lady fern: angustum), and southern lady fern (A. asplenioides).

Siraiki language, Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan. The Siraiki-speaking region spreads across the southwestern districts of Punjab province, extending into adjacent regions of the neighbouring provinces of Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. There were probably at least 20 million

football: Professionalism: The Southern League began in 1894 but was absorbed by the Football League in 1920. Yet football did not become a major profit-making business during this period. Professional clubs became limited liability companies primarily to secure land for gradual development of stadium facilities. Most clubs in…

southern lights, luminous atmospheric display visible in the Southern Hemisphere. See

Edgar Allan Poe: Early life, first published works, and marriage: …Richmond as editor of the Southern Literary Messenger. There he made a name as a critical reviewer and married his young cousin Virginia Clemm, who was only 13. Poe seems to have been an affectionate husband and son-in-law.

live oak: …the term refers to the southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), a massive evergreen tree native to Cuba and the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains. It often grows to a height of 15 meters (50 feet) or more on hummocks and ridges but may be shrubby on barren coastal soils. The…

lobelia: Major species: Southern lobelia (L. georgiana), from North America, as well as great blue lobelia (L. siphilitica) and its hybrids, also have blue flowers. Various lobelia hybrids constitute a fine group of fairly hardy and showy garden plants.

Zambia: Plant and animal life: South Luangwa (3,500 square miles [9,100 square km]) has one of Africa’s largest (but declining) elephant concentrations. North Luangwa offers true wilderness adventure: walking safaris. Thornicroft’s giraffe is unique to the Luangwa valley. The other parks are much smaller. Lochinvar, on the Kafue Flats, is…

African religions: Mythology: For the Ndembu of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, by contrast, twins represent an excess of fertility more characteristic of the animal world than the human, and rituals are undertaken to protect the community from this anomalous condition.

Magnoliales: Distribution and abundance: …Magnolia grandiflora (bull bay, or Southern magnolia), for example, grows in forests from southern Virginia to eastern Texas and extends into the West Indies. Another American species, M. ashei, however, is found only in a few counties in Florida.

eucalyptus: Major species and uses: …are the black peppermint tree; southern mahogany (E. botryoides); karri (E. diversicolor); Tasmanian bluegum; white ironbark, or yellow gum (E. leucoxylon); jarrah (E. marginata); messmate stringybark (E. obliqua); red mahogany (E. resinifera); northern gray ironbark; and others. The bark of many

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: …first book, Courrier sud (1929; Southern Mail), his new man of the skies, airmail pilot Jacques Bernis, dies in the desert of Rio de Oro. His second novel, Vol de nuit (1931; Night Flight), was dedicated to the glory of the first airline pilots and their mystical exaltation as they…

University of Maine: …seven coeducational institutions, including the University of Southern Maine. The University of Maine is a land-grant and sea-grant university based in Orono. It offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs. There are five colleges, including the College of Natural Sciences, Forestry, and Agriculture, one of the largest…

Lynyrd Skynyrd: Second Helping and Sweet Home Alabama: …singer-songwriter Neil Young’s derisive “Southern Man,” opens the band’s sophomore effort, Second Helping (1974). Young’s song is an attack on the American South’s racism, with lyrics describing slavery and lynching and calling out white Christian hypocrisy. Van Zant, Rossington, and King wrote “Sweet Home Alabama” as a direct retort,…

Mercosur, South American regional economic organization. Mercosur grew out of earlier efforts to integrate the economies of Latin America through the Latin American Free Trade Association (1960) and its successor, the Latin American Integration Association (1980). In 1985 Argentina and Brazil

Southern Methodist University (SMU), private, coeducational institution of higher education located in University Park, a suburb of Dallas, Texas, U.S. Although it is nonsectarian, the university is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. It offers about 80 undergraduate degree programs, as

Guangdong: Population composition: A third major language, Southern Min (Minnan), is spoken mostly along an eastern coastal area centred on Shantou (Swatow).

