Joseph Jenkins Roberts was an American-born individual who became the first president of Liberia (1848–56) and later served as president again (1872–76). A native of Virginia, Roberts was the son of free Blacks whose heritage was more than seven-eighths white. At the age of 20 he, along with his

Julia Roberts is an American actress whose deft performances in varied roles helped make her one of the highest-paid and most-influential actresses in the 1990s and early 2000s. Although Roberts’s parents briefly ran an actors’ workshop when she was a child, she had no acting experience or formal

Julia Roberts is an American actress whose deft performances in varied roles helped make her one of the highest-paid and most-influential actresses in the 1990s and early 2000s. Although Roberts’s parents briefly ran an actors’ workshop when she was a child, she had no acting experience or formal

Kate Roberts was one of the outstanding Welsh-language novelists and short-story writers of the 20th century and the first woman to be recognized as a major figure in the history of Welsh literature. Roberts set her early works in the quarrying districts of North Wales and in the mining villages of

Kenneth Roberts was an American journalist and novelist who wrote fictional reconstructions of the American Revolution. Roberts worked as a journalist until 1917, when he began service as a captain in the Intelligence Section of the U.S. Army’s Siberian Expeditionary Force. He was a staff

Kenneth Roberts was an American journalist and novelist who wrote fictional reconstructions of the American Revolution. Roberts worked as a journalist until 1917, when he began service as a captain in the Intelligence Section of the U.S. Army’s Siberian Expeditionary Force. He was a staff

Lauren Boebert is an American Republican congresswoman from Colorado, businesswoman, and gun-rights activist. She has served in the U.S. House of Representatives since January 2021. In 2024 she won reelection over Democratic challenger Trisha Calvarese. Boebert is a member of the Freedom Caucus, a

Lawrence Roberts was an American computer scientist who supervised the construction of the ARPANET, a computer network that was a precursor to the Internet. Roberts received bachelor’s (1959), master’s (1960), and doctoral (1963) degrees in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of

Lawrence Roberts was an American computer scientist who supervised the construction of the ARPANET, a computer network that was a precursor to the Internet. Roberts received bachelor’s (1959), master’s (1960), and doctoral (1963) degrees in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of

Margaret Thatcher was a British Conservative Party politician and prime minister (1979–90), Europe’s first woman prime minister. The only British prime minister in the 20th century to win three consecutive terms and, at the time of her resignation, Britain’s longest continuously serving prime

Mary Roberts Rinehart was an American novelist and playwright best known for her mystery stories. Mary Roberts graduated from the Pittsburgh Training School for Nurses in 1896. That same year she married physician Stanley M. Rinehart. She and her husband started a family, and she took up writing in

Harlem Hellfighters: The Hellfighters at war: Needham Roberts of the 369th were on sentry duty when their post was attacked by a German patrol. The two men fought off as many as two dozen Germans in brutal hand-to-hand combat. Johnson sustained 21 wounds in the engagement, and the French military awarded…

Nora Roberts is an American romance novelist who is one of the most successful and prolific authors of the genre. As a child, Roberts was an avid reader and frequently formulated her own stories. After graduating from high school, she married and later had two sons. Confined to her home with her

Billy the Kid was an American outlaw who was one of the most notorious gunfighters of the American West. Although he claimed to have killed 21 men, the actual number is likely less than 10. At about age 21, Billy the Kid was gunned down by Sheriff Pat Garrett. Born on New York City’s East Side,

Oral Roberts was an American Pentecostal evangelist known for his televised faith-healing ministry. Roberts was one of the first proponents of the “prosperity gospel,” a theology teaching that God desires temporal happiness and security for his faithful and rewards devotion and generous tithing or

Owen Josephus Roberts was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1930–45). Roberts was the son of hardware merchant Josephus R. Roberts and Emma Lafferty Roberts. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1895 from the University of Pennsylvania and then entered the university’s law

Pat Roberts is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and began his first term representing Kansas in that body the following year. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1981–97). Roberts’s family was involved in journalism and

