uniform distribution, in statistics, distribution function in which every possible result is equally likely; that is, the probability of each occurring is the same. As one of the simplest possible distributions, the uniform distribution is sometimes used as the null hypothesis, or initial

ICANN: …the Internet, ICANN promulgated a Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy to resolve domain name controversies. ICANN also licensed several arbitration services to interpret and enforce it, with the assistance of the World Intellectual Property Organization. The first cases under ICANN’s dispute resolution policy, including those brought by the World…

electron tube: Electron motion in a vacuum: …of an electron in a uniform field is given by a simple application of Isaac Newton’s second law of motion, force = mass × acceleration, in which the force is exerted on the electron by an applied electric field E (measured in volts per metre). Mathematically, the equation of motion…

legislation: Uniform laws: Since each state as well as the national government has lawmaking power, it is not surprising that in many instances state and federal laws on the same subject have contained different and conflicting provisions. This has been especially undesirable in regard to commercial…

Uniform Marital Property Act (UMPA), U.S. law enacted in 1983 that defined the ownership of property by married persons and the means to divide the property in the event of divorce or death. The Uniform Marital Property Act (UMPA) created a class of property that belonged to the marriage rather

Presidents’ Day: In 1968 Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Bill, which moved a number of federal holidays to Mondays. The change was designed to schedule certain holidays so that workers had a number of long weekends throughout the year, but it has been opposed by those who believe that those holidays…

linear motion, motion in one spatial dimension. According to Newton’s first law (also known as the principle of inertia), a body with no net force acting on it will either remain at rest or continue to move with uniform speed in a straight line, according to its initial condition of motion. In

inheritance: Uniform Probate Code (U.S.): The latest state of U.S. thinking is expressed in the Uniform Probate Code, approved in 1969 and amended in 1975, 1982, 1987, 1989, 1990–91, and 1997 by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and the American Bar Association.…

region: …or uniform, defined by the homogeneous distribution of some phenomena within it (e.g., a tropical rainforest).

URL: …the above example is a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) fragment. The number sign, known in this context as an anchor, acts like a bookmark within the resource, instructing the Web browser to show the content at that particular point. For example, a number sign followed by a word is an…

URL, compact string of numbers, letters, and symbols that a computer uses to find a resource on a network and act upon it. URLs are often colloquially referred to as Web addresses, or simply addresses, since Web pages are the most common resources that users employ URLs to find. However, all files

dispersion: …gather in clumps; or a uniform pattern, with a roughly equal spacing of individuals. The type of pattern often results from the nature of the relationships within the population. Social animals, such as chimpanzees, tend to gather in groups, while territorial animals, such as birds, tend to assume uniform spacing.…

formal logic: Axiomatization of LPC: Rules of uniform substitution for predicate calculi, though formulable, are mostly very complicated, and, to avoid the necessity for these rules, axioms for these systems are therefore usually given by axiom schemata in the sense explained earlier (see above Axiomatization of PC). Given the formation…

uniformitarianism, in geology, the doctrine suggesting that Earth’s geologic processes acted in the same manner and with essentially the same intensity in the past as they do in the present and that such uniformity is sufficient to account for all geologic change. This principle is fundamental to

measurement system: …measures are the concepts of uniformity, units, and standards. Uniformity, the essence of any system of weights and measures, requires accurate, reliable standards of mass and length and agreed-on units. A unit is the name of a quantity, such as kilogram or pound. A standard is the physical embodiment of…

Book of Common Prayer: …Book, enacted by the first Act of Uniformity of Edward VI in 1549, was prepared primarily by Thomas Cranmer, who became archbishop of Canterbury in 1533. It was viewed as a compromise between old and new ideas and was in places diplomatically ambiguous in its implied teaching; it aroused opposition…

Unigenitus, bull issued by Pope Clement XI on Sept. 8, 1713, condemning the doctrines of Jansenism, a dissident religious movement within France. The publication of the bull began a doctrinal controversy in France that lasted throughout much of the 18th century and that merged with the French

Unigenitus, bull issued by Pope Clement XI on Sept. 8, 1713, condemning the doctrines of Jansenism, a dissident religious movement within France. The publication of the bull began a doctrinal controversy in France that lasted throughout much of the 18th century and that merged with the French

