Mississippi River: Development of the river’s commerce: …between the Natchez and the Robert E. Lee . The latter won by dint of stripping out all unnecessary superstructure and taking on extra fuel supplies from tenders while steaming upriver at full speed. Yet even as the river was at its most flamboyant, the same westward expansion that had…

Mary Augusta Arnold Ward: …English novelist whose best-known work, Robert Elsmere, created a sensation in its day by advocating a Christianity based on social concern rather than theology.

Claude Lelouch: for Life), Mariage (1974; Marriage), Robert et Robert (1978; “Robert and Robert”), and À nous deux (1979; Us Two). For Toute une vie (1974; And Now My Love), he and Uytterhoeven received Oscar nominations for their original screenplay. Lelouch’s later notable movies included the musical Les Uns et les autres…

Othmar Herman Ammann: …Triborough Bridge (later renamed the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), New York City. He also sat on the Board of Engineers in charge of San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge, which opened in 1937.

Ethel Kennedy: Later life: …Human Rights (now called the Robert & Ethel Kennedy Human Rights Center), which honors exemplary work by journalists and human rights advocates.

Ethel Kennedy: Later life: …Human Rights (now called the Robert & Ethel Kennedy Human Rights Center), which honors exemplary work by journalists and human rights advocates.

Robert F. Smith is one of the most successful investors in modern private equity and a defining figure in the software industry’s growth. The founder, chair, and CEO of Vista Equity Partners, he built the firm into one of the world’s top-performing investors in companies that build software for

John Ericsson: …a small iron vessel, the Robert F. Stockton, to be fitted by Ericsson with engines and screw; it reached New York City in May 1839.

Robert Fico is the prime minister of Slovakia, winning his most recent term in 2023. Since 2006 he has held the office four times and served for a total of 15 years, longer than any other prime minister in Slovakia’s history. In 1999 Fico helped found the political party Direction–Social Democracy,

Heinrich von Kleist: …also working on the play Robert Guiskard, an ambitious work in which he attempted to unite ancient Sophoclean tragedy and the Shakespearean drama of character, but it would remain a fragment. He set out on a new journey and in Paris, overcome by despair, burned his manuscript of Guiskard (though…

Robert Herjavec is an entrepreneur and investor who built a career in cybersecurity before becoming a longtime panelist on ABC’s reality television series Shark Tank. He is known for founding and leading technology companies and for investing in early-stage businesses on the show, where he has been

Robert I was the younger son of Robert the Strong of Neustria and briefly king of France (922–923), or West Francia. His decisive victory over the Northmen at Chartres (911) led to a treaty settling one group of these fierce warriors in Normandy. Robert faithfully served his older brother, King

Robert I was the duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1026), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter’s

Robert I was the count of Flanders (1071–93), the second son of Count Baldwin V. In 1063 he married Gertrude and became guardian of her son, who had inherited Frisia east of the Scheldt River. Upon this marriage, Robert’s father also invested him with Imperial Flanders, including the islands of

Robert the Bruce was the king of Scotland (1306–29), who freed Scotland from English rule, winning the decisive Battle of Bannockburn (1314) and ultimately confirming Scottish independence in the Treaty of Northampton (1328). The Anglo-Norman family of Bruce, which had come to Scotland in the early

Robert II was the count of Flanders (1093–1111), one of the most celebrated of crusaders. The son of Robert I, he sailed for the Holy Land on the First Crusade in 1096 and earned fame perhaps second only to that of Godfrey of Bouillon. Returning to Flanders in 1100, he fought with his suzerain,

Robert II was the duke of Normandy (1087–1106), a weak-willed and incompetent ruler whose poor record as an administrator of his domain was partly redeemed by his contribution to the First Crusade (1096–99). The eldest son of William I the Conqueror, Robert was recognized in boyhood as his father’s

Robert II was the king of Scots from 1371, first of the Stewart (Stuart) sovereigns in Scotland. Heir presumptive for more than 50 years, he had little effect on Scottish political and military affairs when he finally acceded to the throne. On the death (1326) of his father, Walter the Steward, in

Robert II was the king of France who took Burgundy into the French realm. The son of Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty, and Adelaide of Aquitaine, Robert was educated at the episcopal school of Reims under Gerbert of Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II. Soon after his own coronation (July

Robert III was the king of Scots from 1390, after having ruled Scotland in the name of his father, Robert II, from 1384 to 1388. Physically disabled by a kick from a horse, he was never the real ruler of Scotland during the years of his kingship. The eldest son of Robert the Steward (the future

Robert I was the duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1026), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter’s

Robert The Devil: …libretto for Giacomo Meyerbeer’s opera Robert le Diable.