Patricia Roberts Harris was an American public official, the first African American woman named to a U.S. ambassadorship and the first as well to serve in a presidential cabinet. Harris grew up in Mattoon and in Chicago. She graduated from Howard University, Washington, D.C., in 1945, pursued

Rachel Roberts was a Welsh actress probably best known for her British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award-winning performance as Brenda—an unhappily married woman who becomes pregnant with another man’s child—in the Karel Reisz film Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960). She also

Richard Roberts was a British inventor known for his great versatility. Roberts began his career as an uneducated quarryman. He had remarkable mechanical ability, however, and worked at various times for the industrialist John Wilkinson and the inventor Henry Maudslay. He was one of the inventors

Richard J. Roberts is a molecular biologist, the winner, with Phillip A. Sharp, of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his independent discovery of “split genes.” Roberts received a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Sheffield, Eng., in 1968. After postdoctoral

Richard J. Roberts is a molecular biologist, the winner, with Phillip A. Sharp, of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his independent discovery of “split genes.” Roberts received a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Sheffield, Eng., in 1968. After postdoctoral

the Flying Burrito Brothers: Parsons and Hillman, former members of the Byrds, founded the Flying Burrito Brothers in Los Angeles in 1968, appropriating the name from a group of local musicians who gathered for jam sessions. Earlier that year, Parsons had…

Sir Charles G.D. Roberts was a poet who was the first to express the new national feeling aroused by the Canadian confederation of 1867. His example and counsel inspired a whole nationalist school of late 19th-century poets, the Confederation group. Also a prolific prose writer, Roberts wrote

Sir Charles G.D. Roberts was a poet who was the first to express the new national feeling aroused by the Canadian confederation of 1867. His example and counsel inspired a whole nationalist school of late 19th-century poets, the Confederation group. Also a prolific prose writer, Roberts wrote

Sir Gilbert Roberts was a British civil engineer who pioneered new design and construction methods in a series of major bridges including the 3,300-foot (1,006-metre) Firth of Forth highway bridge in Scotland, the seventh longest in the world. After attending City and Guilds College of the

Tom Roberts was a painter who introduced Impressionism to Australia. Arriving in Melbourne at age 13, Roberts worked as a photographer, supplementing his meagre earnings with paintings produced as an evening art student. In 1881 he went to England to study at the Royal Academy in London and toured

Tom Roberts was a painter who introduced Impressionism to Australia. Arriving in Melbourne at age 13, Roberts worked as a photographer, supplementing his meagre earnings with paintings produced as an evening art student. In 1881 he went to England to study at the Royal Academy in London and toured

Annie Hall: Alvy’s friend Rob (Tony Roberts) suggests that they move to California, but Alvy is not interested. Then Alvy and Annie (Keaton) go to a movie. Later that night, Annie mentions that Alvy has been married before, introducing a flashback to Alvy’s first marriage, to Allison (Carol Kane). Another…

Virginia Giuffre was an advocate for victims of sex trafficking and one of the principal accusers of Jeffrey Epstein. Giuffre said she worked as part of Epstein’s operation and was forced to sleep with him and other powerful men starting when she was 16. She later moved to Australia, sued Epstein

Western painting: Cubism and its consequences: …striking clarity and force, and William Roberts combined a Cubist formulation with social commentary analogous to that of the 18th-century painter William Hogarth.

Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen was an English metallurgist noted for his research on the physical properties of metals and their alloys. He was knighted in 1899. As professor of metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines in London from 1882 to 1902, Roberts-Austen conducted extensive studies on

American Airlines: Beginnings in the airmail era: …its key early components were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport.