Do Whales Sleep?: …a fascinating process known as unihemispheric slow-wave sleep. This means that one hemisphere of the whale’s brain remains active while the other rests. This allows whales to maintain enough awareness to surface for air and to keep an eye out for potential threats. Dolphins, which are also cetaceans, also keep…

Zimbabwe: Rhodesia and the UDI: …independence, Smith’s government announced the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on November 11, 1965.

respiratory disease: Pulmonary emphysema: …the disease appears to be unilateral, involving one lung only and causing few symptoms. Unilateral emphysema is believed to result from a severe bronchiolitis in childhood that prevented normal maturation of the lung on that side. “Congenital lobar emphysema” of infants is usually a misnomer, since there is no alveolar…

mental disorder: Electroconvulsive treatment: Unilateral ECT produces noticeably less confusion and memory impairment in patients, but more treatments may be needed. Patients recover consciousness rapidly after the treatment but may be confused and may experience a mild headache for an hour or two.

international payment and exchange: The current account: Among unilateral transfers the more important are outright aid by governments, subscriptions to international agencies, grants by charitable foundations, and remittances by immigrants to their former home countries.

Unilever is a global consumer goods company that manufactures and sells a range of products, including soaps, detergents, foods, beverages, and personal care items. Its products are sold in more than 190 countries. The company is headquartered in London and operates through a single parent entity,

Unilever: Origins and formation: …consisting of two parent companies—Unilever NV in the Netherlands and Unilever PLC in the U.K.—which functioned as a single business with a unified board of directors and equalized dividends.

Unilever: …through a single parent entity, Unilever PLC, after unifying its Anglo-Dutch structure in 2020. It maintains significant operations in both the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, including a long-standing presence in Rotterdam.

matriarchy: The theory known as unilineal cultural evolution, now discredited, suggested that human social organization “evolved” through a series of stages: animalistic sexual promiscuity was followed by matriarchy, which was in turn followed by patriarchy. The American anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan, the Swiss anthropologist J.J. Bachofen, and the German philosopher…

clan: This descent is usually unilineal, or derived only through the male (patriclan) or the female (matriclan) line. Normally, but not always, the clans are exogamous, or out-marrying: marriage within the clan is forbidden and regarded as a form of incest. Clans may segment into subclans or lineages, and genealogical…

puppetry: Puppetry in the contemporary world: …usually sponsored by UNIMA, the Union Internationale de la Marionnette, an international society of puppeteers. Originally founded in 1929 and reconstituted in 1957, UNIMA has members in some 65 countries and provides a common meeting ground for professional and amateur performers, critics, and enthusiasts. In the meantime traditional styles of…

Alaska: Relief: The largest islands are Unimak, Unalaska, and Umnak. On the occasionally clear summer days, active volcanoes and such glacier-covered peaks as symmetrical Shishaldin Volcano (9,372 feet [2,857 meters]) on Unimak can be seen. Usually, however, the weather is wet and stormy, the winds horizontal and cutting, and the fog…

robot: Industrial robots: …industrial robot was the programmable Unimate, an electronically controlled hydraulic heavy-lifting arm that could repeat arbitrary sequences of motions. It was invented in 1954 by the American engineer George Devol and was developed by Unimation Inc., a company founded in 1956 by American engineer Joseph Engelberger. In 1959 a prototype…

robot: Industrial robots: …Devol and was developed by Unimation Inc., a company founded in 1956 by American engineer Joseph Engelberger. In 1959 a prototype of the Unimate was introduced in a General Motors Corporation die-casting factory in Trenton, New Jersey. In 1961 Condec Corp. (after purchasing Unimation the preceding year) delivered the world’s…

reaction mechanism: Unimolecular: Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions proceed by a two-stage mechanism in which heterolysis precedes reaction with the nucleophile. The following equation is a typical example:in which the symbols are the same as in earlier equations, with the addition of delta plus (δ+) and delta minus…

reaction mechanism: Unimolecular: Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions proceed by a two-stage mechanism in which heterolysis precedes reaction with the nucleophile. The following equation is a typical example:in which the symbols are the same as in earlier equations, with the addition of delta plus (δ+) and delta minus…

