Yersinia, (genus Yersinia), any of a group of ovoid- or rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersinia are gram-negative bacteria and are described as facultative anaerobes, which means that they are capable of surviving in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. Though several

Yersinia: …important pathogens in humans include Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Y. enterocolitica is widespread in domestic animals, including pigs and cattle, and is found in birds and in aquatic species, such as frogs and oysters. It also has been isolated from soil and from the surface layers of various bodies…

Yersinia pestis, bacterium in the family Yersiniaceae (order Enterobacterales) that causes plague. Yersinia pestis is classified as a Gram-negative coccobacillus, being spherical to cylindrical in shape and having a thin peptidoglycan cell wall surrounded by an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. It

pseudotuberculosis: …of pseudotuberculosis are the bacteria Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Y. pseudotuberculosis can be transmitted from animals to humans through human contact with infected animals or through consumption of contaminated food or water. C. pseudotuberculosis rarely infects humans; in animals, it typically enters the body through superficial wounds in the…

Yersinia: frederiksenii, and Y. ruckeri. The latter is pathogenic in salmonids (family Salmonidae), including rainbow trout and Pacific salmon. In these species, Y. ruckeri causes enteric redmouth disease, which is characterized by hemorrhaging of the subcutaneous tissues under the fins and around the eyes and mouth.

tularemia: … caused by the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis known for its different clinical forms, which are characterized by varying signs and symptoms that range from mild to severe. F. tularensis is extremely infectious, with as few as 10 organisms capable of causing disease in humans; the organism also has different subspecies,…

yersiniosis, acute gastrointestinal infection caused by the bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica and characterized by fever, often-bloody diarrhea, and abdominal pain. A temporary rash called erythema nodosum may appear on the skin, and the disease can lead to a temporary arthritis of the knees,

Jerusalem, ancient city of the Middle East that since 1967 has been wholly under the rule of the State of Israel. Long an object of veneration and conflict, the holy city of Jerusalem has been governed, both as a provincial town and a national capital, by an extended series of dynasties and states.

Jerusalem Talmud, one of two compilations of Jewish religious teachings and commentary that was transmitted orally for centuries prior to its compilation by Jewish scholars in Palestine. The other such compilation, produced in Babylon, is called the Babylonian Talmud, or Talmud

mate: …powder, producing a mate called caa gazu or yerva do polos. In Paraguay and parts of Argentina the leaves, with midribs removed before roasting, are made into a mate called caaminí. In a newer method, similar to the Chinese procedure for drying tea leaves, the leaves are heated in large…

immune system: Immunity against cancer: Known as ipilimumab (Yervoy), the antibody was approved in 2011 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of late-stage melanoma. Likewise, the discovery of a negative immune regulatory protein known as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which occurs on the surface of T…

Maiduguri, capital and largest city of Borno state, northeastern Nigeria. It is located along the seasonal Ngadda (Alo) River, the waters of which disappear in the firki (“black cotton”) swamps of Lake Chad, northeast of the city. Modern Maiduguri actually comprises the twin towns of Yerwa and

Kanuri language: …main dialects, Manga Kanuri and Yerwa Kanuri (also called Beriberi, which its speakers consider pejorative), spoken in central Africa by more than 5,700,000 individuals at the turn of the 21st century. Manga Kanuri is a trade language spoken by about 450,000 people in Niger and more than 250,000 in neighbouring…

Maiduguri, capital and largest city of Borno state, northeastern Nigeria. It is located along the seasonal Ngadda (Alo) River, the waters of which disappear in the firki (“black cotton”) swamps of Lake Chad, northeast of the city. Modern Maiduguri actually comprises the twin towns of Yerwa and

Yes, British progressive rock band known for its extended compositions and virtuoso musicianship. Its principal members were Jon Anderson (b. October 25, 1944, Accrington, Lancashire, England), Chris Squire (b. March 4, 1948, London, England—d. June 27, 2015, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.), Steve Howe (b.