New South Wales: Economic developments: The Robertson Land Acts, once wrongly regarded as a failure, did succeed in areas suitable for dairying or intensive cultivation and helped promote these branches of rural industry. Elsewhere, however, selectors often failed or were reduced to poverty. This economic climate helped provide the conditions in…

Frederick William Robertson was an Anglican clergyman who became widely popular particularly among the working class because of the oratory and psychological insight in his sermons preached from 1847 at Trinity Chapel, Brighton. Appealing to a broad religious consensus within Anglican belief by

unidentified flying object: The Robertson Panel and the Condon Report: ”  An American obsession with the UFO phenomenon was underway. In the hot summer of 1952 a provocative series of radar and visual sightings occurred near National Airport in Washington, D.C. Although these events were attributed to temperature inversions in…

Agnes Arber was a botanist noted chiefly for her studies in comparative anatomy of plants, especially monocotyledons. She attended the universities of London (B.Sc., 1899; D.Sc., 1905) and Cambridge (M.A.) and in 1909 married Edward Alexander Newell Arber, a paleobotanist who had been her teacher

Alice Mary Robertson was an American educator and public official, remembered for her work with Native American and other schools in Oklahoma and as a U.S. congressional representative from that state. Robertson was the daughter of missionary teachers among the Creek Indians. She attended Elmira

golf: The gutta-percha era: Andrews Allan Robertson, a leading manufacturer of feather balls, would have nothing to do with gutties at first; but “Old Tom” Morris, who was then his assistant, wisely foresaw the possibilities of the new ball, and on this issue the two actually parted company in 1852,…

Grandma Moses was an American folk painter who was internationally popular for her naive documentation of rural life in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Anna Robertson had only sporadic periods of schooling during her childhood. At age 12 she left her parents’ farm and

Cliff Robertson was an American actor who enjoyed a creditable career onstage and in television and movies. After high school, Robertson longed to go to sea and signed aboard the freighter Admiral Cole. The freighter was bombed but not sunk by a Japanese plane off the coast of the Philippines on

Cliff Robertson was an American actor who enjoyed a creditable career onstage and in television and movies. After high school, Robertson longed to go to sea and signed aboard the freighter Admiral Cole. The freighter was bombed but not sunk by a Japanese plane off the coast of the Philippines on

The Boys: …Garth Ennis and illustrated by Darick Robertson, the show was developed by Eric Kripke for Amazon Prime Video. It debuted in July 2019 and ended with its fifth season in 2026, and it was consistently one of Amazon’s most-watched series. The series used the superhero genre as a vehicle for…

Texas: The arts: …of the best-known fiddlers was Eck Robertson from Amarillo, who made the first country recording with the fiddle in 1922. Texas also has an important legacy of blues music stretching from the country blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson and Lightnin’ Hopkins to the rhythm and blues of Bobby (“Blue”) Bland—who…

Henry Handel Richardson was an Australian novelist whose trilogy The Fortunes of Richard Mahony, combining description of an Australian immigrant’s life and work in the goldfields with a powerful character study, is considered the crowning achievement of modern Australian fiction to that time. From

Frederick William Robertson was an Anglican clergyman who became widely popular particularly among the working class because of the oratory and psychological insight in his sermons preached from 1847 at Trinity Chapel, Brighton. Appealing to a broad religious consensus within Anglican belief by

astronomy: Development of the big-bang theory: …work, American mathematician and physicist Howard P. Robertson summarized the most general space-time metric that is possible under the assumption that the universe is homogeneous (of the same density everywhere) and isotropic (the same in all spatial directions). (A metric is a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem that describes the…

Bob Dylan: Dylan goes electric: …from the Hawks, Canadian guitarist Robbie Robertson and drummer Levon Helm). Dylan and the band were booed throughout the performance; incongruously, the audience sang along with “Like a Rolling Stone,” the number two song in the United States that week, and then booed at its conclusion.