What’s slimy and spineless and looking to parasitize you? (They’re not running for office, if that narrows it down.) Worms! Don’t worry about the fleshy little wrigglers that emerge after it rains…they’re cool with just hanging out in the dirt. But some of their cousins are just itching to turn

The Uninvited, American horror film, released in 1944, that is considered a classic of the genre, noted for its serious and understated take on the traditional ghost story. While on vacation, siblings Roderick (played by Ray Milland) and Pamela Fitzgerald (Ruth Hussey) impulsively purchase a house

Protestantism: The rise of Pietism: …stressed the notion of the unio mystica (mystical union) between the believer and Jesus, a 17th-century Lutheran doctrinal addition, the central Arndtian theme was not that of mystical union but stressed repentance, regeneration, and new life, which would become the essence of Pietism.

Union, county, northern South Carolina, U.S. It is bordered by the Pacolet River to the north, the Broad River to the east, and the Enoree River to the south. The southern half of it is within Sumter National Forest, including Rose Hill Plantation State Park, home of William H. Gist, the state’s

organized labour, association and activities of workers in a trade or industry for the purpose of obtaining or assuring improvements in working conditions through their collective action. British trade unionism has a long and continuous history. Medieval guilds, which regulated craft production,

Union, county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., bounded by the Passaic River to the west, Newark Bay and Arthur Kill to the east, the Rahway River to the southeast, and Green Brook to the southwest. The land rises from coastal lowlands in the east to a piedmont region in the west and is drained by

Union, county, northeastern New Mexico, U.S., bordered on the north by Colorado and on the east by Oklahoma and Texas. It lies in the Great Plains. The eastern landscape is marked by black-capped mesas and the twin Rabbit Ear Mountains, ancient volcanic vents that became a landmark on the southern

Union, county, central Pennsylvania, U.S., bounded by the West Branch Susquehanna River to the east and Penns Creek Mountain to the south. The mountainous ridge-and-valley terrain includes Buffalo, Paddy, and Nittany mountains and is drained by Penns, Buffalo, and White Deer creeks. Parklands

Union, township (town), Union county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., on the Elizabeth River, 5 miles (8 km) northwest of the town of Elizabeth, New Jersey. Settled in 1749 as Connecticut Farms, Union was originally a part of Elizabeth but was incorporated as a separate community in 1808. It once

Union, city, seat of Union county, northern South Carolina, U.S. It lies in hilly piedmont country near the Broad River, 68 miles (109 km) northwest of Columbia. Union was first settled in 1791 as Unionville around Union Church (1765), which was used by various denominations. During the American

formal logic: Set theory: Similarly, the union of x and y, symbolized as x ∪ y, is the class the members of which are the members of x together with those of y—in this case all the dots on the cross—i.e., {z : z ∊ x ∨ z ∊ y}; the…

Associations for the Defense of Rights: …whom were members of the Committee of Union and Progress, which was dissolved in 1918). In 1919 Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk) arrived in Anatolia as inspector general of the 3rd Army and established contacts with the groups there. Mustafa Kemal resigned his post that July and persuaded the Association for…

Leo Tolstoy: Conversion and religious beliefs: …perevod chetyrokh yevangeliy (written 1881; Union and Translation of the Four Gospels), and V chyom moya vera? (written 1884; What I Believe); he later added Tsarstvo bozhiye vnutri vas (1893; The Kingdom of God Is Within You) and many other essays and tracts. In brief, Tolstoy rejected all the sacraments,…

Peter III: …nobles and some municipalities, the Unión Aragonesa, forced him to grant a privilege not only confirming the Aragonese fueros (legal rights) but diminishing some of the crown’s rights. In 1285 Philip III of France invaded Aragon to dethrone Peter but was disastrously defeated. Peter, however, soon died. His great stature…

African Americans: The Civil War era: …recruited Black men into the Union armed forces. Douglass declared in the North Star, “Who would be free themselves must strike the blow.” By the end of the Civil War more than 186,000 African Americans were in the Union army. They performed heroically despite discrimination in pay, rations, equipment, and…

Union Bank of Switzerland, former Swiss bank, one of the largest banks in Switzerland until its merger with the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1998. Headquarters were in Zürich. The bank was founded in 1912 in the merger of Bank in Winterthur (established 1862) and Toggenburger Bank (1863). It

