hazardous-waste management: Transport of hazardous waste: …requires transport to an approved treatment, storage, or disposal facility (TSDF). Because of potential threats to public safety and the environment, transport is given special attention by governmental agencies. In addition to the occasional accidental spill, hazardous waste has, in the past, been intentionally spilled or abandoned at random locations…

depression: Treatments for depression: Some individuals experience treatment-resistant depression (TRD), meaning that their symptoms do not respond adequately to standard therapies. For those individuals, scientists have been investigating alternative approaches, including deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), ketamine and esketamine therapies, and other neuromodulation techniques. In DBS, experimental research has…

treaty, a binding formal agreement, contract, or other written instrument that establishes obligations between two or more subjects of international law (primarily states and international organizations). The rules concerning treaties between states are contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law

insurance: Reinsurance: …is effected through contracts called treaties, which specify how the premiums and losses will be shared by participating insurers.

Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, treaty signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963, by the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom that banned all tests of nuclear weapons except those conducted underground. The origins of the treaty lay in worldwide public concern over the danger posed by

Treaty of Rome, international agreement, signed in Rome on March 25, 1957, by Belgium, France, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, that established the European Economic Community (EEC), creating a common market and customs union among its

Treaty of Rome, international agreement, signed in Rome on March 25, 1957, by Belgium, France, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, that established the European Economic Community (EEC), creating a common market and customs union among its

Treaty of Rome, international agreement, signed in Rome on March 25, 1957, by Belgium, France, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, that established the European Economic Community (EEC), creating a common market and customs union among its

Treaty of Edirne, (Sept. 14, 1829), pact concluding the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, signed at Edirne (ancient Adrianople), Tur.; it strengthened the Russian position in eastern Europe and weakened that of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty foreshadowed the Ottoman Empire’s future dependence on the

Alfonso II: …Valencia; and, in 1179, the pact of Cazorla with his ally, Alfonso VIII of Castile, fixed the future zones of reconquest for the two countries. In his will Alfonso followed the Spanish custom of dividing his kingdom; Provence was thus lost to the Aragonese crown.

Pinckney’s Treaty, (Oct. 27, 1795), agreement between Spain and the United States, fixing the southern boundary of the United States at 31° N latitude and establishing commercial arrangements favourable to the United States. U.S. citizens were accorded free navigation of the Mississippi River

Peace of the Pyrenees, peace treaty that was agreed to on November 7, 1659, by Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain. It ended the Franco-Spanish War of 1648–59, and it is often understood as the beginning of French hegemony in Europe. During the years from the end of the Thirty Years’ War

Treaty of Rome, international agreement, signed in Rome on March 25, 1957, by Belgium, France, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, that established the European Economic Community (EEC), creating a common market and customs union among its

treaty port, any of the ports that Asian countries, especially China and Japan, opened to foreign trade and residence beginning in the mid-19th century because of pressure from powers such as Britain, France, Germany, the United States, and, in the case of China, Japan and Russia. In China the

Dame Juliana Berners: …and the purported author of A Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle (1496), the earliest known volume on sport fishing. Berners’s work predates Englishman Izaak Walton’s The Compleat Angler (1653), the best-known example of early angling literature, by approximately 150 years.

Trebbia River, river, Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy, rising in the Ligurian Apennines at an elevation of 4,613 feet (1,406 metres) northeast of Genoa and flowing 71 miles (115 km) north-northeast across the northern Apennines and the Po lowland to enter the Po River just west of Piacenza

Battle of the Trebbia River, (December 218 bce), first major battle of the Second Punic War, in which the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal defeated the Roman army under Tiberius Sempronius Longus on the banks of the Trebbia River. It was Hannibal’s first major victory in Italy, and it swayed many of

Karakoram Range: Study and exploration: …as the Englishmen William Moorcroft, George Trebeck, and Godfrey Thomas Vigne plotted the locations of major rivers, glaciers, and mountains. The extraordinary topography, along with protracted military tensions in the Karakorams between Russia and Britain and more recently between China, Pakistan, and India, prompted many expeditions in the 19th and…