China: The dynastic succession: Their so-called Nan (Southern) Ming dynasty principally included the prince of Fu (Zhu Yousong, reign name Hongguang), the prince of Tang (Zhu Yujian, reign name Longwu), the prince of Lu (Zhu Yihai, no reign name), and the prince of Gui (Zhu Youlang, reign name Yongli). The loyalist…

University of Southern Mississippi, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, U.S. It offers some 170 bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degree programs. Degrees are conferred through colleges of the Arts, Business Administration, Education and Psychology,

Mnong language: …Gar, and Mnong Rlam; and Southern Mnong, including Prang and Nong.

woolly spider monkey: The southern muriqui (B. arachnoides), from the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, has a black face and no thumb at all, and the male’s canines are much longer than the female’s. In the northern muriqui (B. hypoxanthus), from Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Espiritu…

Las Vegas: Transportation: The Southern Nevada Foreign Trade Zone—a free-trade zone that includes the airport and allows a variety of goods to be imported duty-free or with reduced excise taxes—has increased the region’s attractiveness to international business interests.

Las Vegas: Municipal services and health: The massive Southern Nevada (now Robert B. Griffith) Water Project, funded jointly by the federal and state governments and built between 1968 and the early 1980s (with subsequent expansion), is a complex of distribution and treatment facilities that draws from Lake Mead and now supplies the bulk of regional water…

Oil Rivers, area comprising the delta of the Niger River in modern Nigeria, western Africa. The Oil Rivers Protectorate was established by the British in 1885. It was renamed the Niger Coast Protectorate in 1893 and in 1900 was joined to the Nigerian territories administered by the British

Western Kentucky University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Bowling Green, Kentucky, U.S. It comprises five colleges: Potter College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences; Gordon Ford College of Business; the College of Education and Behavioral Sciences; Ogden College of

Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin: Language: Southern Numic languages are spoken by the Kawaiisu and a number of Ute (self-name Nuche) and Southern Paiute groups including the Chemehuevi. The distinction between Southern Paiute and Ute is cultural rather than linguistic; Ute speakers who had horses in the early historic period are…

Southern Ocean, body of salt water covering approximately one-sixteenth of Earth’s total ocean area. The Southern Ocean is made up of the portions of the world ocean south of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans and their tributary seas surrounding Antarctica below 60° S. It is unbroken by any

Ontario: Relief: …the area of the province, Southern Ontario contains land of gentle relief. Its lowest area—on the Ottawa River—is only 150 feet (45 metres) above sea level, and its highest point—in the Blue Mountains south of Georgian Bay—is just over 1,770 feet (540 metres) in elevation. The east is divided from…

opah: The southern opah (L. immaculatus) is smaller, averaging about 110 cm (43 inches) and 30 kg (66 pounds). Both species are distinctively coloured, blue above and rosy below, with scarlet fins and jaws and round white spots on the body. The opah occurs in the tropical…

Burma Railway: Early Japanese conquests: …as part of the so-called Southern Operation. By late spring 1942, with the surrender of Allied strongholds in Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and the Dutch East Indies, an estimated 140,000 Allied prisoners of war had fallen into Japanese hands. In addition, approximately 130,000 civilians—including some 40,000 children—were captured by…

Oregon: Education of Oregon: …Oregon University (1856), in Monmouth; Southern Oregon University (1882), in Ashland; and Portland State University (1946). The system also encompasses two specialized universities: the Oregon Institute of Technology (1947), which has several campuses around the state, and Oregon Health and Science University (1887). The state has more than two dozen…

Southern Oscillation, in oceanography and climatology, a coherent interannual fluctuation of atmospheric pressure over the tropical Indo-Pacific region. The Southern Oscillation is the atmospheric component of a single large-scale coupled interaction called the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Australia: Climate: Monitoring the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is now considered essential to seasonal weather forecasting. The SOI is strongly negative when weak Pacific winds bring less moisture than usual to Australia. Prolonged negative phases are related to El Niño episodes in the South Pacific, and most of Australia’s…

Southern Overland Mail Company, organization awarded (1858) the U.S. government contract to deliver mail to the Pacific coast. The company operated a 25-day, semiweekly stagecoach run along a route from St. Louis, Mo., through El Paso, Texas, and Tucson, New Mexico Territory, to San Francisco. With

commerce clause: Interpretation of the commerce clause in United States Supreme Court cases: …affirmed and expanded upon in Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona (1945), in which the Court found that

