Auguste Rodin: Early life and work: …influences, he molded the bronze The Vanquished, his first original work, the painful expression of a vanquished energy aspiring to rebirth. It provoked scandals in the artistic circles of Brussels and again at the Paris Salon, where it was exhibited in 1877 as The Age of Bronze. The realism of…

urban legend: Origins and characteristics: …1981 with the publication of The Vanishing Hitchhiker: American Urban Legends and Their Meanings, a book by American folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand. The title of the collection refers to one of the most well-known urban legends, that of a person traveling in a vehicle, usually a car, who meets a…

linear perspective: …system converge in a single vanishing point on the composition’s horizon line.

W.O. Mitchell: Another novel, The Vanishing Point (1973), deals with a teacher’s involvement with Indians in southwest Alberta.

pseudohermaphroditism: Male pseudohermaphroditism: …testes, known as the “vanishing testes syndrome.” When this occurs early in pregnancy, before androgen-induced differentiation toward male genitalia, the child is born with female genitalia. If the testes disappear during the crucial period between 8 and 10 weeks of gestation, the child is born with ambiguous genitalia, whereas…

Gerard Butler: …a remote Scottish island in The Vanishing (original title Keepers). He then appeared in Greenland (2020), a thriller about a natural disaster, and Copshop (2021), in which he was cast as a hit man. Last Seen Alive (2022) centres on a man searching for his estranged wife after she mysteriously…

Sandra Bullock: Rise to stardom: …following year, including the thriller The Vanishing; Demolition Man, in which she starred alongside action star Sylvester Stallone, and the drama Wrestling Ernest Hemingway. Her big breakthrough, however, was the thriller Speed (1994), about a policeman (played by Keanu Reeves) who, with the assistance of a plucky passenger (Bullock), must…

Audrey Flack: 1970s still lifes: She applied Photo-realism to her Vanitas series, still life paintings of items ranging from flowers to jewelry to photographs of prisoners in concentration camps during the Holocaust. Notable works from that series included World War II (Vanitas) (1976–77), Marilyn (Vanitas) (1977), and Wheel of Fortune (Vanitas) (1977–78).

vanitas, (from Latin vanitas, “vanity”), in art, a genre of still-life painting that flourished in the Netherlands in the early 17th century. A vanitas painting contains collections of objects symbolic of the inevitability of death and the transience and vanity of earthly achievements and

Juan de Nisa Valdés Leal: …produced such works as the Vanitas (1660), the Finis Gloriae Mundi and the Triumph of Death (1660 and 1672), and Jesus Disputing with the Doctors (1686), all characterized by their macabre subject matter, dynamic energy, and theatrical violence. The violence of his subjects has often distracted attention from the inventiveness…

Vanity Fair, American magazine that covers culture, fashion, and politics. The first version of the magazine appeared in Manhattan in 1859. It was reintroduced by Condé Nast Publications in 1914. Three different versions of Vanity Fair magazine existed during the 1800s: a humorous Manhattan-based

Vanity Fair, novel of early 19th-century English society by William Makepeace Thackeray, published serially in monthly installments from 1847 to 1848 and in book form in 1848. Thackeray’s previous writings had been published either unsigned or under pseudonyms; Vanity Fair was the first work he

Mira Nair: Feature films: For Vanity Fair (2004), she adapted William Makepeace Thackeray’s novel of manners, and the drama The Namesake (2006), which centers on Indian immigrants in the United States, was based on a novel by Jhumpa Lahiri.

Joseph Glanvill: The Vanity of Dogmatizing, or Confidence in Opinions (1661) attacked scholastic dogmatism, to which Glanvill opposed the experimental method. He admitted that universal laws could not be established in this way, but for him a scientific approach was the best available method for gaining knowledge and…

Jack Kerouac: Later work and death: Another important autobiographical book, Vanity of Duluoz (1968), recounts stories of his childhood, his schooling, and the dramatic scandals that defined early Beat legend.

Samuel Johnson: The Vanity of Human Wishes: In 1749 Johnson published The Vanity of Human Wishes, his most impressive poem as well as the first work published with his name. It is a panoramic survey of the futility of human pursuit of greatness and happiness. Like London,…

Chitradurga: Vanivilasa Lake, formed by impounding the waters of the Hagari River, provides irrigation for rice, sugarcane, and cotton in the surrounding area. Pop. (2001) 122,702; (2011) 140,206.