Alex Trebek was a Canadian-born American television personality best known as the host of the TV game show Jeopardy! (1984–2020). He holds the Guinness World Record for the “most game show episodes hosted by the same presenter.” The son of a French Canadian mother and a Ukrainian immigrant father

Alex Trebek was a Canadian-born American television personality best known as the host of the TV game show Jeopardy! (1984–2020). He holds the Guinness World Record for the “most game show episodes hosted by the same presenter.” The son of a French Canadian mother and a Ukrainian immigrant father

Trebbia River, river, Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy, rising in the Ligurian Apennines at an elevation of 4,613 feet (1,406 metres) northeast of Genoa and flowing 71 miles (115 km) north-northeast across the northern Apennines and the Po lowland to enter the Po River just west of Piacenza

Trabzon, city, capital of Trabzon il (province), northeastern Turkey. It lies on a wide bay on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea backed by high ranges of the Pontic Mountains, which separate it from the central Anatolian Plateau. Area province, 1,907 square miles (4,938 square km). Pop.

oleaster, small deciduous tree of Eurasia, about 4.5 to 6 m (15 to 20 feet) high. It has smooth, dark brown branches that often bear spines and narrow, light green leaves that are silvery on the undersides from a covering of minute scales. The flowers are small, greenish, fragrant, and

soprano: …to boy sopranos (also called trebles) and to male castrati singers of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. In music written in four parts, the soprano part is the highest part. Soprano can also designate a high-pitched member of an instrument family (e.g., soprano saxophone). The term derives from Italian…

clef: The treble, or G, clef fixes the position of the G above middle C. In modern notation this is invariably the second line from the bottom of the staff:

viol: …was made in three sizes: treble, tenor, and bass, with the bottom string tuned, respectively, to d, G (or A), and D. To these sizes was later added the violone, a double bass viol often tuned an octave below the bass.

cantilena, in late medieval and early Renaissance music, term for certain vocal forms as they were known in the 15th century; also a musical texture used widely in both secular and sacred compositions of that century. Cantilena style is characterized by a predominant vocal top line supported by

Treblinka, major Nazi German concentration camp and extermination camp, located near the village of Treblinka, Poland, 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Warsaw on the main Warsaw-Bialystok railway line. There were actually two camps. The Nazis opened the first, Treblinka, 2.5 miles (4 km) from the

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: …265,000 Jews from Warsaw to Treblinka. Only some 55,000 remained in the ghetto. As the deportations continued, despair gave way to a determination to resist. A newly formed group, the Jewish Fighting Organization (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa; ŻOB), slowly took effective control of the ghetto.

Třeboň, town, southern Czech Republic, on the main road to Vienna. It lies in the basin of the Lužnice River, which is floored with heavy impermeable clays upon which a good deal of peat has formed. The area has many artificial lakes, and, since the Middle Ages, a freshwater fishing economy has

Bohemian school: …1380 and 1390), was the Master of Wittingau (or Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece). His major works are the Wittingau altar Passion scenes, originally painted in about 1380 for the town of Třeboň (German: Wittingau). His style is evolved from that of Theodoricus: in their mystical quality and almost abstract…

Gaius Trebonius was a Roman general and politician who had been one of Caesar’s most trusted lieutenants before becoming a member of the conspiracy that resulted in Caesar’s death. During his term as quaestor (financial magistrate) about 60 bc, Trebonius opposed Publius Clodius. Five years later he

fungus: Basic features of lichens: …lichen associations contain species of Trebouxia, a single-celled green alga. There are about 15 species of cyanobacteria that act as the photobiont in lichen associations, including some members of the genera Calothrix, Gloeocapsa, and Nostoc.

trebuchet, siege engine utilizing a long arm and the principles of leverage to launch projectiles. The trebuchet was one of the top choices for artillery in ancient and medieval warfare, having the ability to throw heavier projectiles farther than earlier catapults could. The trebuchet first

Trece Martires, city, southern Luzon, Philippines. Located in a fertile and densely populated plain about halfway between Cavite city on Manila Bay (north) and Taal Lake (south), it is named for the 13 Filipino patriots martyred by the Spanish in 1896 at Cavite. Trece Martires is a trading centre;

Quattrocento: …Quattrocento (1400s) and the earlier Trecento (1300s) and the later Cinquecento (1500s) are useful in suggesting the changing intellectual and cultural outlooks of late- and post-medieval Italy.