Robert The Devil: …the legend as given in Robert le Diable, a late 12th-century romance; other versions are told in two 14th-century poems, and in the 19th century a distorted version of the legend supplied a libretto for Giacomo Meyerbeer’s opera Robert le Diable.

Robert the Strong was the ancestor of the Capetian kings of France. A member of a powerful aristocratic family and a count of various regions between the Seine and Loire rivers, Robert served the Carolingian king of France Charles II the Bald; by his bold and inspiring military leadership he

Robert I was the count of Flanders (1071–93), the second son of Count Baldwin V. In 1063 he married Gertrude and became guardian of her son, who had inherited Frisia east of the Scheldt River. Upon this marriage, Robert’s father also invested him with Imperial Flanders, including the islands of

Robert II was the count of Flanders (1093–1111), one of the most celebrated of crusaders. The son of Robert I, he sailed for the Holy Land on the First Crusade in 1096 and earned fame perhaps second only to that of Godfrey of Bouillon. Returning to Flanders in 1100, he fought with his suzerain,

Robert I was the duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1026), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter’s

Robert II was the king of France who took Burgundy into the French realm. The son of Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty, and Adelaide of Aquitaine, Robert was educated at the episcopal school of Reims under Gerbert of Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II. Soon after his own coronation (July

Robert Mapplethorpe: A posthumous retrospective exhibition, “Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment,” was planned for the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C., but stirred a political debate in 1990 that caused the museum to cancel the show. Because the exhibition—which featured Mapplethorpe’s still lifes as well as his nudes—was partly funded by a…

Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, nonprofit educational institution established at Santa Barbara, Calif., in 1959 and based in Los Angeles from 1988. The educator Robert M. Hutchins (q.v.) organized the centre and headed it and its parent corporation, the Fund for the Republic

Columbia: …1930) and the Robert Mills Historic House (1823) and Park; the house, which is also called Ainsley Hall Mansion, was designed by Mills, who also designed the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. The State House, or capitol (begun c. 1855), is a gray granite structure built in Italian Renaissance style.

The following article was written for the 1982 Britannica Book of the Year (events of 1981) by Robert Mugabe, who became the first prime minister of Zimbabwe in 1980. In it he recounts the black majority’s struggle for independence and details his government’s plans to address the problems facing

Robert was an Angevin prince and Guelf (papal party) leader who ruled Naples as king for 34 years (1309–43). Robert’s early years were clouded by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–88), in which his father, Charles II of Anjou, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. By the terms of the treaty

Philip VI: When shortly thereafter Robert of Artois, who had helped Philip to win the crown, claimed the countship of Artois against a member of the royal family, Philip was forced to institute judicial proceedings against Robert, who became his bitter enemy. In 1334 Robert went to England and began…

Crusades: The Crusades of St. Louis: …by his queen; his brothers Robert of Artois and Charles of Anjou; many distinguished French nobles, including Jean, sire de Joinville, author of The Life of St. Louis (1309); and a small English contingent. His army was a formidable one, numbering perhaps 15,000. France was left in the experienced hands…

Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shropshire or Shrewsbury was a Norman magnate, soldier, and outstanding military architect, who for a time was the most powerful vassal of the English crown under the second and third Norman kings, William II Rufus and Henry I. His contemporary reputation for sadism

Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shropshire or Shrewsbury was a Norman magnate, soldier, and outstanding military architect, who for a time was the most powerful vassal of the English crown under the second and third Norman kings, William II Rufus and Henry I. His contemporary reputation for sadism

Robert was the Latin emperor of Constantinople from 1221 to 1228. He was so ineffective that the Latin Empire (consolidated by his uncle, Henry of Flanders) was largely dissolved at the end of his reign. Robert was a younger son of Peter of Courtenay (died early 1219?) and Yolande of Flanders and

Robert I was the count of Flanders (1071–93), the second son of Count Baldwin V. In 1063 he married Gertrude and became guardian of her son, who had inherited Frisia east of the Scheldt River. Upon this marriage, Robert’s father also invested him with Imperial Flanders, including the islands of

Clement (VII) was the first antipope (1378–94) of the Western (Great) Schism that troubled the Roman Catholic church for 40 years. After serving as bishop of Thérouanne, county of Artois, from 1361, he became archbishop of Cambrai, in the Low Countries, in 1368 and cardinal in 1371. As papal legate

Robert Of Gloucester was an early Middle English chronicler known only through his connection with the work called “The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester”—a vernacular history of England from its legendary founding by Brut (Brutus), great-grandson of Aeneas, to the year 1270. It was written,