Nashville: History: …he sent a party under James Robertson to investigate the Cumberland Valley. They settled at French Lick and were joined in the spring of 1780 by another group under John Donelson. Fort Nashborough, built at the site and named for American Revolutionary War general Francis Nash, became the centre of…

punctuation: Punctuation in English since 1600: …Robert Monteith in 1704 and Joseph Robertson in 1795. Excessive punctuation was common in the 18th century: at its worst it used commas with every subordinate clause and separable phrase. Vestiges of this attitude are found in a handbook published in London as late as 1880. It was the lexicographers…

Lisa Robertson is a Canadian poet and essayist whose poetry is known for its subversive engagement with the classical traditions of Western poetry and philosophy. An influential figure amongst Canada’s experimental writers, Robertson is one of the country’s most celebrated and internationally

Dame Margaret Kendal and William Hunter Kendal: Madge Kendal was a brilliant actress with a wide emotional range who, unlike most dramatic actors of her day, performed in a relatively natural manner. On the stage she overshadowed her husband partly because she was a better performer and partly because he chose plays…

Pat Robertson was an American evangelist who was noted for his conservative views. He founded (1960) what became the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), which aired his talk show, The 700 Club. Robertson was born into a political family; his father, Absalom Willis Robertson, served in both the

Dame Anna Neagle was a British actress and dancer, known for her work in stage plays, musicals, and films. Her motion-picture career was guided by her husband, producer-director Herbert Wilcox. Neagle debuted as a dancer in The Wonder Tales (London, 1917). Her first real lead was as a juvenile with

Oscar Robertson is an American basketball player who starred in both the collegiate and professional ranks and was considered one of the top players in the history of the game. As a player with the Cincinnati (Ohio) Royals of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1961–62, he averaged double

Oscar Robertson is an American basketball player who starred in both the collegiate and professional ranks and was considered one of the top players in the history of the game. As a player with the Cincinnati (Ohio) Royals of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1961–62, he averaged double

Pat Robertson was an American evangelist who was noted for his conservative views. He founded (1960) what became the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), which aired his talk show, The 700 Club. Robertson was born into a political family; his father, Absalom Willis Robertson, served in both the

Bob Dylan: Dylan goes electric: …from the Hawks, Canadian guitarist Robbie Robertson and drummer Levon Helm). Dylan and the band were booed throughout the performance; incongruously, the audience sang along with “Like a Rolling Stone,” the number two song in the United States that week, and then booed at its conclusion.

antiglobalization: Definitions of globalization: …David Held and colleagues, and Roland Robertson shows that they concentrate on quite similar aspects. Giddens portrayed globalization in 1990 as intensified worldwide social relations where local events are shaped by distant occurrences. Held and colleagues wrote in 1999 that globalization exemplifies interconnectedness of regions near and far, allowing for…

Sir Dennis Holme Robertson was a British economist who was an early supporter of John Maynard Keynes but later produced cogent criticisms of his work. Robertson was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with first class honours in 1912. Between 1938 and 1944 he

Sir William Robert Robertson, 1st Baronet was a field marshal and the chief of the British Imperial General Staff during most of World War I. He supported Sir Douglas Haig, the British commander in chief in France, in urging concentration of Britain’s manpower and matériel on the Western Front.

Thomas William Robertson was a British playwright whose realistic social comedies and pioneering work as a producer-director helped establish the late-19th-century revival of drama in England. Born into a theatrical family that played a provincial circuit based on the city of Lincoln, Robertson in

William Robertson was a Scottish historian and Presbyterian minister. He is regarded, along with David Hume and Edward Gibbon, as one of the most important British historians of the 18th century. Robertson was educated at the University of Edinburgh, completing his studies in 1741. He was ordained

astronomy: Development of the big-bang theory: …this metric is called the Robertson-Walker metric. The Robertson-Walker metric and the expansion of the universe (as revealed by the galactic redshifts) were the twin foundations on which much of 20th-century cosmology was constructed.