Italian literature: Popular literature and romances: …the same vein, Franco Sacchetti’s Trecentonovelle (c. 1390; “Three Hundred Short Stories”) provides colourful and lively descriptions of people and places.

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Trechisporales (incertae sedis; not placed in any subclass) Found on wood or in soil; clavate (club-shaped) or stipitate (stalk-shaped) basidiomata; hyphae with clamp connections; example genera include Trechispora, Sistotremastrum, and Porpomyces. Basidiomycota (incertae sedis) Includes basidiomycota not placed in a subphylum;

Thomas Tredgold was an English engineer and writer. Almost entirely self-taught, after some years as a carpenter’s apprentice in Durham and then as a journeyman in Scotland, he published Elementary Principles of Carpentry (1820), which became an enduring classic. It was followed by important

Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky was a Russian literary theoretician and poet whose writings contributed to the classical foundations of Russian literature. The son of a poor priest, Trediakovsky became the first Russian not of the nobility to receive a humanistic education abroad, at the Sorbonne

tree, woody plant that regularly renews its growth (perennial). Most plants classified as trees have a single self-supporting trunk containing woody tissues, and in most species the trunk produces secondary limbs, called branches. To many, the word tree evokes images of such ancient, powerful, and

combinatorics: Definitions: …is said to be a tree if it contains no cycle—for example, the graph G3 of Figure 3.

J.R.R. Tolkien: Other works: …The Lord of the Rings; Tree and Leaf (1964), with the seminal lecture “On Fairy-Stories” and the tale “Leaf by Niggle”; and the fantasy Smith of Wootton Major (1967).

badger: Ferret badgers (genus Melogale), also called tree badgers or pahmi, consist of four species: Chinese (M. moschata), Burmese (M. personata), Everett’s (M. everetti), and Javan (M. orientalis). They live in grasslands and forests from northeast India to central China and Southeast

potto, (Perodicticus potto), slow-moving tropical African primate. The potto is a nocturnal tree dweller found in rainforests from Sierra Leone eastward to Uganda. It has a strong grip and clings tightly to branches, but when necessary it can also move quickly through the branches with a smooth

boa: …the boa constrictor (Boa constrictor), tree boas (genus Corallus), and anacondas (genus Eunectes) of the American tropics; two other genera are found on Madagascar and islands of the southwestern Pacific. Members of Boinae range from 1 metre (3.3 feet) long in some species to commonly more than 4 metres in…

burial: Exposure: …use trees and platforms (tree burial). Among them are the Bali Aga people of Bali, the Naga people of India, the Aborigines of central Australia, and the Sioux and other Native American groups. Commonly, the Sioux robed the dead in their best clothing, sewed them into a deerskin or…

rainforest: …highest plant layer, or tree canopy, extends to heights between 30 and 50 metres. Most of the trees are dicotyledons, with thick leathery leaves and shallow root systems. The nutritive, food-gathering roots are usually no more than a few centimetres deep. Rain falling on the forests drips down from the…

Arabic literature: Tawfīq al-Ḥakīm: … drama, Yā ṭāliʿ al-shajarah (1962; The Tree Climber), where the usage of the standard literary language in dialogue helped contribute to the “unreal” nature of the play’s dramatic logic. Al-Ḥakīm also wrote a few plays in the colloquial dialect of Egypt, but his most memorable experiment was his attempt to…

amphibian: Anurans: …allow them to burrow or climb trees. These structures primarily involve modifications in limb proportions and iliosacral articulation. Arboreal (tree-dwelling) anurans have long limbs and digits with large, terminal, adhesive pads; anurans that burrow have short sturdy limbs and large spatulate tubercles made of keratin on their feet. The pipids,…