Robert of Jumièges was one of the Normans given high position by the English king Edward the Confessor. Robert was prior of Saint-Ouen, Rouen, France, when elected abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Jumièges in 1037 to succeed his kinsman William. Taken to England by King Edward in 1042, he was made

St. Robert of Molesme ; canonized 1222; feast day April 29) was a French Benedictine monk and abbot, monastic reformer, and founder of Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium) Abbey (1098), which developed into the Cistercian Order. The son of noble parents, Robert entered the Benedictine monastery of

Robert II was the duke of Normandy (1087–1106), a weak-willed and incompetent ruler whose poor record as an administrator of his domain was partly redeemed by his contribution to the First Crusade (1096–99). The eldest son of William I the Conqueror, Robert was recognized in boyhood as his father’s

Defense Production Act: …preparedness activities” (defined by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act [1988] as “all those activities and measures designed or undertaken to prepare for or minimize the effects of a hazard upon the civilian population”).

Chicago: People of Chicago: The Robert Taylor Homes in Bronzeville was the largest such project ever built in the country, and it is widely considered one of the most conspicuous failures in the history of public housing. Chronically underfunded and overcrowded, the Robert Taylor Homes was demolished (the last building…

Robert the Bruce was the king of Scotland (1306–29), who freed Scotland from English rule, winning the decisive Battle of Bannockburn (1314) and ultimately confirming Scottish independence in the Treaty of Northampton (1328). The Anglo-Norman family of Bruce, which had come to Scotland in the early

Robert The Devil, legendary son of a duke of Normandy, born in answer to prayers addressed to the devil. He uses his immense strength only for crime. Directed by the pope to consult a certain holy hermit, he is delivered from his curse by maintaining absolute silence, feigning madness, taking his

Robert I was the duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1026), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter’s

Robert I was the count of Flanders (1071–93), the second son of Count Baldwin V. In 1063 he married Gertrude and became guardian of her son, who had inherited Frisia east of the Scheldt River. Upon this marriage, Robert’s father also invested him with Imperial Flanders, including the islands of

Robert II was the count of Flanders (1093–1111), one of the most celebrated of crusaders. The son of Robert I, he sailed for the Holy Land on the First Crusade in 1096 and earned fame perhaps second only to that of Godfrey of Bouillon. Returning to Flanders in 1100, he fought with his suzerain,

Robert I was the duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1026), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter’s

Robert II was the king of France who took Burgundy into the French realm. The son of Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty, and Adelaide of Aquitaine, Robert was educated at the episcopal school of Reims under Gerbert of Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II. Soon after his own coronation (July

Robert II was the king of Scots from 1371, first of the Stewart (Stuart) sovereigns in Scotland. Heir presumptive for more than 50 years, he had little effect on Scottish political and military affairs when he finally acceded to the throne. On the death (1326) of his father, Walter the Steward, in

Robert the Strong was the ancestor of the Capetian kings of France. A member of a powerful aristocratic family and a count of various regions between the Seine and Loire rivers, Robert served the Carolingian king of France Charles II the Bald; by his bold and inspiring military leadership he

Robert was an Angevin prince and Guelf (papal party) leader who ruled Naples as king for 34 years (1309–43). Robert’s early years were clouded by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–88), in which his father, Charles II of Anjou, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. By the terms of the treaty

Center for Science in the Public Interest: …by foundations, such as the Robert Wood Johnson and Rockefeller foundations.

parliamentary procedure: Origins and development: Robert’s Rules of Order (1876), codified by U.S. Army officer General Henry M. Robert (1837–1923), which has gone through various editions and reprintings and continues to be published in periodic editions, has had a lasting impact on the development of parliamentary procedure.

Celtic literature: The Counter-Reformation: …Welsh primer, the work of Gruffydd Robert (c. 1522–c. 1610), and several religious works, many of which were published on the Continent.

Henry Martyn Robert was a U.S. Army officer, known as the author of the standard manual on parliamentary procedure in the United States, known as Robert’s Rules of Order. A graduate (1857) of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., Robert was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers and retired

Hubert Robert was a French landscape painter sometimes called Robert des Ruines because of his many romantic representations of Roman ruins set in idealized surroundings. Robert left Paris for Rome in 1754 and studied at the French Academy there. He also met the French painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard

Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin was a French magician who is considered to be the father of modern conjuring. He was the first magician to use electricity; he improved the signalling method for the “thought transference” trick; and he exposed “fakes” and magicians who relied on supernatural explanations

Marseille faience: The factory of Joseph-Gaspard Robert was known for its faience and, from 1777, for porcelain with elaborate floral decoration. The greatest technical feat was a decoration entirely in gold, which is unique in French pottery.