Southern Pacific Railroad, one of the great American railroad systems, established in 1861 by the “big four” of western railroad building—Collis P. Huntington, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker. After completing the Central Pacific from California to Utah in 1869, they started the

Southern Pacific Railroad: The Southern Pacific Transportation Company, a holding company for the railroad, was incorporated in 1969. In 1983 the Southern Pacific Transportation Company agreed to merge with Santa Fe Industries (see historical coverage in Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway), but in 1987 the Interstate Commerce Commission…

Nan-ga, (“Literati Painting”), style of painting practiced by numerous Japanese painters of the 18th and 19th centuries. Some of the most original and creative painters of the middle and late Edo period belonged to the Nan-ga school. The style is based on developments of 17th- and 18th-century

Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin: Language: …of Ute (self-name Nuche) and Southern Paiute groups including the Chemehuevi. The distinction between Southern Paiute and Ute is cultural rather than linguistic; Ute speakers who had horses in the early historic period are regarded as Ute, and those who did not readily adopt horses are regarded as Southern Paiute.

cowpea, (Vigna unguiculata), annual plant within the pea family (Fabaceae) grown for its edible legumes. The plants are thought to be native to West Africa and are widely cultivated in warm regions around the world. In addition to their use as a protein-rich food crop, cowpeas are extensively grown

satyr butterfly: Southern pearly-eyes (Enodia portlandia) have dark eyespots near the margins of their forewings and hind wings. They are found primarily in the southeastern region of the United States, with their range extending west to the eastern edge of Texas. They inhabit damp, wooded areas and…

Portuguese language: …or Beira, (2) Southern (Estremenho), including Lisbon, Alentejo, and Algarve, (3) Insular, including the dialects of Madeira and the Azores, and (4) Brazilian. Standard Portuguese was developed in the 16th century, basically from the dialects spoken from Lisbon to Coimbra

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is a nonprofit organization based in Montgomery, Alabama, that is committed to advocacy for civil rights and racial equality. Formally incorporated in 1971 by Alabama lawyers Morris Dees and Joe Levin, the SPLC was founded as a small law firm dedicated to

squid: The smallest squid is the Southern pygmy squid (Idiosepius notoides); males grow only to about 1.6 cm (less than 34 inch) in length. The largest squids—giant squids and colossal squids—are also the largest living invertebrates. Some researchers place giant squids and colossal squids into the genus Architeuthis, whereas others separate…

China: The Dong (Eastern) Jin (317–420) and later dynasties in the south (420–589): …five—Dong Jin, 317–420; Liu-Song, 420–479; Nan [Southern] Qi, 479–502; Nan Liang, 502–557; and Nan Chen, 557–589—and all but Dong Jin are also known as Nanchao [Southern Dynasties] in Chinese history; the earlier kingdom of Wu, 222–280, is counted as the sixth dynasty.) Their annihilation (in 589) was postponed only by…

clam: …or hard-shell clam, and the southern quahog (M. campechiensis) belong to the family of venus clams (Veneridae). M. mercenaria is about 7.5 to 12.5 cm (3 to 5 inches) long. The dingy white shell, which is thick and rounded and has prominent concentric lines, is found in the intertidal zone…

Southern Railway Company was a railroad system in the southern United States that incorporated almost 150 prior railroads. It was organized in 1894 by the financier J.P. Morgan to take over a number of other railroads, including the Richmond and Danville, formed in 1847, and the East Tennessee,

Trinidad and Tobago: Relief and drainage: …of mainly low hills, the Southern Range, adds further variety to the mostly flat or undulating surface of Trinidad.

red oak: …oak (Quercus rubra) and the southern red oak, or Spanish oak (Q. falcata). The northern red oak is often cultivated as an ornamental; it grows rapidly into a round-headed, wide-spreading tree about 25 m (80 feet) tall, occasionally to 45 m (150 feet). Its oblong leaves have 7 to 11…

dace: …(Phoxinus) are well-known, with a southern (P. erythrogaster) and northern (P. eos) species. The southern redbelly dace, found in clear creeks from Alabama to Pennsylvania and the Great Lakes region, is an attractive fish sometimes kept in home aquariums. It is 5–7.5 cm (2–3 inches) long and is marked with…

reedbuck: …and less hooked in the southern, or common, reedbuck (R. arundium). The southern reedbuck is the largest species, standing 65–105 cm (26–41 inches) tall and weighing 50–95 kg (110–210 pounds), compared with 65–76 cm (26–30 inches) and 19–38 kg (42–84 pounds) for the mountain reedbuck, the smallest of the three.…

