy sound that must have…

Johann Christoph Zumpe was a German-born pianoforte maker and builder of the earliest known British piano (1766). Zumpe, trained as a cabinetmaker, emigrated to England in the early 1750s. There he took a position with the Swiss-born harpsichord builder Burkat Shudi (Burckhardt Tschudi) before

Johann Christoph Zumpe was a German-born pianoforte maker and builder of the earliest known British piano (1766). Zumpe, trained as a cabinetmaker, emigrated to England in the early 1750s. There he took a position with the Swiss-born harpsichord builder Burkat Shudi (Burckhardt Tschudi) before

Johann Christoph Zumpe was a German-born pianoforte maker and builder of the earliest known British piano (1766). Zumpe, trained as a cabinetmaker, emigrated to England in the early 1750s. There he took a position with the Swiss-born harpsichord builder Burkat Shudi (Burckhardt Tschudi) before

Johann Zumsteeg was a German composer and conductor known as a pioneer in the development of the ballad. Zumsteeg was admitted to the Karlsschule, near Stuttgart, where he formed a close friendship with his fellow student Friedrich Schiller. He studied cello and theory with the local chapelmaster,

Peter Zumthor is a Swiss architect known for his pure, austere structures, which have been described as timeless and poetic. These qualities were noted when he was awarded the 2009 Pritzker Architecture Prize. Zumthor, the son of a furniture maker and master joiner, graduated from the

zun, any of a wide range of ancient Chinese wine vessels. These forms are characterized by an ample interior volume for containing wine and a wide opening for drinking. There are two essential varieties of zun. One is shaped like a much enlarged gu—that is, tall and somewhat trumpet-shaped. The

Iran: The Abbasid caliphate (750–821): …rule of the southern Hephthalites—the Zunbīls of the Hindu Kush’s southwestern flanks—whose command of trade routes with India had to be contested when the existing partnership in this command broke down.

Dreyse rifle, rifle named for its inventor, Nikolaus von Dreyse. It had a long, sharp firing pin designed to pierce the charge of propelling powder and strike the detonating material (usually mercury fulminate) located at the base of the bullet. The Dreyse rifle, invented between 1827 and 1829, was

merchant guild: …and 14th centuries, the so-called Zunftrevolution (“guild revolution”), which transferred all or part of the political and economic powers of the patriciate to the craft guilds, or mysteries. By the early years of the 15th century most European merchant guilds had disappeared into oblivion or survived as attenuated bodies, deprived…

diagnosis: Psychological tests: Assorted Referencesconfirmation biashistory

Kaduna: …Hausa word for “crocodiles”) replaced Zungeru, 100 miles (160 km) west-southwest, as the capital of the Northern Provinces; it also served as capital of the Northern Region from 1954 to 1967. Lugard Hall, the legislative assembly building constructed in simplified Islamic style, stands at the head of the main street.…

African literature: Hausa: …the work of Garba Affa, Sa’adu Zungur, Mudi Sipikin, Na’ibi Sulaimanu Wali, and Aliyu Na Mangi, a blind poet from Zaria. Salihu Kontagora and Garba Gwandu emphasized the need for an accumulation of knowledge in the contemporary world. Mu’azu Hadeja wrote didactic poetry. Religious and didactic poetry continue to be…

Zunheboto, town, south-central Nagaland state, northeastern India. It is situated in the Naga Hills, 41 miles (66 km) northeast of Kohima, the state capital. Zunheboto’s surrounding region is crisscrossed by several faults and is subject to earthquakes. It is hilly and rugged, with an average

A:Shiwi, Indigenous North American group in what is now west-central New Mexico, on the Arizona border. The A:Shiwi are a Pueblo people and speak Shiwi’ma, an isolate language in the Penutian language grouping. They are believed to be descendants of the prehistoric Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi).

A:Shiwi, Indigenous North American group in what is now west-central New Mexico, on the Arizona border. The A:Shiwi are a Pueblo people and speak Shiwi’ma, an isolate language in the Penutian language grouping. They are believed to be descendants of the prehistoric Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi).

