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Treaty of Qaį¹£r-i ShÄ«rÄ«n
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Treaty of Qaį¹£r-i ShÄ«rÄ«n

Iraq, 1639
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The Treaty of Qaį¹£r-e ShÄ«rÄ«n, also known as the Treaty of Zuhāb, was signed in 1639 between the Ottoman and Safavid empires. This treaty ended 150 years of intermittent warfare and established a boundary between the two empires that largely persisted into modern times.1

The treaty confirmed Ottoman sovereignty over Baghdad, but central Iraq remained unstable due to internal unrest. The Safavid dynasty, which had established Twelver ShiŹæism as the state religion of Iran, was a significant power during this period. The conflict between the Ottomans and Safavids often shifted control of territories, including Baghdad, which was under Safavid rule from 1623 until the Ottomans recaptured it in 1638.21

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2 Britannica Sources
  1. Safavid dynasty
  2. Iraq - The local despotisms in the 17th century

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