Zimbabwe, landlocked country of southern Africa. It shares a 125-mile (200-kilometre) border on the south with the Republic of South Africa and is bounded on the southwest and west by Botswana, on the north by Zambia, and on the northeast and east by Mozambique. The capital is Harare (formerly

Southern Africa: Southern Rhodesia: South Africa also had designs on Southern Rhodesia. In 1922, however, when the British South Africa Company relinquished control of Southern Rhodesia, the predominantly British settlers opted for self-government under British rule, and the territory became a self-governing colony the following year. While…

East African lakes: Occupying the Southern Rift Valley is Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi), which drains into the Zambezi River. Marking the course of the Western Rift Valley are Lakes Tanganyika, Kivu, Edward, and

right whale: …Hemisphere, referred to as the southern right whale. Whether found in northern or southern latitudes, these right whales are estimated to reach a maximum length of about 18 metres (59 feet). They may or may not have white on the underside, and they resemble the bowhead in form but have…

otter: Conservation and classification: …giant otter, marine otter, and southern river otter (Lontra provocax) of South America, the sea otter of North America, and the hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) of Asia—as endangered and two—the short-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) and smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)—as vulnerable.

Southern rock, popular music style combining blues jams and boogie licks with lyrics declaring fierce regional pride. Its aggressive, unpretentious sound helped revitalize American rock in the 1970s. Rock and roll had been an expression of popular culture in the American South since the days of

penguin: Locomotion and orientation: southern rockhopper (E. chrysocome), and Adélie penguins, move among rocks with agility, using the flippers for balance. On snow or ice, many penguins “toboggan,” sliding on the belly as they propel themselves with the feet and flippers. The flippers, along with the beak, are the…

Rocky Mountains: …Utah, and southeastern Idaho; the Southern Rockies, mainly in Colorado and New Mexico; and the Colorado Plateau in the Four Corners region of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. These four subdivisions differ from each other in terms of geology (origin, ages, and types of rocks) and physiography (landforms, drainage,…

rugby: Australia: The national Australian Rugby Union was not formed until 1949. In other parts of Australia, Australian rules football had already established itself as the dominant sport.

shooting: Russia: In 1899 the recently formed Southern Russian Shooting Society offered gold and silver award badges in two categories to successful sharpshooters. The first All-Russian Championship shooting competition was held at Kiev in 1913 and a second at Riga in 1914. The success of Soviet marksmen in the Olympic Games and…

Dai Jin: …regard in contrast to the school of literary “amateurs,” who were more concerned with personal expression and who were then represented in the Wu school in which Shen Zhou held an equivalent place of leadership.

Nguyen Du: …Kim van Kieu, written in chu-nom (southern characters). He is considered by some to be the father of Vietnamese literature.

Zuiderzee, former inlet of the North Sea. From the 13th to the 20th century, the Zuiderzee penetrated the Netherlands and occupied some 2,000 square miles (5,000 square km); it was separated from the North Sea by an arc of former sandflats that are now the West Frisian Islands. From about 400 ce

sea lion: The southern, or South American, sea lion (Otaria byronia) is generally brown with a yellowish orange belly. It swims in coastal waters from northern Peru southward to Tierra del Fuego and even around the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. The male is about 2.5 metres…

extraterrestrial intelligence: Radio searches: …California at Berkeley) and Australia’s Southern SERENDIP (begun in 1998 by the University of Western Sydney at Macarthur), scan large tracts of the sky and make no assumption about the directions from which signals might come. The former uses the Green Bank Telescope and, until its collapse in 2020, the…

short-tailed shrew: brevicauda), the southern (B. carolinensis), and Elliot’s (B. hylophaga) short-tailed shrew. Blarina is one of many genera classified with “true shrews” of the family Soricidae in the order Soricimorpha, which belongs to a larger group of mammals referred to as insectivores. Their evolutionary history extends back to…