Peter Abelard: Career as a monk: …findings in a compilation entitled Sic et non (“Yes and No”); and for it he wrote a preface in which, as a logician and as a keen student of language, he formulated basic rules with which students might reconcile apparent contradictions of meaning and distinguish the various senses in which…

Jennifer Garner: Roles from the 2020s: …in the Netflix family comedy Yes Day, and in 2022 she appeared in the science-fiction film The Adam Project. Her roles from 2023 include the love interest on the revival of the Starz cult comedy Party Down; Hannah Hall in the series The Last Thing He Told Me, based on…

Melissa Etheridge: The album Yes I Am followed later that year, with the hit singles “Come to My Window” (another Grammy winner) and “I’m the Only One.” Soon Etheridge’s relationship with film director Julie Cypher became a matter of public record. The couple, who had been together since 1990,…

Sammy Davis, Jr.: Encounters with racism and drive to entertain: …recount in his 1965 autobiography, Yes I Can, such experiences only fueled his performances and his desire to please his audiences, in the hope of “neutralizing” their prejudice and hatred. He wrote, “My talent was the weapon, the power, the way for me to fight. It was the one way…

Jim Carrey: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and later films: …The Number 23 (2007), and Yes Man (2008).

Amy Poehler: Parks and Recreation and Inside Out: …2014 Poehler published a memoir, Yes Please. Two years later, her divorce from Arnett was finalized. The couple had separated in 2012. They have two sons.

Franklin J. Schaffner: Yes, Giorgio (1982), which featured Luciano Pavarotti in his big-screen debut, was widely panned. Lionheart (1987), an offbeat Crusades adventure with Eric Stolz and Gabriel Byrne, was given only a limited release, and moviegoers largely ignored Welcome Home (1989), a drama about a soldier (Kris…

Nigel Hawthorne: …in the British television series Yes, Minister (1980–83, 1985–86) and Yes, Prime Minister (1986–87).

Nigel Hawthorne: …Yes, Minister (1980–83, 1985–86) and Yes, Prime Minister (1986–87).

Sergey Aleksandrovich Yesenin was the self-styled “last poet of wooden Russia,” whose dual image—that of a devout and simple peasant singer and that of a rowdy and blasphemous exhibitionist—reflects his tragic maladjustment to the changing world of the revolutionary era. The son of a peasant family

2026 Israeli Elections: Who are the major players?: …matters, such as Yair Lapid’s Yesh Atid, have led the opposition to Likud when Labour was unable to do so. A few small parties, which largely represent Palestinian citizens of Israel and categorically reject Zionism, make up a small but influential Arab bloc. In 2021 the Arab bloc was pivotal…

Ifat: …Sultan Sʿadad-Dīn was foiled by Yeshaq I of Ethiopia, who subsequently annexed Ifat to his kingdom.

Isaiah was a prophet after whom the biblical Book of Isaiah is named (only some of the first 39 chapters are attributed to him), a significant contributor to Jewish and Christian traditions. His call to prophecy about 742 bce coincided with the beginnings of the westward expansion of the Assyrian

yeshiva, any of numerous Jewish academies of Talmudic learning, whose biblical and legal exegesis and application of Scripture have defined and regulated Jewish religious life for centuries. The early history of the yeshiva as an institution is known only through indirect evidence, and the word

yeshiva, any of numerous Jewish academies of Talmudic learning, whose biblical and legal exegesis and application of Scripture have defined and regulated Jewish religious life for centuries. The early history of the yeshiva as an institution is known only through indirect evidence, and the word

Yeshiva University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in New York City, New York, U.S. It is a comprehensive research university comprising six undergraduate schools and seven graduate or professional schools at the Wilf Campus, Israel Henry Beren Campus, and Brookdale Center in

Yeshiva University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in New York City, New York, U.S. It is a comprehensive research university comprising six undergraduate schools and seven graduate or professional schools at the Wilf Campus, Israel Henry Beren Campus, and Brookdale Center in

Yeshiva University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in New York City, New York, U.S. It is a comprehensive research university comprising six undergraduate schools and seven graduate or professional schools at the Wilf Campus, Israel Henry Beren Campus, and Brookdale Center in

yeshiva, any of numerous Jewish academies of Talmudic learning, whose biblical and legal exegesis and application of Scripture have defined and regulated Jewish religious life for centuries. The early history of the yeshiva as an institution is known only through indirect evidence, and the word

Bursa: Yeşil Mosque (1421) marked the beginning of a purely Turkish style; it includes a theological college, library, and ablution fountain. Nearby is the Yeşil Mausoleum, containing the tomb of Sultan Mehmed I. The Muradiye Mosque (15th century) is surrounded by the tombs of sultans and…

Turkey: The northern folded zone: …deltas of the Kızıl and Yeşil rivers. These rivers break through the mountain barrier in a zone of weakness where summits are below 2,000 feet (600 meters), dividing the Pontic Mountains into western and eastern sections. In the western section, between the Sakarya and Kızıl rivers, there are four main…