W. Averell Harriman: …Harriman and helped establish the Union Banking Corporation (UBC), both of which were enmeshed with the financial interests of German industrialist Fritz Thyssen, who helped fund the rise of the Nazi Party. Despite the release of documents in the early 21st century that confirmed that UBC’s holdings were vested by…

Henry Ford II: …chief Harry Bennett, whose strong-arm union-busting tactics had earned the company a great deal of opprobrium. He brought in a group of talented systems analysts from the U.S. Air Force who became known as the “Whiz Kids,” among them Robert S. McNamara, later to become Ford’s president. One of the…

New Caledonia: History of New Caledonia: …to bring to power the Caledonian Union (Union Calédonienne) party on a ticket of full self-government in local affairs. Progress toward self-government was made in 1957 when a Territorial Assembly was created with powers to elect an executive under the presidency of a high commissioner. In the 1970s the Caledonian…

Union Carbide Corporation, major American manufacturer of chemicals, petrochemicals, and related products. It became a subsidiary of the Dow Chemical Company in 2001. Its headquarters are in North Seadrift, Texas. The company was formed in 1917 as Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, acquiring

Union Carbide Corporation, major American manufacturer of chemicals, petrochemicals, and related products. It became a subsidiary of the Dow Chemical Company in 2001. Its headquarters are in North Seadrift, Texas. The company was formed in 1917 as Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, acquiring

Spain: National parties: …Centre (Unión de Centro Democrático; UCD), and the major opposition party was the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español; PSOE). The only other national parties of importance were the right-wing Popular Alliance (Alianza Popular; AP) and the Spanish Communist Party (Partido Comunista de España; PCE).

Union City, city, Hudson county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., just north of Hoboken. It lies near the western end of the Lincoln Tunnel, on the Palisades overlooking the Hudson River and New York City. In an area originally settled by the Dutch and later by many Germans, the city was established

Radical Civic Union (UCR), major centre-left political party in Argentina. For much of the 20th century, the Radical Civic Union (UCR) was the primary opposition party to the Peronists, who are represented by the Justicialist Party. The UCR draws significant support from Argentina’s urban middle

Union College, private, coeducational institution of higher education located in Schenectady, New York, U.S. Comprising about 20 academic departments, it offers a curriculum in liberal arts and engineering, with an emphasis on undergraduate education. Union College cooperates with Albany Medical

cycling: Competition: …is governed overall by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), which is based in Switzerland, and by each country’s cycling federation. Amateur races are held for both men and women in local, regional, and national competition by age group, ranging upward in age from competitors 12 to 13 years old. In…

UNASUR, South American organization created in 2008 to propel regional integration on issues including democracy, education, energy, environment, infrastructure, and security and to eliminate social inequality and exclusion. It was inspired by and modeled after the European Union. UNASUR’s members

Argentina: Political process: …of dissident Peronists; and the Union of the Democratic Centre (Unión del Centro Democrático; UCD, or UCéDé), a traditional liberal party. The PJ has controlled the government most of the time since civilian rule was restored in the early 1980s, notably under President Carlos Menem in the 1990s. Frepaso was…

Nicaragua: The Somoza years: …Press”) of Managua, called the Democratic Union of Liberation (Unión Democrática de Liberación; UDEL). In December 1974 the Sandinistas staged a successful kidnapping of Somoza elites, for which ransom and the release of political prisoners were obtained. In response, the regime embarked on a two-and-a-half-year counterinsurgency effort that, in addition…

Swiss People’s Party, conservative Swiss political party. The Swiss People’s Party (SVP) was founded in 1971 by the merger of the Farmers, Artisans, and Citizens’ Party—generally known as the Agrarian Party—with the Democratic Party. It has pursued conservative social and economic policies,

Ferhat Abbas: …Démocratique du Manifeste Algérien (UDMA; Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto), which advocated cooperation with France in the formation of the Algerian state. Abbas’ moderate and conciliatory attempts failed to evoke a sympathetic response from the French colonial officials, however, and in 1956 he escaped to Cairo to join the…

Mali: Constitutional history: …enacted in 1979, made the Malian People’s Democratic Union (Union Démocratique du Peuple Malien; UDPM) the country’s sole legal party until 1991. In 1992 a third constitution was approved, providing for the separation of powers into three government branches, including a unicameral National Assembly as the legislative body. It also…

René Pleven: …was president of the left-centre Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (Union Démocratique et Socialiste de la Résistance; UDSR); he was twice minister of defense (1949–50, 1952–54) and twice premier (July 1950–February 1951 and August 1951–January 1952).