India: Rural settlement: …Banjari or Vanjari (also called Labhani), originally from Rajasthan and related to the Roma (Gypsies) of Europe, roams over large areas of central India and the Deccan, largely as agricultural laborers and construction workers. Many tribal peoples practice similar occupations seasonally. Shepherds, largely of the Gujar caste, practice transhumance in…

Steven Holl: …restaurants in Beijing, and the Vanke Centre (2009), a “horizontal skyscraper” in Shenzhen, China.

Charles-André Van Loo was a Rococo painter especially known for his elegant portraits of European royalty and fashionable society in the mid-18th century. He belonged to a noted family of artists of Flemish origin. His elder brother, Jean-Baptiste Van Loo, brought him up and taught him his

Vannes, town, capital of Morbihan département, Bretagne région, western France. It is situated at the confluence of two streams forming the Vanne River, which opens into the virtually landlocked Gulf of Morbihan about 1 mile (1.5 km) below the town. A market center, it has spread around the old

Urartian language, ancient language spoken in northeastern Anatolia and used as the official language of Urartu in the 9th–6th centuries bce. Urartu centred on the district of Lake Van but also extended over the Transcaucasian regions of modern Russia and into northwestern Iran and at times even

Perugino was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbria school and the teacher of Raphael. His work (e.g., Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter, 1481–82, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel in Rome) anticipated High Renaissance ideals in its compositional clarity, sense of spaciousness, and economy of

Vanoise National Park, nature reserve in Savoie département, Rhône-Alpes région, southeastern France. It is contiguous with the Gran Paradiso National Park in Italy. The park, created in 1963, is the oldest French national park and occupies 130,565 acres (52,839 hectares). The park is dominated by

James Thomson was a Scottish Victorian poet who is best remembered for his sombre, imaginative poem “The City of Dreadful Night,” a symbolic expression of his horror of urban dehumanization. Reared in an orphanage, Thomson entered the Royal Military Academy, Chelsea, became a regimental

Morgan Freeman: …2021 include the crime thriller Vanquish, the action comedy The Hitman’s Wife’s Bodyguard, and the sci-fi anthology TV series Solos. He starred in the movies Paradise Highway and The Minute You Wake Up Dead, both released in 2022.

Bernard van Risenburgh II was a furniture maker of the Louis XV period and a member of a family of Dutch origin that included three generations of Parisian furniture makers. Bernard II served his apprenticeship in the family workshop, setting up his own establishment in 1730 after becoming a master

Robert Gilbert Vansittart, Baron Vansittart was a British diplomat, author, and extreme Germanophobe. Vansittart was educated at Eton and then trained for diplomatic service. He was first secretary at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–20) and principal private secretary to Lord Curzon (1920–24) and

India: The period of disorder, 1760–72: …so strong that the governor, Henry Vansittart (served 1760–64), found himself unable to control them. Under the company’s constitution, he had only one vote in a council of up to a dozen and could be overruled by any knot of determined men. During these years, a body of British merchants,…

Robert Gilbert Vansittart, Baron Vansittart was a British diplomat, author, and extreme Germanophobe. Vansittart was educated at Eton and then trained for diplomatic service. He was first secretary at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–20) and principal private secretary to Lord Curzon (1920–24) and

Robert Gilbert Vansittart, Baron Vansittart: …Germanophobic doctrine—which became known as Vansittartism—that held that the conduct of German war leaders from the time of the Franco-German War (1870–71) had had the wholehearted support of the German people and that Germany had to be permanently demilitarized and isolated politically to ensure against future aggression. In terms of…

Vantaa, city, southern Finland, just north of Helsinki. Located in the estuary of the Vantaa River, it was incorporated as a city in 1972. Notable landmarks are the Church of St. Lauri (1492), the Parish of Helsinki Museum, and the Finnish Aviation Museum. Vantaa is connected with Helsinki and

Vantablack, the brand name for a class of super-black coatings that absorb nearly 100 percent of the light falling on them. Developed by the British company Surrey NanoSystems (SNS), Vantablack is one of the darkest synthetic materials in the world. When applied to surfaces, its extreme light

Western sculpture: Constructivism and Dada: …those by Kazimir Malevich and Georges Vantongerloo, have the appearance of architectural models. The Constructivists created, in effect, sculptural metaphors for the new world of science, industry, and production; their aesthetic principles are reflected in much of the furniture, architecture, and typography of the Bauhaus.