bombax cotton, seed floss of various trees of the Bombax genus of the Malvaceae family; the plants grow in tropical countries and are cultivated in the West Indies and Brazil. The seed floss’s individual fibres, soft and ranging from pale yellow to brown in colour, are about 0.5 to 3.25 cm (0.25 to

treecreeper, any of more than a dozen species of small slender birds, with downcurved bills, that spiral up tree trunks in search of insects. They are variously classified in the families Certhiidae and Climacteridae. The nine species of the genus Certhia constitute most of the family Certhiidae

cricket: Tree crickets (subfamily Oecanthinae) are white or green in colour and have transparent wings. Although tree crickets are beneficial to humans because they prey on aphids, the female injures twigs during egg placement. The song of most tree crickets is a long trill. The snowy…

whistling duck, (genus Dendrocygna), any of eight species of long-legged and long-necked ducks that utter sibilant cries and may make whirring wing sounds in flight; these distinctive ducks are separated from other members of the family Anatidae (order Anseriformes) as a tribe Dendrocygnini.

tree fern, any of a group of relatively primitive ferns in the order Cyatheales, most of them characterized by ascending trunklike stems and an arborescent (treelike) habit. Tree ferns are conspicuous plants of humid tropical forests around the world. Species found at lower elevations are often

Dicksoniaceae, the tree fern family, containing about 3 genera and some 30 species, in the division Pteridophyta (the lower vascular plants). The family has a long and diverse fossil record extending back to the Triassic Period (251 million to 199.6 million years ago). Members of Dicksoniaceae are

tree frog: …tree frogs from the family Hylidae are the most numerous. Hylids are usually slender, less than 10 cm (4 inches) in length, and long-legged, and they possess enlarged adhesive disks on the tips of the fingers and toes that aid in climbing. They often possess jewel-like eyes that glint with…

tree frog, any of more than 800 species of typically arboreal frog occurring on all continents except Antarctica and belonging to one of several families of the order Anura. Of these, the hylid, or “true,” tree frogs from the family Hylidae are the most numerous. Hylids are usually slender, less

germander: Bush germander (T. fruticans), a shrub growing to 1.5 metres (5 feet), has scattered pale blue to lilac flowers and lance-shaped leaves. It is native on hillsides of coastal Europe.

Nicholas Ray: Early life and work: …his assistant on the film A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945).

heath: The white, or tree, heath, or giant heather (E. arborea), found in the Mediterranean region and parts of Africa, is the source of briar root, used for making briarwood pipes. Some southern African species (e.g., E. melanthera, E. verticillata, and E. ventricosa) are cultivated in cool…

hyrax: The tree hyraxes (Dendrohyrax) are arboreal, solitary, and nocturnal. All are primarily vegetarian.

fatsia: …(Hedera helix) to produce the tree ivy, or aralia ivy (× Fatshedera lizei), an intergeneric cross, a most uncommon botanical occurrence.

timberline, upper limit of tree growth in mountainous regions or in high latitudes, as in the Arctic. Its location depends largely on temperature but also on soil, drainage, and other factors. The mountain timberline always would be higher near the Equator than near the poles if it were not for the

tree lungwort, (Lobaria pulmonaria), a lichen that, because of its physical resemblance to the lungs, was once used to treat tuberculosis, pneumonia, and other lung diseases. Its elongated, forked thallus (12 to 18 centimetres), loosely attached at one end, is dark green when wet and greenish brown

tree mallow, (Lavatera arborea), biennial, herbaceous plant, of the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae), native to Europe. It grows 1.2–3 metres (4–10 feet) tall and bears downy, lobed leaves 10–25 cm (4–10 inches) long. Purplish-red flowers about 5 cm (2 inches) wide are borne in profuse,

tree marriage, symbolic marital union of a person with a tree that is said to be infused with supernatural life. Tree marriage may also be a form of proxy marriage. In one such practice, between a bachelor and a tree, the tree was afterward felled, thereby endowing the man with the widower status

tree moss, any of the plants of the genus Climacium (order Bryales), which resemble small evergreen trees and are found in damp, shady places throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The most common species are the European tree moss (C. dendroides), which is also found in North America, and the