Yessentuki, city, Stavropol kray (territory), southwestern Russia, in the valley of the Podkumok River. It was founded in 1798, developed as a fortress in the 1830s, and became a city in 1917. It is located at mineral springs at the base of the Caucasus Mountains. The city is composed of an old

10 Musical Acts That Scored 10 #1 Hits: The Beatles: …of the Fab Four, “Yesterday” is a wistful ballad performed solely by Paul McCartney and an accompanying string quartet. Nonetheless, the song proved extremely popular with fans, inspiring countless cover versions, and the stripped-down arrangement hinted at the band’s future adventurousness. By the time the Beatles officially broke up,…

Maria Dermoût: …novels, Nog pas gisteren (1951; Yesterday) and De tienduizend dingen (1955; The Ten Thousand Things), are fictionalized accounts of her youth. Although written in an economic style, the two novels are rich in details of island life as experienced by both the colonials and the native people. Among Dermoût’s other…

Danny Boyle: Later credits: Boyle returned to movies with Yesterday (2019), a comedy that imagines an alternate universe where the Beatles never existed. In 2022 he directed the miniseries Pistol, which dramatized the rise of the punk band the Sex Pistols from the perspective of the group’s guitarist, Steve Jones.

Sophia Loren: …Mastroianni: Ieri, oggi, domani (1963; Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow), a film that earned an Oscar for best foreign film; and Matrimonio all’italiana (1964; Marriage, Italian Style). The best performance of her late career, again with Mastroianni, was for director Ettore Scola in Una giornata particolare (1977, A Special Day). Loren’s…

Hula Valley: The pioneering Jewish settlement of Yesud ha-Maʿala (founded 1883) was the first effort at modern colonization. The valley was otherwise left desolate until the 1930s; papyrus and water lilies flourished, and the swamps were inhabited by water buffalo, wild boar, and many species of migratory birds.

Genghis Khan: Early struggles: …was defeated by his father, Yesügei, when Temüjin was born. The chronology of Temüjin’s early life is uncertain. He may have been born in 1155, in 1162 (the date favoured today in Mongolia), or in 1167. According to legend, his birth was auspicious, because he came into the world holding…

Yesuj, city, capital of Kohgīlūyeh va Būyer Aḥmad province, southwestern Iran. The town has a sugar mill and other local industry producing bricks and mosaic tiles, livestock feed, mats and baskets, and carpets and rugs. Roads link it with Dogonbaden, Dehdasht, Shiraj, Nūrābād, and Bandar-e

Yet Do I Marvel, sonnet by Countee Cullen, published in the collection Color in 1925. Reminiscent of the Romantic sonnets of William Wordsworth and William Blake, the poem is concerned with racial identity and injustice. The poet ponders the nature of God, stating “I do not doubt God is good,

Abominable Snowman, mythical monster resembling a large, hairy, apelike being supposed to inhabit the Himalayas at about the level of the snow line. Though reports of actual sightings of such a creature are rare, certain mysterious markings in the snow have traditionally been attributed to it.

10 Animals With Evolutionary Traits Plucked Straight Out of a Nightmare: Yeti Crab: mammals Besides just looking strange, these crabs are exposed to some pretty extreme environments. Discovered in 2010, the yeti crab (Kiwa hirsuta) lives in thermal vents near Antarctica that reach temperatures of up to 720 °F (380 °C). Their white coloring and strange hair…

history of Central Asia: …hence its Russian name of Semirechye.

nature worship: Tides: The animal hero and trickster Yetl, the raven, is successful in conquering (with the aid of the mink) the seashore from the moon at low tide, and thus an extended area is gained for nourishment with small sea animals.

Judaism: The ethically bound creature: The biblical word yetzer, for example, means “plan,” that which is formed in human minds. In the two occurrences of the word in Genesis (6:5; 8:21), the plan or formation of the human mind is described as raʿ, perhaps “evil” in the moral sense or maybe no more…

Judaism: The ethically bound creature: …disobedience, and subsequently the counter-term yetzer ha-ṭov (“the good impulse”) was used to indicate humans’ obedience. These terms more clearly suggest the ethical quality of human duality, while their opposition and conflict point to human freedom and the ethical choices humans must make. Indeed, it is primarily within the realm…

Sefer Yetzira, (Hebrew: “Book of Creation”), oldest known Hebrew text on white magic and cosmology; it contends that the cosmos derived from the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet and from the 10 divine numbers (sefirot). Taken together, they were said to comprise the “32 paths of secret wisdom” by