Lau Group: The chief island is Vanua Balavu, site of Lomaloma, now a copra port. Lomaloma was the base for the Tongan chief Maʿafu in his unsuccessful 1855 bid for domination of the islands of Fiji. The second most important island is Lakeba (Lakemba), site of the first Wesleyan missionary venture…

Vanua Lava, volcanic island in the Banks Islands of Vanuatu, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 75 miles (120 km) north-northeast of Espiritu Santo. The island, 15 miles (24 km) long by 12 miles (19 km) wide, was first explored in 1859 by Bishop George Selwyn, who located a good harbour (Port Patteson) on

Vanua Levu Island, second largest island of Fiji, bordering the Koro Sea in the South Pacific Ocean, 40 miles (64 km) northeast of the island of Viti Levu. Sighted by the Dutch navigator Abel Janszoon Tasman in 1643, the volcanic Vanua Levu (“Great Land”) was formerly called Sandalwood Island. It

Vanuatu: History of Vanuatu: The Vanua’aku Pati (VP, “Our Land Party”), headed by Father Walter Lini, formed the first parliamentary majority, with Lini as prime minister. The VP retained slim majorities under Lini’s leadership throughout the 1980s. Lini’s government pursued a nonaligned foreign policy, establishing diplomatic and economic ties with…

Vanuatu, country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, consisting of a chain of 13 principal and many smaller islands located about 500 miles (800 km) west of Fiji and 1,100 miles (1,770 km) east of Australia. The islands extend north-south for some 400 miles (650 km) in an irregular Y shape. The

At the first South Pacific Games in 1963 a team from the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) displayed a flag of blue-yellow-white vertical stripes with a central emblem. Later, political parties developed flags of their own. Not surprisingly for a Melanesian-populated area, the traditional colours red,

history of Vanuatu, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Vanuatu, from prehistory to the present day. Vanuatu lies in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, consisting of a chain of 13 principal and many smaller islands located about 500 miles (800 km) west of Fiji and 1,100 miles

Vanuatu, country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, consisting of a chain of 13 principal and many smaller islands located about 500 miles (800 km) west of Fiji and 1,100 miles (1,770 km) east of Australia. The islands extend north-south for some 400 miles (650 km) in an irregular Y shape. The

nuclear weapon: Israel: …a result of revelations by Mordechai Vanunu, a technician who worked at Dimona from 1977 to 1985. Before leaving his job, Vanunu took dozens of photographs of Dimona’s most secret areas, as well as of plutonium components, of a full-scale model of a thermonuclear bomb, and of work on tritium…

Luigi Vanvitelli was an Italian architect whose enormous Royal Palace at Caserta (1752–74) was one of the last triumphs of the Italian Baroque. Vanvitelli was trained by Niccolò Salvi and worked with him on lengthening the facade of Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s Palazzo Chigi (1664–1745, Rome). He

Sigourney Weaver: Theater: …Sex and Longing (1996) and Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike (2013), both written by Christopher Durang.

Louis Malle: Malle’s last film was Vanya on 42nd Street (1994), in which a theatre ensemble gives a reading of Anton Chekhov’s play Uncle Vanya.

Serrano: …river basins; another band, the Vanyume, resided along the Mojave River; and a third, the Serrano proper, held the San Bernardino Mountains, adjacent valleys, and a portion of the Mojave Desert.

Edna St. Vincent Millay: …the defense of Sacco and Vanzetti and personally appealed to the governor of the state for their lives. Her major later works include The Buck in the Snow (1928), which introduced a more somber tone to her poetry; Fatal Interview (1931), a highly acclaimed sonnet sequence; and Wine from These…

Konstantin Päts: …coup d’état by the fascist “Vap” movement, which had sponsored the constitution. He arrested the leaders of the movement and assumed dictatorial powers. Päts’s authoritarian regime lasted until the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in June 1940. He was deported to the U.S.S.R. at the start of the occupation and died…

Vapheio, ancient site in Laconia, Greece, on the right bank of the Eurotas River, five miles south of Sparta; the site is known for its tholos tomb, excavated in 1888. The tomb, which probably belonged to Pharis, contained artifacts typical of the Late Minoan period, c. 1500 bce. Most notable is a