Edmund Dudley: …author of a political allegory, The Tree of Commonwealth (1509).

tree of heaven, (Ailanthus altissima), rapid-growing tree, in the family Simaroubaceae, native to China but widely naturalized elsewhere. It has been planted as a yard and street tree in urban centres, because of its resistance to pollution, freedom from insects and disease, and ability to grow in

Western painting: Late 12th century: …many figures in the great Tree of Jesse on the ceiling of the Church of St. Michael at Hildesheim, figures conceived in elaborate three-dimensional attitudes, with angular broken drapery. Finally, the Zackenstil—the new, elegant, Early Gothic, jagged style of early 13th-century Germany, most magnificently exemplified in the Saxon Gospels in…

Christianity: Relics and saints: …fashioned of wood from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, which grew in the Garden of Eden. Below the tree lies Adam’s buried skull, baptized in Christ’s blood. The bloodied cross-tree gives forth the oil, wheat, grapes, and herbs used to prepare the materials administered in the sacraments…

Spanish literature: Novels and essays: …árbol de la ciencia (1911; The Tree of Knowledge), which tells the story of the education of the protagonist, a medical student; it depicts the shortcomings of those teaching medicine, the callousness of many doctors treating Spanish society’s most vulnerable, and the abject poverty and filth in the village where…

baobab: The African baobab (A. digitata) boasts the oldest known angiosperm tree: carbon-14 dating places the age of a specimen in Namibia at about 1,275 years. Known as the “Tree of Life,” the species is found throughout the drier regions of Africa and features a water-storing trunk…

tree of life, a widespread archetype common to many religions, mythologies, and folktales. The tree of life is a common idea in cultures throughout the world. It represents, at times, the source of life, a force that connects all lives, or the cycle of life and death itself. Common features of

Maryse Condé: …where La Vie scélérate (1987; Tree of Life) is set.

Jessica Chastain: Film debut, breakthrough, and rise to prominence: …most notably Terrence Malick’s meditation The Tree of Life and the blockbuster The Help. In the latter, Chastain portrayed an ostracized housewife who hires an African American cook (Octavia Spencer) to fool Chastain’s husband into thinking that she knows how to cook and do housework. For her performance, Chastain earned…

peony: The tree peonies are shrubby plants with permanent woody stems. The plants sometimes attain a height of 1.2 to 1.8 metres (about 4 to 6 feet). They begin flowering in late spring. The blossoms vary in colour from white to lilac, violet, and red. Tree peonies…

philodendron: Major species: …(24 inches) long, and the tree philodendron (P. bipinnatifidum), with deeply cut leaves up to 1 metre (3 feet) long, both of which are striking plants that require considerable indoor space.

tree poppy, (Dendromecon rigida), shrub or small tree of the poppy family (Papaveraceae), native to chaparral areas of southern California and northwestern Mexico. The related island tree poppy (Dendromecon harfordii), endemic to the Channel Islands off the southern California coast, reaches a

rhododendron: Physical description: …such as tree rhododendron (R. arboreum), bearded rhododendron (R. barbatum), and the critically endangered big tree rhododendron (R. protistum variety giganteum) from Asia, some in excess of 12 meters (40 feet) high. Leaves are thick and leathery and are evergreen in all but the azalea species, some of which

savanna: Environment: …shrubs forming a light canopy; tree savanna, with scattered trees and shrubs; shrub savanna, with scattered shrubs; and grass savanna, from which trees and shrubs are generally absent. Other classifications have also been suggested.

sea lavender: Major species: A few species, including tree sea lavender (L. arborescens) of Tenerife, are tall and shrubby.