Republic of the Congo: Congo since independence: …Socialiste Africain; MSA) and the Democratic Union for the Defense of African Interests (Union Démocratique pour la Défense des Intérêts Africains; UDDIA). The two parties pitted the north against the south, an opposition that stemmed from the privileged place occupied by the southern Kongo and Vili in the colonial era.…

Faure Gnassingbé: Presidency: …the main opposition group, the Union of Forces of Change (Union des Forces du Changement; UFC), disputed the outcome. In May the RPT-led government reached an agreement with the UFC that provided for their participation in the new government; the decision, however, was not universally accepted within the UFC and…

Cameroon: Moving toward independence: …Union (Union des Populations Camerounaises; UPC), led by Felix-Roland Moumie and Reuben Um Nyobe, demanded a thorough break with France and the establishment of a socialist economy. French officials suppressed the UPC, leading to a bitter civil war, while encouraging alternative political leaders. On January 1, 1960, independence was granted.…

John Sayles: ” Sayles’s second novel, Union Dues (1977), which follows a West Virginia miner’s search for his son against the backdrop of the tumultuous 1960s, was a finalist for a National Book Award. His short stories from the period were collected in The Anarchist’s Convention (1979).

agency shop: …employment where union members pay union dues and other workers pay service fees to the union to cover the cost of collective bargaining. An agency shop agreement allows the employer to hire both union and nonunion workers without harming the trade union; the practice is considered to be a form…

Benelux, economic union of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, with the objective of bringing about total economic integration by ensuring free circulation of persons, goods, capital, and services; by following a coordinated policy in the economic, financial, and social fields; and by

Burkina Faso: Finance: …States, an agency of the West African Economic and Monetary Union, which consists of eight countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo) that were once French colonies in Africa. Branches of the central bank in Burkina Faso are located in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. Among…

Burundi: Burundi under colonial rule: …in 1955, three years later Unity for National Progress (Unité pour le Progrès National; UPRONA) was established in Burundi. In 1959 the mwami was made a constitutional monarch in Burundi.

European Union (EU), international organization comprising 27 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. Originally confined to western Europe, the EU undertook a robust expansion into central and eastern Europe in the early 21st century. The EU’s members are

Lutheranism: Modernity: …the name Churches of the Prussian Union.

Garganta del Diablo, spectacular cataract on the Río Iguazú (Rio Iguaçu) at the border of Argentina and Brazil. The water roars down a descent of 269 feet (82

The earliest form of the flag of Great Britain, developed in 1606 and used during the reigns of James I (1603–25) and Charles I (1625–49), displayed the red cross of England superimposed on the white cross of Scotland, with the blue field of the latter. Because in heraldry a red on blue is not

René Pleven: …formed a new party, the Union for a Modern Democracy, in 1959. In 1966 he criticized de Gaulle for withdrawing France from NATO, but he supported the Gaullist government after de Gaulle’s resignation in April 1969. He was minister of justice (1969–73) and president of the council of Brittany (1974–76).

Jacques Chirac: First term: …Presidential Majority (later renamed the Union for a Popular Movement; UMP). In the spring of the same year—despite criticism for various ethical lapses and accusations of illegal fund-raising levied against the RPR—Chirac won the first round of France’s presidential balloting over right-wing nationalist Jean-Marie Le Pen and Jospin, whose third-place…

Djibouti: Djibouti under Guelleh: …was the creation of the Union for the Presidential Majority (Union pour la Majorité Présidentielle; UMP) coalition, which included both the RPP and FRUD and was formed in preparation for the 2003 legislative elections.

Félix Tshisekedi: Early life, family, and exile: …and in 1982 founded the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), a political party that stood in opposition to Mobutu. Mobutu responded in 1983 by exiling Étienne Tshisekedi and his family to his ancestral village, Mupompa, in Kasaï-Oriental province. Félix Tshisekedi was 20 years old.