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ethnic groups and religions: …three groups share the same South Slav heritage. The major cultural difference between them is that of religious origin or affiliation—a difference that may be explained in part by the legacy of the Ottoman Empire, which allowed autonomous religious communities to coexist under its rule. Indeed, “Serb” and “Croat” referred…

Xia Gui: Life: …dynasty is known as the Southern Song period (1127–1279). During this period, the centre of painting and the concentration of major artists was in the Imperial Painting Academy. Accordingly, the leading masters of the 12th and the first half of the 13th centuries, with a few exceptions, were the court…

Benue-Congo languages: Bantoid: …of the population of Angola; Sotho, which has two dialects generally treated as separate languages, northern Sotho (3,800,000) and southern Sotho (4,000,000); and Kituba, a creole based mostly on Kongo, with some 4,000,000 first-language speakers and more than another 1,000,000 second-language speakers.

Aegean Sea: …are also known as the Southern Sporades. The Greek dhiamerisma (region) of the Aegean Islands encompasses the nomoí (departments) of Cyclados, Dodecanese, Khíos, Lésvos, and Sámos.

the South, region, southeastern United States, generally though not exclusively considered to be south of the Mason and Dixon Line, the Ohio River, and the 36°30′ parallel. As defined by the U.S. federal government, it includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida,

Southern strategy, in the political history of the United States, a campaign strategy of the Republican Party, actively pursued from the 1960s, that initially sought to increase and preserve support from white voters in the South by subtly endorsing racial segregation, racial discrimination, and

Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), organization of students from predominantly white colleges and universities in the American South that promoted racial equality and other progressive causes during the American civil rights movement. Founded in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1964, the

Sudan: The Addis Ababa Agreement: …and its political wing, the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM). Thereafter throughout 1971 the SSLM, representing Lagu, maintained a dialogue with the Sudanese government over proposals for regional autonomy and the ending of hostilities. These talks culminated in the signing of the Addis Ababa Agreement on February 27, 1972. The…

mola: Some classifications also include the southern sunfish (M. ramsayi) is slightly smaller, measuring about 3 meters (9.9 feet), and is native to the southwestern Pacific Ocean.

Xia Gui: Life: …dynasty is known as the Southern Song period (1127–1279). During this period, the centre of painting and the concentration of major artists was in the Imperial Painting Academy. Accordingly, the leading masters of the 12th and the first half of the 13th centuries, with a few exceptions, were the court…

taiga: Distribution: …of three roughly parallel zones: closed-canopy forest, lichen woodland or sparse taiga, and forest-tundra. The closed-canopy forest is the southernmost portion of the taiga. It contains the greatest richness of species, the warmest soils, the highest productivity, and the longest growing season within the boreal zone. North of the closed-canopy…

anteater: The tamandua: Unlike the giant anteater, the lesser anteater, or tamandua (genus Tamandua), is arboreal as well as terrestrial. The two tamandua species are similar in size—about 1.2 metres (4 feet) long, including the almost-hairless prehensile tail, which is used for climbing. They are often tan…

Australia: Conservation: Notable among those is the Southern Tanami Indigenous Protected Area, a conservation zone covering more than 38,600 square miles (100,000 square km) of desert and subtropical savanna in west-central Northern Territory.

Ten Kingdoms: …were the Wu (902–937), the Nan (Southern) Tang (937–975/976), the Nan Ping (924–963), the Chu (927–951), the Qian (Former) Shu (907–925) and Hou (Later) Shu (934–965), the Min (909–945), the Nan Han (917–971), and the Wu-Yue (907–978), the latter near the Yangtze delta; the one northern state was the Bei…

Tepehuan: …Tepehuan, of Chihuahua, and the Southern Tepehuan, of Durango. Both speak dialects of the same language, Tepehuan, a Uto-Aztecan language that is most closely related to Piman.

lone star tick: Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI): …star tick bites can cause Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) in humans. STARI causes a round lesion or rash, sometimes with a bull’s-eye appearance much like the characteristic rash of Lyme disease, that appears within a week of the bite. Though the rash is sometimes the only symptom, other symptoms…

Yemen: Saudi-led intervention: …a body known as the Southern Transitional Council (STC). In June the STC took control of the island of Socotra, ousting local officials of the Hadi government. After months of negotiations between the STC and the Hadi government, members of the STC were incorporated into the cabinet of Prime Minister…