Penutian languages: or lingua franca), Tsimshian, and Zuni, each a family consisting of a single language. All but four of the surviving familes are spoken by fewer than 150 persons.

Latin American art: Populist art and the Mexican mural renaissance: …this political moderne style was Francisco Zúñiga, a transplanted Costa Rican who was naturalized and active in Mexico at midcentury. In his nearly life-size stone and bronze sculpture and drawings, he portrayed large-proportioned indigenous women whose stoic faces emerge from tightly wrapped shawls, conveying an image of an Earth Mother.…

Zunyi, city, northern Guizhou sheng (province), southern China. It is situated on the main route from the provincial capital of Guiyang in the south to Chongqing in the north. The city was brought under regular Chinese administration only in the early 7th century ce. A prefecture named Bo was set

Zunyi: …Chinese Communist Party held a conference in Zunyi at which Mao Zedong, the future founder of the People’s Republic of China, finally established his dominance in the party over rival leaders who did not share his views on revolutionary strategy.

Leopold Zunz was a German historian of Jewish literature who is often considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the 19th century. He began (1819) the movement called Wissenschaft des Judentums (“Science of Judaism”), which stressed the analysis of Jewish literature and culture with the tools of

Juan Antonio de Zunzunegui was a Spanish novelist and short-story writer whose straightforward narrative technique was rooted in the 19th century. His subject was chiefly social criticism of modern life in Bilbao and Madrid. A member of the Spanish Academy from 1957, Zunzunegui received the

Juan Antonio de Zunzunegui was a Spanish novelist and short-story writer whose straightforward narrative technique was rooted in the 19th century. His subject was chiefly social criticism of modern life in Bilbao and Madrid. A member of the Spanish Academy from 1957, Zunzunegui received the

Zuo Zongtang was a Chinese administrator and military leader, one of the scholar-officials who worked to suppress the great rebellions that threatened the imperial government during the second half of the 19th century. Zuo’s efforts helped revive the declining Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12)

Chinese literature: 1927–37: …the Zuoyi Zuojia Lianmeng (“League of Left-Wing Writers”), whose membership included many influential writers. Lu Xun, the prime organizer and titular head throughout the league’s half decade of activities, had stopped writing fiction in late 1925 and, after moving from Beijing to Shanghai in 1927, directed most of his…

bridge: Maillart’s innovations: …over the Inn River at Zuoz, he designed a curved arch and a flat roadway connected by longitudinal walls that turned the complete structure into a hollow-box girder with a span of 37.5 meters (125 feet) and with hinges at the abutments and the crown. This was the first concrete…

Zuozhuan, ancient commentary on the Chunqiu (“Spring and Autumn [Annals]”) and the first sustained narrative work in Chinese literature. The Chunqiu, the first Chinese chronological history, records the principal political, social, and military events of the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 bc) of

Montenegro: Medieval South Slav kingdoms: …lines, each headed by a župan (chieftain). In this part of the Adriatic littoral, from the time of the arrival of the Slavs up to the 10th century, these local magnates often were brought into unstable and shifting alliances with other larger states, particularly with Bulgaria, Venice, and Byzantium. Between…

Slovene literature: Cankar’s contemporary, Oton Župančič, wrote poetry in a somewhat lighter vein, but his vision of Slovene deracination and dispersion rivals Cankar’s for vatic power. Cankar died just as the Slovene lands were partitioned among Italy, Austria, and the newly created Yugoslavia in 1918, but Župančič lived to…

Bob Zuppke was an American college football coach, credited with introducing (in the early 1920s) the offensive huddle, enabling the team with the ball to plan each play immediately before executing it. He inspired his former player, George Halas, to help form the National Football League (NFL) by

Jordan River: Physical environment: …floodplain is known as the Zūr, and it describes so many meanders that, although it course runs for some 135 miles (215 km), the actual distance it covers between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea is only 65 miles (105 km). The Zūr, which floods frequently, was formerly…

Adalbert Kuhn: In his Zur ältesten Geschichte der indogermanischen Völker (1845; “On the Most Ancient History of the Indo-European Peoples”) he gave an account of the earliest Indo-European peoples before their separation into different families, comparing and analyzing the original meaning of the words and stems common to the…