Jean-Pierre Raffarin: He rose through the centre-right Union for French Democracy and later became the deputy leader of the Liberal Democratic Party. After the first round of the 2002 presidential election, he was quick to support incumbent president Jacques Chirac’s new Union for the Presidential Majority (later renamed the Union for a…

Burundi: Burundi under colonial rule: …in 1955, three years later Unity for National Progress (Unité pour le Progrès National; UPRONA) was established in Burundi. In 1959 the mwami was made a constitutional monarch in Burundi.

Boris Viktorovich Savinkov: …a clandestine military organization, the Union for the Defense of the Fatherland and Freedom. This group organized an uprising in Yaroslavl (July 6–21, 1918) that was intended to coincide with an Allied invasion of Russia and to stimulate a nationwide rebellion against the Bolsheviks.

Rally for the Republic: …main groups, of which the Union for the New Republic (Union pour la Nouvelle République; UNR) emerged as the most important and electorally successful, gaining 26 percent of the vote in the 1958 election.

Djibouti: Djibouti under Guelleh: …was the creation of the Union for the Presidential Majority (Union pour la Majorité Présidentielle; UMP) coalition, which included both the RPP and FRUD and was formed in preparation for the 2003 legislative elections.

Jacques Chirac: First term: …Presidential Majority (later renamed the Union for a Popular Movement; UMP). In the spring of the same year—despite criticism for various ethical lapses and accusations of illegal fund-raising levied against the RPR—Chirac won the first round of France’s presidential balloting over right-wing nationalist Jean-Marie Le Pen and Jospin, whose third-place…

Chad: Independence of Chad: …(PNA), to form a new Union for the Progress of Chad. An alleged conspiracy by Muslim elements, however, led in 1963 to the dissolution of the National Assembly, a brief state of emergency, and the arrest of the leading ministers formerly associated with the PNA. Only government candidates ran in…

Faure Gnassingbé: Presidency: …formed a new party, the Union for the Republic (Union pour la République; UNIR). Many RPT members were part of the UNIR, and it replaced the RPT as the ruling party. The UNIR won a majority of National Assembly seats in the 2013 elections, and in the next year legislation…

Vladimir Lenin: Formation of a revolutionary party of Vladimir Lenin: …an organization known as the Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. The Union issued leaflets and proclamations on the workers’ behalf, supported workers’ strikes, and infiltrated workers’ education classes to impart to them the rudiments of Marxism. In December 1895, the leaders of the Union…

French Union, a political entity created by the constitution of 1946 of the Fourth French Republic. It replaced the French colonial empire with a semifederal entity that absorbed the colonies (overseas départements and territories) and gave former protectorates a limited local autonomy with some

Pablo Iglesias: He also headed the socialist-affiliated Unión General de Trabajadores (General Union of Workers), organized in 1888.

National Dialogue Quartet: …of Tunisian civil society organizations—the Tunisian General Labour Union (Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail; UGTT), the Tunisian Order of Lawyers (Ordre National des Avocats de Tunisie), the Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts (Union Tunisienne de l’Industrie, du Commerce et de l’Artisinat; UTICA), and the Tunisian Human Rights League…

Tokelau, island territory of New Zealand, consisting of three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean. Tokelau lies about 300 miles (480 km) north of Samoa and 2,400 miles (3,900 km) southwest of Hawaii. Tokelau does not have a central capital; each atoll has its own administrative centre. The Tokelau

Duke University, private coeducational institution of higher learning in Durham, North Carolina, U.S., affiliated with but not controlled by the United Methodist Church. In 1838 a regular program of education was initiated at a schoolhouse in Randolph county, to the west of Durham, and a year later

puppetry: Puppetry in the contemporary world: …usually sponsored by UNIMA, the Union Internationale de la Marionnette, an international society of puppeteers. Originally founded in 1929 and reconstituted in 1957, UNIMA has members in some 65 countries and provides a common meeting ground for professional and amateur performers, critics, and enthusiasts. In the meantime traditional styles of…

biathlon: History and international competition: The Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne et Biathlon (founded 1948) worked for the development of both sports and instituted an annual world championship for the biathlon in 1958. The biathlon was added to the Winter Olympics program as an official men’s event in 1960. International biathlon…