Robertsport, town and Atlantic fishing port, western Liberia. It is situated at the outlet of Lake Piso (Fisherman Lake), on Cape Mount. In 1461 or 1462 the Portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra reached the cape, a 1,000-foot- (305-metre-) high granite promontory, which he named Cabo do Monte. In

Robert Fludd was a British physician, author, and mystical philosopher remembered for his occultist opposition to science. The son of Sir Thomas Fludd, he studied at St. John’s College, Oxford, before traveling in Europe for six years. On his return to Oxford he earned medical degrees (1605) and

Robert De Torigni was a Norman chronicler whose records are an important source both for Anglo-French history and the intellectual renaissance in the 12th century. Robert was born to a family apparently of high rank. In 1128 he joined the monastery at Bec, where he was ordained deacon (1131) and

Roberval balance, linked mechanism invented in 1669 by the French mathematician Gilles Personne de Roberval and used in commercial weighing machines. As shown in the figure, AB is an equal-armed beam pivoted to the vertical member G at C, while DE is an identical beam pivoted to G at F. The beams

Gilles Personne de Roberval was a French mathematician who made important advances in the geometry of curves. In 1632 Roberval became professor of mathematics at the Collège de France, Paris, a position he held until his death. He studied the methods of determination of surface area and volume of

Gilles Personne de Roberval was a French mathematician who made important advances in the geometry of curves. In 1632 Roberval became professor of mathematics at the Collège de France, Paris, a position he held until his death. He studied the methods of determination of surface area and volume of

Jean-François de La Rocque, sieur de Roberval was a French colonizer chosen by Francis I to create a settlement on North American lands found earlier by Jacques Cartier. Roberval was born into a noble family and lived at the court of Francis of Angoulême. Roberval converted to Protestantism and was

Gilles Personne de Roberval: …Torricelli gave the name of Robervallian lines.

Robeson Channel, northernmost part of the sea passage connecting Baffin Bay, an inlet of the North Atlantic Ocean, with the Lincoln Sea, a portion of the Arctic Ocean, to the north. The channel is 11–18 miles (18–29 km) wide between Ellesmere Island, Can. (west), and northwest Greenland (east); and

Paul Robeson was a celebrated American singer, actor, and activist who was one of the preeminent figures of American theater in the early 20th century. He also appeared on the London stage and in films and was a tireless supporter of left-wing causes, for which he was blacklisted by Hollywood in

Paul Robeson was a celebrated American singer, actor, and activist who was one of the preeminent figures of American theater in the early 20th century. He also appeared on the London stage and in films and was a tireless supporter of left-wing causes, for which he was blacklisted by Hollywood in

Maximilien Robespierre was a radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution. In the latter months of 1793, he came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was

Maximilien Robespierre was a radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution. In the latter months of 1793, he came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was

Duke and Peacock Records: Don Robey, a nightclub owner with reputed underworld connections, founded Peacock Records in 1949 and ran it with an iron hand. In 1952 Robey and James Mattias of Duke Records (founded in Memphis, Tennessee, earlier in the year) formed a partnership. A year later Robey…

Sir George Robey was an English music-hall comedian known for many years as “the prime minister of mirth.” Robey made his first appearance on the professional stage in 1891, and of his numerous character roles, the most famous—the collarless cleric with the red nose, the startled and heavy black

Albert Robida was an early pioneer of science fiction and founding father of science fiction art. Despite severe myopia, Robida as a child had a passion for drawing. He produced his first series of satiric cartoons in 1865 and two years later his parents, recognizing his creative talents, permitted

Robie House, residence designed for Frederick C. Robie by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in Hyde Park, a neighbourhood on the South Side of Chicago. Completed in 1910, the structure is the culmination of Wright’s modern design innovations that came to be called the Prairie style. With its restless,

fungus: Importance of fungi: …organized an annual festival, the Robigalia, in his honour.

fungus: Importance of fungi: …Romans designated a particular deity, Robigus, as the god of rust and, in an effort to appease him, organized an annual festival, the Robigalia, in his honour.

Robin, American comic strip character created for DC Comics by writer Bill Finger and artist Bob Kane. Debuting in Detective Comics no. 38 (April 1940), Robin was introduced as a junior crime-fighting partner for Batman, and he served as the template for later teenage sidekicks. Robin the Boy

robin, either of two species of thrushes (family Turdidae) distinguished by an orange or dull reddish breast. The American robin (Turdus migratorius), a large North American thrush, is one of the most familiar songbirds in the eastern United States. Early colonial settlers named it robin because

Richard Lester: …Royal Flash (1975), the revisionist Robin and Marian (1976), the bittersweet historical romance Cuba (1979), and the lavish comic-book derivations Superman II (1980) and Superman III (1983).