Vapheio, ancient site in Laconia, Greece, on the right bank of the Eurotas River, five miles south of Sparta; the site is known for its tholos tomb, excavated in 1888. The tomb, which probably belonged to Pharis, contained artifacts typical of the Late Minoan period, c. 1500 bce. Most notable is a

Vaping is the act of using e-cigarettes battery-powered devices that heat a liquid into an aerosol vapor for inhalation. The liquid used in e-cigarettes is also known as “e-liquid” or “vape juice.” The main components are generally flavoring, nicotine, and water, along with vegetable glycerin and

absolute humidity: vapour concentration or density in the air. If mv is the mass of vapour in a volume of air, then absolute humidity, or dv, is simply dv = mv/ V, in which V is the volume and dv is expressed

Buenaventura Carles Aribau: …editors of El Europeo and El vapor, two of the most important periodicals of the Romantic movement, the latter heavily reflecting the medievalist influence of the British novelist Sir Walter Scott. His Oda a la patria, upon which his fame rests, was a defense of regional feeling, written in the…

vaporization, conversion of a substance from the liquid or solid phase into the gaseous (vapour) phase. If conditions allow the formation of vapour bubbles within a liquid, the vaporization process is called boiling. Direct conversion from solid to vapour is called sublimation. Heat must be

thermodynamics: The Clausius-Clapeyron equation: …pressure remains equal to the vapour pressure Pvap as the piston moves up, as long as both phases remain present. All that happens is that more water turns to steam, and the heat reservoir must supply the latent heat of vaporization, λ = 40.65 kilojoules per mole, in order to…

carbon group element: Crystal structure: …from solid to gas), and vaporization (change from liquid to gas) among these four elements, with increasing atomic number and atomic size, indicate a parallel weakening of the covalent bonds in this type of structure. The actual or probable arrangement of valence electrons is often impossible to determine, and, instead,…

absolute humidity: vapour concentration or density in the air. If mv is the mass of vapour in a volume of air, then absolute humidity, or dv, is simply dv = mv/ V, in which V is the volume and dv is expressed

water supply system: Thermal processes: In the vapour-compression system, heat is provided by the compression of vapour rather than by direct heat input from a boiler. When the vapour is rapidly compressed, its temperature rises. Some of the compressed and heated vapour is then recycled through a series of tubes passing through…

amorphous solid: Vapour condensation techniques: …shows the simplest of these vapour-condensation techniques. A vapour stream, formed within a vacuum chamber by thermal evaporation of a sample of the material to be deposited, impinges on the surface of a cold substrate. The atoms condense on the cold surface and, under a range of conditions (usually a…

vacuum technology: Vapour diffusion pump: This pump is mainly used on equipment for the study of clean surfaces and in radio-frequency sputtering. Capacities are available up to 190,000 cu ft per minute with an operating pressure range of 10-2 to less than 10-9 torr when water-cooled baffles…

electric discharge lamp, lighting device consisting of a transparent container within which a gas is energized by an applied voltage and thereby made to glow. The French astronomer Jean Picard observed (1675) a faint glow in the tube of a mercury barometer when it was agitated, but the cause of the

vapour lock, partial or complete interruption of the fuel flow in an internal-combustion engine, caused by the formation of vapour or bubbles of gas in the fuel-feeding system. Vapour forms because of fuel boiling in the fuel lines, usually as a result of excessive heating of the engine in hot

vapour pressure, pressure exerted by a vapour when the vapour is in equilibrium with the liquid or solid form, or both, of the same substance—i.e., when conditions are such that the substance can exist in both or in all three phases. Vapour pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to

vacuum technology: Vapour diffusion pump: This pump is mainly used on equipment for the study of clean surfaces and in radio-frequency sputtering. Capacities are available up to 190,000 cu ft per minute with an operating pressure range of 10-2 to less than 10-9 torr when water-cooled baffles…

contrail, streamer of cloud sometimes observed behind an airplane flying in clear, cold, humid air. A contrail forms when water vapor produced by the combustion of fuel in airplane engines condenses upon soot particles or sulfur aerosols in the plane’s exhaust. When the ambient relative humidity is

advanced ceramics: Film deposition: …physical vapour deposition (PVD) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD). PVD methods include laser ablation, in which a high-energy laser blasts material from a target and through a vapour to a substrate, where the material is deposited. Another PVD approach involves sputtering, in which energetic electrons bombard the surface of a…

thermodynamics: The Clausius-Clapeyron equation: …pressure remains equal to the vapour pressure Pvap as the piston moves up, as long as both phases remain present. All that happens is that more water turns to steam, and the heat reservoir must supply the latent heat of vaporization, λ = 40.65 kilojoules per mole, in order to…

polio vaccine: Historical developments: OPV also can cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). As a result, in the 21st century, many high-income countries transitioned back to IPV, which is not associated with a risk of VDPV. Affordable IPV strategies also were under development for low-income countries.