Steven Yeun is an actor whose empathetic slow-burn performances often explore deep feelings of shame, rage, and masculine pride. He rose to fame playing zombie apocalypse survivor Glenn Rhee in the popular horror television series The Walking Dead (2010–22). In 2020 he garnered an Academy Award

Steven Yeun is an actor whose empathetic slow-burn performances often explore deep feelings of shame, rage, and masculine pride. He rose to fame playing zombie apocalypse survivor Glenn Rhee in the popular horror television series The Walking Dead (2010–22). In 2020 he garnered an Academy Award

Eugene Onegin: of Aleksandr Pushkin’s masterpiece Eugene Onegin (1833). Onegin is the original superfluous man, a character type common in 19th-century Russian literature. He is a disillusioned aristocrat who is drawn into tragic situations through his inability or unwillingness to take positive action to prevent them.

Yevpatoriya, city, Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the Kalamit Bay on the west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. Founded in the 6th century bce as a Greek colony and later renamed for Mithradates VI Eupator, sixth king of Pontus, the city has known many masters, passing to Russia with the annexation of

Jewish Autonomous Region, autonomous oblast (region), far eastern Russia, in the basin of the middle Amur River. Most of the oblast consists of level plain, with extensive swamps, patches of swampy forest, and grassland on fertile soils, now largely plowed up. In the north and northwest are the

Yevgeny Yevtushenko was a poet and spokesman for the younger post-Stalin generation of Russian poets. His internationally publicized demands for greater artistic freedom and for a literature based on aesthetic rather than political standards signaled an easing of Soviet control over artists in the

Yevgeny Yevtushenko was a poet and spokesman for the younger post-Stalin generation of Russian poets. His internationally publicized demands for greater artistic freedom and for a literature based on aesthetic rather than political standards signaled an easing of Soviet control over artists in the

yew, any tree or shrub of the genus Taxus (family Taxaceae), approximately eight species of ornamental evergreens, distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Other trees called yew but not in this genus are the plum-yew, Prince Albert yew (see Podocarpaceae), and stinking yew. Two species are

Taxaceae, the yew family, in the order Pinales, containing 6 genera and 30 species of evergreen trees and shrubs, distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. The plants have many branches, covered with alternate, needlelike leaves. Pollen-bearing and ovule-bearing plants are usually separate;

Yeysk, city, Krasnodar kray (territory), southwestern Russia. It was founded as a port in 1848 on the southern side of Taganrog Gulf of the Sea of Azov. Fishing and associated industries (fish canning) are important; other industries include agricultural processing. The city is a noted health

Yazd, city, capital of Yazd province, central Iran. The city dates from the 5th century ce and was described as the “noble city of Yazd” by Marco Polo. It stands on a mostly barren sand-ridden plain about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) above sea level. The climate is completely desertic. A network of

Yazdegerd I was the king of the Sāsānian Empire who reigned from 399–420. Yazdegerd was a highly intelligent ruler who tried to emancipate himself from the dominion of the magnates and of the Magi (a priestly caste serving a number of religions); thus, his reign is viewed differently by Christian

Yazdegerd II was the king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 438–457), the son and successor of Bahrām V. Although Yazdegerd was at first tolerant of the Christians, he remained a zealous Zoroastrian and later persecuted both Christians and Jews. He was engaged in a short war with Rome in 442 and

Yazdegerd III was the last king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 632–651), the son of Shahryār and a grandson of Khosrow II. A mere child when he was placed on the throne, Yazdegerd never actually exercised power. In his first year the Arab invasion began, and in 636/637 the Battle of al-Qādisīyah

Yazdegerd I was the king of the Sāsānian Empire who reigned from 399–420. Yazdegerd was a highly intelligent ruler who tried to emancipate himself from the dominion of the magnates and of the Magi (a priestly caste serving a number of religions); thus, his reign is viewed differently by Christian

Yazdegerd II was the king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 438–457), the son and successor of Bahrām V. Although Yazdegerd was at first tolerant of the Christians, he remained a zealous Zoroastrian and later persecuted both Christians and Jews. He was engaged in a short war with Rome in 442 and

Yazdegerd III was the last king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 632–651), the son of Shahryār and a grandson of Khosrow II. A mere child when he was placed on the throne, Yazdegerd never actually exercised power. In his first year the Arab invasion began, and in 636/637 the Battle of al-Qādisīyah