Robin and the Seven Hoods, American comedy musical film, released in 1964, that featured the 1960s “Rat Pack”—notably Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis, Jr.—in a parody of the legend of Robin Hood. The film takes the topic of warring gangs in Prohibition-era Chicago and makes it into

Puck, the vivacious fairy, henchman for fairy king Oberon, and narrator in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, one of William Shakespeare’s middle comedies, written about 1595–96 and published in 1600 in a quarto edition from the author’s manuscript. As Oberon’s chief attendant, Puck, or Robin Goodfellow,

puck, in medieval English folklore, a malicious fairy or demon. In Old and Middle English the word meant simply “demon.” In Elizabethan lore he was a mischievous, brownielike fairy also called Robin Goodfellow, or Hobgoblin. As one of the leading characters in William Shakespeare’s Midsummer

Cate Blanchett: Hepburn, Dylan, and Academy Awards: …Marion Loxley in Ridley Scott’s Robin Hood. The action drama starred Russell Crowe in the title role as the outlaw hero.

Robin Hood, legendary outlaw hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least as early as the 14th century. Robin Hood was a rebel, and many of the most striking episodes in the tales about him show him and his companions robbing and killing representatives of authority and

Reginald De Koven: …which the most successful was Robin Hood (1890). Partly derived from the style of Gilbert and Sullivan and containing the songs “O Promise Me” and “Brown October Ale,” it received more than 3,000 performances. His other works included Rob Roy (1894), The Highwayman (1897), and Maid Marian (1901) and two…

Jamie Foxx: Later credits: …in an action-packed retelling of Robin Hood (2018). His credits from 2019 included the TV special Live in Front of a Studio Audience: Norman Lear’s All in the Family and The Jeffersons, in which he played George Jefferson, and the film drama Just Mercy. The following year he starred in…

Douglas Fairbanks: … (1920), The Three Musketeers (1921), Robin Hood (1922), The Thief of Bagdad (1924), The Black Pirate (1926), The Iron Mask (1929), and The Taming of the Shrew (1929), in which he costarred with Mary Pickford, the popular leading lady to whom he was married from 1920 to 1935.

Wes Moore: Career in business: …chief executive officer of the Robin Hood Foundation in 2017. The New York City-based organization helps to fight poverty in the city by funding food banks and shelters. Robin Hood also offered aid to underserved communities in the city during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moore left Robin Hood in 2021 as…

Mel Brooks: Films of the 1980s and 1990s: Brooks then directed Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993), a send-up of Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991), in which Kevin Costner had starred (and was generally maligned) as the legendary outlaw hero. Brooks’s final motion picture as a director was the unremarkable Dracula: Dead and Loving It…

Sean Connery: …films of the 1990s included Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991), First Knight (1995), The Rock (1996), Dragonheart (1996), and Entrapment (1999). Connery officially retired from acting following his appearance in the film adaptation (2003) of the comic-book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen

European robin, (Erithacus rubecula), songbird species known for its bright orange face and breast. The European robin is classified as belonging to the Muscicapidae, a bird family that includes Old World flycatchers. The species is found throughout Europe and in parts of western Asia, northern

knot: The common knot (C. canutus), about 25 cm (10 inches) long including the bill, has a reddish breast in breeding plumage (hence another name, robin sandpiper); in winter it is plain gray. It breeds on dry, stony Arctic tundra and migrates great distances along the coasts…

Charles Wakefield Cadman: His 1918 opera Shanewis (The Robin Woman) was the first American opera to play two seasons at New York City’s Metropolitan Opera. Other works include the operatic cantata The Sunset Trail (1925) and the operas A Witch of Salem (1926) and The Willow Tree (1931), the first American…