Southern University, state-supported university system of Louisiana, U.S., comprising three coeducational units in Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and Shreveport. The main unit, Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, is a historically African-American, land-grant institution located

Jiang Kanghu: He organized the Southern University at Shanghai with himself as its president and in 1924 revived the Chinese Socialist Party, which he reorganized in 1925 into the Social Democratic Party, giving it a platform similar to those of western European social-democratic organizations. Jiang’s growing political momentum came to…

Southern University: The main unit, Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, is a historically African-American, land-grant institution located in Baton Rouge. It offers about 65 undergraduate degree programs and some 30 graduate programs. John B. Cade Library contains a Black Heritage Collection. University centres conduct research in such fields…

United Kingdom: The highland zone: …with the Scottish Highlands, the Southern Uplands of Scotland present a more subdued relief, with elevations that never exceed 2,800 feet (850 metres). The main hill masses are the Cheviots, which reach 2,676 feet (816 metres) in elevation, while only Merrick and Broad Law have elevations above the 2,700-foot (830-metre)…

Uttar Pradesh: Relief: …the Indo-Gangetic Plain) and the southern uplands. The vast majority of Uttar Pradesh lies within the Gangetic Plain, which is composed of alluvial deposits brought down from the Himalayas to the north by the vast Ganges network. Most of that area is a featureless, though fertile, plain varying in elevation…

Ural Mountains: Physiography: The last portion, the Southern Urals, extends some 340 miles (550 km) to the westward bend of the Ural River and consists of several parallel ridges rising to 3,900 feet (1,200 metres) and culminating in Mount Yamantau, 5,380 feet (1,640 metres); the section terminates in the wide uplands (less…

Uto-Aztecan languages: The languages of the Southern Uto-Aztecan division are as follows:

China: Sino-Tibetan of China: The third is the southern variant, also known as the Nanjing or Lower Yangtze variant, which is spoken in northern Jiangsu and in southern and central Anhui. Some authorities also recognize a fourth variant, Northwestern, which is used in most of northwestern China. Related to Mandarin are the Hunan,…

Viet-Muong languages: …Vietnamese, centred in Hue, and Southern Vietnamese, centred in Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), differ from the Northern norm in having fewer tones and in modifying certain consonants. All three use the same writing system, which is called Quoc-ngu. The dialects spoken in the city of Vinh and in much…

Tim McGraw: …included Let It Go (2007), Southern Voice (2009), and Emotional Traffic (2012). Two Lanes of Freedom (2013) featured a duet with pop-country superstar Taylor Swift, whose debut single, “Tim McGraw” (2006), had memorably paid tribute to his music. His albums Sundown Heaven Town and Damn Country

southern white rhinoceros, (Ceratotherium simum simum), subspecies of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The largest rhinoceros group in terms of population, the southern white rhinoceros is found almost exclusively in southern Africa from Angola and Namibia eastward through Botswana,

crabapple: Major species: ioensis), and southern crabapple (M. angustifolia).

Jessie Daniel Ames: …the CIC, Ames founded the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL) in 1930. She fought to dispel the widely accepted myth that white women needed protection from African American men. She pointed out that the rape of white women by African American men, which was the…

Nam Viet, ancient kingdom occupying much of what is now northern Vietnam and the southern Chinese provinces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi. The kingdom was formed in 207 bce, during the breakup of the Ch’in dynasty (221–206 bce), when the Ch’in governor of Yüeh (now Kwangtung and Kwangsi provinces)

Paleo-Siberian languages: Yukaghir: …of the Indigirka River; and Kolyma, or Forest, Yukaghir (also called Southern Yukaghir) along the bend of the Kolyma River. Extinct earlier dialects or languages related to Yukaghir are Omok and Chuvan (Chuvantsy); these were spoken south and southwest of the current Yukaghir area. Nivkh has about 1,000 speakers, roughly…

Terry Southern was an American writer known for his satirical novels and screenplays. Southern served in the U.S. Army during World War II and was educated at Southern Methodist University, the University of Chicago, Northwestern University (B.A., 1948), and the Sorbonne in Paris. His first novel,