Yitzḥak Shamir was a Polish-born Zionist leader and prime minister of Israel in 1983–84 and 1986–90 (in alliance with Shimon Peres of the Labour Party) and in 1990–92. Shamir joined the Beitar Zionist youth movement as a young man and studied law in Warsaw. He immigrated to Palestine in 1935 and

Nikolay Ivanovich Yezhov was a Russian Communist Party official who, while chief of the Soviet security police (NKVD) from 1936 to 1938, administered the most severe stage of the great purges, known as Yezhovshchina (or Ezhovshchina). Nothing is known of his early life (he was nicknamed the “Dwarf”

Soviet Union: Internal, 1930–37: …Nikolay Yezhov, from whom the Yezhovshchina, the worst phase of the terror in 1937–38, took its name. A new group, headed by Grigory (Yury) Pyatakov, was now arrested, figuring in the second great trial in January 1937. This time the charges included espionage, sabotage, and treason, in addition to terrorism.

Yazīdī, member of a Kurdish religious minority found primarily in northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northern Syria, the Caucasus region, and parts of Iran. The Yazīdī religion includes elements of ancient Iranian religions as well as elements of Judaism, Nestorian Christianity, and Islam.

American literature: Lyric fictionists: …followed in the footsteps of Anzia Yezierska, a prolific writer of the 1920s whose passionate books about immigrant Jews, especially Bread Givers (1925), have been rediscovered by contemporary feminists.

Hokkaido, northernmost of the four main islands of Japan. It is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the west, the Sea of Okhotsk to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the east and south. Together with a few small adjacent islands, it constitutes a dō (province) of Japan. Sapporo, in the

Yggdrasill, in Norse mythology, the world tree, a giant ash supporting the universe. It is closely related to the tree of life, a motif found across many cultures, and the tree of knowledge, which was said to grow in the Garden of Eden in Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam). In

Bad Bunny: Early songs and albums: Later that month he released YHLQMDLG (an acronym for Yo hago lo que me da la gana, or “I do whatever I want”), an album of party songs that was a critical and commercial success. Bad Bunny earned his first Grammy Award when YHLQMDLG won for best Latin pop or…

Republic of the Congo: Congo since independence: Joachim Yhombi-Opango, soon clashed with the PCT, and Col. Denis Sassou-Nguesso replaced Yhombi-Opango in 1979.

Yahweh, name for the God of the Israelites, representing the biblical pronunciation of “YHWH,” the Hebrew name revealed to Moses in the book of Exodus. The name YHWH, consisting of the sequence of consonants Yod, Heh, Waw, and Heh, is known as the tetragrammaton. After the Babylonian Exile (6th

pan: The yi was often mentioned together with the pan in ancient documents. While the yi was used for pouring water during washing, the pan collected the used water beneath the washing.

Yi, ethnic group of Austroasiatic origin living largely in the mountains of southwest China and speaking a Tibeto-Burman language. The Yi people numbered more than 7.5 million in the early 21st century. Their principal concentrations were in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, with smaller numbers in

Korean art: Painting: Yi Am, Sin Saim-dang, and Yi Chŏng are the better scholar-painters of the first period. Unlike the professional court painters, who made Chinese landscapes their specialty, these amateur scholar-painters devoted themselves to painting the so-called Four Gentlemen—the pine tree, bamboo, plum tree, and orchid—as well…

Yi Chŏng was a painter who was one of the most popular 16th-century Korean artists. The great-great-grandson of King Sejong (1397–1450), Yi is said to have personified the ideal Korean aristocrat. He is as famous for his regal and generous disposition and his scholarly tastes as he is for his

Korean literature: Later Chosŏn: 1598–1894: Yi Chŏng-Bo wrote of the pleasure of removing oneself from worldly cares. Quite a few of his works take up the theme of love—a rarity in the poetry of scholar-bureaucrats. Yi Se-Bo, a member of the royal family who wrote some 450 sijo, wrote on…

Wong Kar-Wai: …genre with Yutdoi jungsi (2013; The Grandmaster), a biography of martial artist Yip Man (Leung), who was best known as the trainer of Bruce Lee. Wong wrote the screenplay for and produced the romantic comedy Bai du ren (2016; “See You Tomorrow”). It was directed by Zhang Jiajia, who wrote…

Joseon dynasty, the last and longest-lived imperial dynasty (1392–1910) of Korea. Founded by Gen. Yi Seong-Gye, who established the capital at Hanyang (present-day Seoul), the kingdom was named Joseon for the state of the same name that had dominated the Korean peninsula in ancient times. The

Zhou Xiaochuan: …PBC and was succeeded by Yi Gang.