almond: Cultivation: Mechanized tree shakers are often used to expedite harvesting, and many growers must rent hives of western honeybees during flowering season to pollinate their trees. Indeed, the annual pollination of the almonds in California is the largest managed pollination event in the world, with more than…

tree shrew, (order Scandentia), any of 17 Southeast Asian species of small mammals resembling squirrels and “true” shrews. Tree shrews, however, are neither rodents nor insectivores and differ from them to the extent that they constitute their own mammalian order. They have large eyes, conspicuous

sloth, (suborder Folivora), tree-dwelling mammal noted for its slowness of movement. All six living species are limited to the lowland tropical forests of South and Central America, where they can be found high in the forest canopy sunning, resting, or feeding on leaves. Although two-toed sloths

gastropod: Ecology and habitats: …wet and warm tropics have tree snails been able to evolve. These species have brightly coloured shells that usually are much thinner than those of their terrestrial counterparts. In the humid mountain regions of the world, where a constant supply of moisture is available throughout the year, there has been…

tree snake, any of a number of arboreal serpents, primarily of the family Colubridae. They prey on birds and on arboreal lizards and frogs. The green tree snakes of northern South America and Central America include the slender, broad-headed members of the genus Thalerophis and the parrotsnakes

sparrow: …sparrow (Spizella passerina) and the tree sparrow (S. arborea), trim-looking little birds with reddish-brown caps; the savanna sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) and the vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), finely streaked birds of grassy fields; the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) and the fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca), heavily streaked

monkeywrenching: A clear example is tree spiking, in which metal or ceramic spikes are driven deep within trees for the purpose of damaging chain saws or blades at sawmills. Spiking has been credited with halting or delaying some U.S. Forest Service logging contracts, but it has also caused the serious…

squirrel: …to the 122 species of tree squirrels, which belong to 22 genera of the subfamily Sciurinae. The North American gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) has adapted to urban and suburban areas where it is regarded as aesthetic or as a minor annoyance. In northern Europe the red squirrel (S. vulgaris) is…

bot fly: …which infects rabbits, and the tree squirrel bot fly (C. emasculator), which attacks the scrotum of squirrels, sometimes emasculating them. The human bot fly (Dermatobia hominis) attacks livestock, deer, and humans. The female attaches her eggs to mosquitoes, stable flies, and other insects that carry the eggs to the actual…

pruning: Common tree surgery procedures include the removal of broken, dead, or diseased branches; cutting back limbs that interfere with traffic, impede power and telephone lines, obstruct views, or mar the shape of a tree; thinning to permit air circulation and secure more light; removal of branches…

crested swift, (family Hemiprocnidae), any of three or four species of fork-tailed forest birds ranging from Southeast Asia and Australia to the Solomon Islands. Crested swifts differ from all other members of the order Apodiformes (e.g., hummingbirds) in having feet developed for effective

tree frog, any of more than 800 species of typically arboreal frog occurring on all continents except Antarctica and belonging to one of several families of the order Anura. Of these, the hylid, or “true,” tree frogs from the family Hylidae are the most numerous. Hylids are usually slender, less

Solanales: Tomato: The tree tomato (Solanum betaceum), also known as tamarillo, is closely related to S. lycopersicum and bears an egg-shaped edible fruit.

Ko Un: …the Ten Thousand Lives project; The Tree Way Tavern (2006); and First Person Sorrowful (2012). Ko’s work drew the attention of prominent American poets, including Allen Ginsberg, Robert Hass, and Gary Snyder, all of whom contributed forewords to these books. Ko also published novels, drama, and literary criticism.

Ellen Kean was one of the finest English actresses of her day and the wife of the actor Charles Kean, with whom she performed. Ellen was born of English parents and first appeared at Covent Garden, London, in 1823 as Olivia in William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night. She then performed at Bath

Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree was one of the great figures of the English theatre, who became the most successful actor-manager of his time. His half brother, Max Beerbohm, received recognition as a writer and caricaturist. (See Tree reading from “Julius Caesar”.) Herbert was educated in England and

world tree, centre of the world, a widespread motif in many myths and folktales among various preliterate peoples, especially in Asia, Australia, and North America, by which they understand the human and profane condition in relation to the divine and sacred realm. Two main forms are known and both