Baltic states: Politics: In Estonia the “Vaps” (Vabadussõjalaste Liit; “League of Freedom Fighters”), originally a group of war veterans, emerged as a mass anticommunist and antiparliamentary movement. In October 1933 a referendum on constitutional reform initiated by the Vaps was approved by 72.7 percent. The acting president, Konstantin Päts, was expected…

Bulgarian literature: …and later, the young, gifted Nikola Vaptsarov, who died a martyr in the anti-Nazi resistance, but not before he had hailed the dawn of Socialism and the machine age in his poems Motorni pesni (1940; “Motor Songs”) and Izbrani stihotvoreniya (1946; “Selected Verses”).

vaquita, (Phocoena sinus), species of nonmigratory marine mammal known for being the smallest member of the porpoise family, Phocoenidae, and the most endangered marine mammal species on Earth. Most researchers acknowledge that the vaquita population is made up of roughly 10 individuals; however,

steel: Vacuum arc remelting (VAR): In this process, employed for casting steels that contain easily oxidized alloying elements, a consumable electrode made of forged steel or of compacted powder or sponge is continuously melted by an arc under vacuum. At the same time, the shallow molten…

Gurdās, Bhāī: …40 (some scholars say 39) vārs (ballads) in Punjabi and 556 kabitts (short poems) in Braj Bhāṣā (a western dialect of Hindi). The vārs enjoy semicanonical status and are among the only compositions outside the sacred scriptures that Sikhs are allowed to recite and sing within the confines of the…

Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur: Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, and Vaucluse. Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur is bounded by the régions of Occitanie to the west and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north. Other boundaries include Italy to the east and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The région is nearly coextensive with the historic

ancient Iranian religion: Creation of the cosmos: …gigantic three-story barnlike structure (vara) to hold pairs of animals and seeds of plants. From the fragmentary version of the myth that has survived, it appears that the vara is actually a sort of paradise or island of the blessed, though this story originated as a pastoralist myth about…

metes and bounds: …such as feet or chains.

São Miguel Island: …origin, with peaks culminating in Vara Peak, 3,570 feet (1,105 metres) above sea level. The island has been devastated by nearly a dozen earthquakes and eruptions since the 15th century.

Laura Riding was an American poet, critic, and prose writer who was influential among the literary avant-garde during the 1920s and ’30s. From 1918 to 1921 Riding attended Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., and soon her poetry began to gain attention. Early on she came to be associated with the

semiconductor device: Varactor diode: The varactor (variable reactor) is a device whose reactance can be varied in a controlled manner with a bias voltage. It is a p-n junction with a special impurity profile, and its capacitance variation is very sensitive to reverse-biased voltage. Varactors are widely…

Indian philosophy: The old school: 950; “The Essence of Nyaya”), Varadaraja’s Tarkikaraksha ( c. 1150; “In Defense of the Logician”), Vallabha’s Nyayalilavati (12th century; “The Charm of Nyaya”), Keshava Mishra’s Tarkabhasha ( c. 1275; “The Language of Reasoning”), Annam Bhatta’s Tarkasamgraha (c. 1623; “Compendium of Logic”), and Vishvanatha’s

S.R. Srinivasa Varadhan is an Indian mathematician awarded the 2007 Abel Prize by the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters “for his fundamental contributions to probability theory and in particular for creating a unified theory of large deviations.” Varadhan received a bachelor’s degree (1959)

Leo Varadkar is an Irish politician who became leader of the Fine Gael party and Ireland’s first openly gay taoiseach (prime minister) in June 2017. He served as taoiseach until June 2020 and returned to the post in December 2022. He resigned in April 2024. Varadkar’s mother, an Irish-born nurse,

Varahamihira was an Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, author of the Pancha-siddhantika (“Five Treatises”), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian astronomy. Varahamihira’s knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In five sections, his monumental work progresses

Varaha, opaque watercolour painting on paper that is attributed to the Indian artist Mahesh of Chamba, an artist of the Chamba school of Pahari painting. This work was created in about 1750–75. Mahesh was active at the Chamba court between 1730 and 1770. Little is known about him, but it is