Daewon-gun was the father of the Korean king Gojong. As regent from 1864 to 1873, Daewon-gun inaugurated a far-ranging reform program to strengthen the central administration; he modernized and increased its armies and rationalized the administration. Opposed to any concessions to Japan or the

Korean literature: Transitional literature: 1894–1910: …sŏng (1907; “A Demon’s Voice”); Yi Haejo, Chayujong (1910; “Liberty Bell”); and Ch’oe Ch’ansik, Ch’uwŏlsaek (1912; “Colour of the Autumn Moon”). In their works these writers advocated modernization, a spirit of independence, contact with Western countries, study abroad, the diffusion of science and technology, and the abolition of conventions and…

Gojong was the 26th monarch of the Joseon (Yi) dynasty and the last to effectively rule Korea. Gojong became king of Korea while still a young boy. During the first years of his reign, power was in the hands of his father, Daewon-gun, who as regent attempted to restore and revitalize the country.

Korean literature: Early Chosŏn: 1392–1598: …while 16th-century works such as Yi Hwang’s “Tosan shibi kok” (“Twelve Songs of Mount To”) and Yi I’s “Kosan kugok ka” (“Nine Songs of Mount Ko”) established a tradition that glorified the truths to be found in nature. Hwang Chin-I and Yi Mae-Ch’ang pioneered a new realm of sijo that…

Korean literature: Later Koryŏ: 12th century to 1392: …was established by O Se-Jae, Yi Il-Lo, Yi Kyu-Bo, and others. This group was integral to the emergence and proliferation of literary criticism during this period. Yi Il-Lo, in his P’ahan chip (1260; “Jottings to Break Up Idleness”), defends the value of literature and praises the beautifully chiseled sentence. Yi…

Yi In-mun was a famous Korean landscape painter. A follower of the traditional Northern school of Chinese painting, Yi was known for the subtlety of his designs and the confidence of his brushstrokes. His most famous work, “River in Spring,” is a long horizontal scroll depicting an endless

Korean literature: Transitional literature: 1894–1910: …writers and their works are Yi Injik, Kwi ŭi sŏng (1907; “A Demon’s Voice”); Yi Haejo, Chayujong (1910; “Liberty Bell”); and Ch’oe Ch’ansik, Ch’uwŏlsaek (1912; “Colour of the Autumn Moon”). In their works these writers advocated modernization, a spirit of independence, contact with Western countries, study abroad, the diffusion of…

Korean literature: Modern literature: 1910 to the end of the 20th century: …launched by Ch’oe Namsŏn and Yi Kwangsu. In 1908 Ch’oe published the poem “Hae egeso pada ege” (“From the Sea to Children”) in Sonyŏn (“Children”), the first literary journal aimed at producing cultural reform. Inspired by Lord Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Ch’oe celebrates in clean masculine diction the strength of…

Korean literature: Later Koryŏ: 12th century to 1392: …by O Se-Jae, Yi Il-Lo, Yi Kyu-Bo, and others. This group was integral to the emergence and proliferation of literary criticism during this period. Yi Il-Lo, in his P’ahan chip (1260; “Jottings to Break Up Idleness”), defends the value of literature and praises the beautifully chiseled sentence. Yi Kyu-Bo’s Paegun…

Sino-Tibetan languages: Tibeto-Burman languages: … in its widest application) includes Yi (Lolo), Hani, Lahu, Lisu, Kachin (Jingpo), Kuki-Chin, the obsolete Xixia (Tangut), and other languages. The Tibetan writing system (which dates from the 7th century) and the Burmese (dating from the 11th century) are derived from the Indo-Aryan (Indic)

Zhang Yimou: …included Yi miao zhong (2020; One Second) and Cliff Walkers (2021).

Yi Munyŏl is a South Korean author, regarded as a master of the short story and novella genres. Yi was born two years before the outbreak of the Korean War. When the war began, his father defected to North Korea. As a consequence, his family had to contend with poverty, social stigma, and police

What Are the Shortest and Longest Binomial Names?: Yi qi is the name given to an extinct dinosaur from the family Scansoriopterygidae. This dinosaur is thought to have had batlike membranous wings with a feathered edge. Its name translates from Mandarin as “strange wing,” a reference to its unusual flying appendage.