Nicolas-Louis Robert was an inventor who, with his brother and Jacques Charles, launched the first hydrogen balloon in Paris in 1783. The same year he and Charles ascended in a gondola carried by the same kind of balloon. In 1798, Robert invented the first machine to produce paper in continuous

Paul Robert was a French lexicographer who followed Émile Littré and Pierre Larousse in creating a French dictionary that became a household name. Robert studied law before publishing the first installment of his dictionary. When the dictionary won an award from the French Academy, he was able to

Paul Robert was a French lexicographer who followed Émile Littré and Pierre Larousse in creating a French dictionary that became a household name. Robert studied law before publishing the first installment of his dictionary. When the dictionary won an award from the French Academy, he was able to

Buffalo Sabres: …Rick Martin, and right wing René Robert. The French Connection led Buffalo to a division championship in 1974–75, and the team advanced to the Stanley Cup finals in just its fifth season of existence, where it lost to the defending-champion Philadelphia Flyers. Along with left wing Craig Ramsay, the French…

Shaaban Robert was a popular Swahili writer. Robert was the product of two cultures—his father was a Christian, but Shaaban returned to Islam. His work ranges from poetry to essay and didactic tale, influenced in style by the Oriental tradition. Many poems follow the form of utendi verse (used for

Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin was a French magician who is considered to be the father of modern conjuring. He was the first magician to use electricity; he improved the signalling method for the “thought transference” trick; and he exposed “fakes” and magicians who relied on supernatural explanations

William A. Seiter: …director also had success with Roberta (1935), a popular adaptation of the Jerome Kern–Otto A. Harbach musical; it nominally starred Irene Dunne, but arguably the best scenes were those with Rogers and Fred Astaire. Rogers returned for In Person (1935), an amusing satire of the movie industry. Seiter’s credits from…

Ercole de’ Roberti was an Italian painter of the Ferrarese school whose work is characterized by a highly personal style of sensibility and deep pathos. Roberti is believed to have studied with Cosmè Tura, a court painter to the Este family of Ferrara, and he is known to have studied with Tura’s

Roberto Carlos: …popularity—bolstered by a top-selling album, Roberto Carlos canta para a juventude (1965; “Roberto Carlos Sings to the Youth”), and a string of hit songs that tapped into the rebellious zeitgeist—swiftly earned him the nickname “the King.”

Robert was an Angevin prince and Guelf (papal party) leader who ruled Naples as king for 34 years (1309–43). Robert’s early years were clouded by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–88), in which his father, Charles II of Anjou, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. By the terms of the treaty

Robert was an Angevin prince and Guelf (papal party) leader who ruled Naples as king for 34 years (1309–43). Robert’s early years were clouded by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–88), in which his father, Charles II of Anjou, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. By the terms of the treaty

Italian literature: The veristi and other narrative writers: Another verista, Federico De Roberto, in his novel I vicerè (1894; The Viceroys), has given a cynical and wryly funny account of an aristocratic Sicilian family that adapted all too well to change. Capuana, the founder of verismo and most rigorous adherent to its impersonal method of…

Latin American architecture: Brazil: …Press Association Building (1938), by Marcelo and Milton Roberto, incorporated the idea of a fixed brise-soleil that would provide natural light without the heat and glare of the strong tropical sun; it was the first large-scale modern building constructed in Brazil. Future Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek, then the mayor of…

Latin American architecture: Brazil: …Building (1938), by Marcelo and Milton Roberto, incorporated the idea of a fixed brise-soleil that would provide natural light without the heat and glare of the strong tropical sun; it was the first large-scale modern building constructed in Brazil. Future Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek, then the mayor of Belo Horizonte,…

Canada: Domestic policies: Roberts Bank, one of the world’s largest ocean coal depots, was built near Vancouver to expedite the shipment of British Columbian coal to Japan. Saskatchewan’s potash and uranium commanded premium prices during those years, and international demand for wheat, beef, and other farm products brought…

Redmond: Redmond is the site of Roberts Field, formerly the World War II-era Redmond Army Air Base and now a commercial airport serving three counties in central Oregon. The city’s population has grown considerably since the 1990s. Inc. 1910. Pop. (2000) 13,481; (2010) 26,215.

Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts was a British field marshal, an outstanding combat leader in the Second Afghan War (1878–80) and the South African War (1899–1902), and the last commander in chief of the British Army (1901–04; office then abolished). Foreseeing World War I, he was one of

Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts was a British field marshal, an outstanding combat leader in the Second Afghan War (1878–80) and the South African War (1899–1902), and the last commander in chief of the British Army (1901–04; office then abolished). Foreseeing World War I, he was one of

Andy Roberts is a West Indian cricketer who is considered the father of modern West Indian fast bowling. Roberts was the first player from Antigua to represent the West Indies. He was a vital member of the four-pronged pace (fast-bowling) attack that made the West Indies such a feared team in the

Andy Roberts is a West Indian cricketer who is considered the father of modern West Indian fast bowling. Roberts was the first player from Antigua to represent the West Indies. He was a vital member of the four-pronged pace (fast-bowling) attack that made the West Indies such a feared team in the

Free Methodist Church of North America: B.T. Roberts and several associates after they were expelled from the Methodist Episcopal Church, which they had criticized for not maintaining the original standards of Methodism. In addition to sanctification, the Free Methodist Church stresses evangelical beliefs, such as substitutionary atonement (that Christ’s suffering and…

Barbie, an 11-inch- (29-cm-) tall plastic doll with the figure of an adult woman that was introduced on March 9, 1959, by Mattel, Inc., a southern California toy company. Ruth Handler, who cofounded Mattel with her husband, Elliot, spearheaded the introduction of the doll. Barbie’s physical

Bartholomew Roberts was a pirate captain of a succession of ships—the “Royal Rover,” “Fortune,” “Royal Fortune,” and “Good Fortune”—who burned and plundered ships from the coasts of West Africa to the coasts of Brazil and the Caribbean and as far north as Newfoundland. His conquests are said to

urban culture: The neocolonial city: …can play an equivalent role: Bryan Roberts in Cities of Peasants (1978) shows that the growth of Pentecostal and other Protestant sects in Guatemala fulfills needs for mutual support networks in poor neighbourhoods and for those without kin ties.

Pat Roberts is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and began his first term representing Kansas in that body the following year. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1981–97). Roberts’s family was involved in journalism and

To Sir, with Love: Cast: Assorted References

explosive: Dynamite: E.A.L. Roberts in that country obtained a patent covering this procedure and later acquired the right to manufacture and use nitroglycerin under the Nobel patents. Theoretically, this gave him a monopoly on shooting oil wells, and his company dominated the field, but many of his…

Ed Roberts was an American disability rights activist who is considered the founder of the independent-living movement Roberts contracted polio at age 14 and was paralyzed from the neck down. Requiring an iron lung or a respirator to breathe, he attended high school in California by telephone

Ed Roberts was an American disability rights activist who is considered the founder of the independent-living movement Roberts contracted polio at age 14 and was paralyzed from the neck down. Requiring an iron lung or a respirator to breathe, he attended high school in California by telephone

Elizabeth Madox Roberts was a Southern American novelist, poet, and short story writer noted especially for her vivid, impressionistic depiction of her protagonists’ inner life and for her accurate portrayal of life in Kentucky. Educated in schools in Springfield, a village near her birthplace,

Julia Roberts: …by her older brother, actor Eric Roberts, for a bit part as his on-screen sister in Blood Red (1989), a drama set in the late 1800s; although the film was completed in 1986, its release was delayed for several years. She next made several television appearances before securing her first…

Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts was a British field marshal, an outstanding combat leader in the Second Afghan War (1878–80) and the South African War (1899–1902), and the last commander in chief of the British Army (1901–04; office then abolished). Foreseeing World War I, he was one of

Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts was a British field marshal, an outstanding combat leader in the Second Afghan War (1878–80) and the South African War (1899–1902), and the last commander in chief of the British Army (1901–04; office then abolished). Foreseeing World War I, he was one of

Oral Roberts was an American Pentecostal evangelist known for his televised faith-healing ministry. Roberts was one of the first proponents of the “prosperity gospel,” a theology teaching that God desires temporal happiness and security for his faithful and rewards devotion and generous tithing or

Isaac Roberts was a British astronomer who was a pioneer in the photography of nebulae. In 1883 Roberts began experimenting with astronomical photography, taking pictures of stars, the Orion and Andromeda nebulae, and the Pleiades cluster. Although the photographs proved difficult to interpret,

John G. Roberts, Jr. is the 17th chief justice of the United States (2005– ). Roberts was the second of four children born to John (Jack) G. Roberts, Sr., and Rosemary Roberts (née Podrasky) in Buffalo, New York, in 1955. Roberts, Sr., worked as an executive for the Bethlehem Steel Corporation,

John G. Roberts, Jr. is the 17th chief justice of the United States (2005– ). Roberts was the second of four children born to John (Jack) G. Roberts, Sr., and Rosemary Roberts (née Podrasky) in Buffalo, New York, in 1955. Roberts, Sr., worked as an executive for the Bethlehem Steel Corporation,