Varaha, third of the 10 incarnations (avatars) of the Hindu god Vishnu. When a demon named Hiranyaksha dragged the earth to the bottom of the sea, Vishnu took the form of a boar in order to rescue it. They fought for a thousand years. Then Varaha slew the demon and raised the earth out of the water

Varahamihira was an Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, author of the Pancha-siddhantika (“Five Treatises”), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian astronomy. Varahamihira’s knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In five sections, his monumental work progresses

Saptamatrika: …Kumara), Vaishnavi (wife of Vishnu), Varahi (wife of Varaha, or the boar, an avatar [incarnation] of Vishnu), Indrani (wife of Indra), and Chamunda, or Yami (wife of Yama). One text, the Varaha-purana, states that they number eight, including Yogeshvari, created out of the flame from Shiva’s mouth.

Bahrām I was a Sāsānian king who reigned from 273–276. A son of Shāpūr I, during his father’s reign he governed the province of Atropatene. His succession to his brother Hormizd I strengthened the position of the Zoroastrian clergy and their high priest Kartēr, and at their insistence Bahrām

Bahrām II was a Sāsānian king who reigned from 276–293, the son and successor of Bahrām I. Soon after becoming king, he was forced to defend his position against a brother, Hormizd, viceroy of the eastern provinces. In 283, exploiting Bahrām’s preoccupations, the Roman emperor Carus invaded

Narses: …the succession of Bahrām’s son, Bahrām III. Narses later antagonized Rome by occupying the independent portion of Armenia. In the following year he suffered a severe reversal, losing his war chest and his harem. He then concluded a peace (296), by the terms of which Armenia remained under Roman suzerainty,…

Bahrām IV was a Sāsānian king who reigned from 388–399. One of the sons of Shāpūr II, Bahrām first served as governor of Kermān before succeeding his brother Shāpūr III on the throne. Although the partition of Armenia with Rome is frequently ascribed to Bahrām, it probably occurred in 387, during

Bahrām V was a Sāsānian king (reigned 420–438). He was celebrated in literature, art, and folklore for his chivalry, romantic adventures, and huntsmanship. (Read Sir Walter Scott’s 1824 Britannica essay on chivalry.) He was educated at the court of al-Mundhir, the Lakhmid Arab king of al-Ḥira, in

Bahrām VI Chūbīn was a Sāsānian king (reigned 590–591). A general and head of the house of Mihran at Rayy (near modern Tehrān), he performed, in gaining the throne, a feat exceptional for one not of Sāsānian royal blood. Prominent as master of the household in the Byzantine wars of the Sāsānian

South Asian arts: Marathi: …arose, the Mahānubhāva and the Varakari Panth, both of which put forth vast quantities of literature. The latter sect was perhaps the more productive, for it became associated with bhakti, when that movement stirred Mahārāshtra in the early 14th century, and particularly with the popular cult of Viṭṭhoba at Pandharpur.…

Central Asian arts: Sogdiana: …extremely fragmentary, are from the Varakhsha, a princely residence to the northeast of Bukhara, now lying in the desert; they date from the 3rd to the 4th century ce. Murals discovered at the beginning of the 20th century at Samarkand, which are almost contemporary with those at Varakhsha, have been…

Treaty of Värälä, (1790), settlement ending the Russo-Swedish War begun by Sweden (with British diplomatic support) in 1788. It maintained, in Russia’s favour, the territorial dispositions of 1743. See Åbo, Treaty

Treaty of Värälä, (1790), settlement ending the Russo-Swedish War begun by Sweden (with British diplomatic support) in 1788. It maintained, in Russia’s favour, the territorial dispositions of 1743. See Åbo, Treaty

Varallo, town, Piemonte (Piedmont) region, northwestern Italy. It lies along the Sesia River, 31 miles (50 km) northwest of Novara. The town is rich in art and churches, among which are San Gaudenzio (restored 1710), with a polyptych by the 16th-century painter Gaudenzio Ferrari, who left his most

Varanasi, city, southeastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is located on the left bank of the Ganges (Ganga) River and is one of the seven sacred cities of Hinduism. Pop. (2001) city, 1,091,918; urban agglom., 1,203,961; (2011) city, 1,198,491; urban agglom., 1,432,280. Varanasi is one of