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  • RigsrĂ„d (Danish council)

    Denmark: Reunion under Valdemar IV: 
hof was replaced by the RigsrĂ„d (Council of the Realm)—a national council of the archbishop, the bishops, and the lensmĂŠnd (vassals) from the main castles—and the king’s Retterting (Court of Law) became the supreme court. Valdemar also attacked major economic problems: after the Black Death pandemic in 1350, he confiscated


  • Rigveda (Hindu literature)

    Rigveda, the oldest of the sacred books of Hinduism, composed in an ancient form of Sanskrit about 1500 bce, in what is now the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. It consists of a collection of 1,028 poems grouped into 10 “circles” (mandalas). It is generally agreed that the first and last books

  • Rihand River (river, India)

    Mirzapur: 
Son River; its tributary, the Rihand River, has been dammed to create a large reservoir and provide hydroelectric power. Most of the land is irrigated by canals, and rice, barley, and wheat are grown. Pop. (2001) 205,053; (2011) 234,871.

  • Rihani Essays, The (book by Rihani)

    Ameen Rihani: There he completed Al-Rīងāniyyāt (1910; The Rihani Essays), an Arabic-language essay collection that was well received in the Arab intellectual community, and The Book of Khalid (1911), an English-language novel, considered to be the first by an Arab. The Book of Khalid concerns the immigration of two Lebanese boys to


  • Rihani, Ameen (Arab American author and political figure)

    Ameen Rihani was an Arab American novelist, poet, essayist, and political figure whose written works examined the differences and intersections between the categories of “East” and “West.” Rihani was born in a town northeast of Beirut during the period of Ottoman control. He immigrated with his

  • Rihani, Ameen Fares (Arab American author and political figure)

    Ameen Rihani was an Arab American novelist, poet, essayist, and political figure whose written works examined the differences and intersections between the categories of “East” and “West.” Rihani was born in a town northeast of Beirut during the period of Ottoman control. He immigrated with his

  • Rihani, Amin al- (Arab American author and political figure)

    Ameen Rihani was an Arab American novelist, poet, essayist, and political figure whose written works examined the differences and intersections between the categories of “East” and “West.” Rihani was born in a town northeast of Beirut during the period of Ottoman control. He immigrated with his

  • RīងānÄ«, NajÄ«b ar- (Egyptian actor)

    Islamic arts: Arab countries: 
others, like the company of NajÄ«b al-RīងānÄ«, oscillating between outright farce and comedy, skillfully depicted contemporary Egyptian manners; in particular, NajÄ«b al-RīងānÄ« created a character called Kish-Kish Bey, whose misadventures and unsolicited advice on every subject made him a classic creation. A conventional theatre sprang up in Egypt too, catering


  • Rīងāniyyāt, Al- (book by Rihani)

    Ameen Rihani: There he completed Al-Rīងāniyyāt (1910; The Rihani Essays), an Arabic-language essay collection that was well received in the Arab intellectual community, and The Book of Khalid (1911), an English-language novel, considered to be the first by an Arab. The Book of Khalid concerns the immigration of two Lebanese boys to


  • Rihanna (Barbadian singer)

    Rihanna is a Barbadian pop and rhythm-and-blues (R&B) singer who became a worldwide star in the early 21st century. She is known for her distinctive and versatile voice and for her fashionable appearance. She is also known for her beauty and fashion lines. Fenty grew up in Barbados with a Barbadian

  • Riáž„lah (work by Ibn Jubayr)

    Ibn Jubayr: Broadhurst, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, 1952; French trans. by Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Voyages, 1949–56).

  • Riáž„lah (work by Ibn Battuta)

    Travels, classic travel account by Ibn Baáč­áč­Ć«áč­ah of his journeys through virtually all Muslim countries and many adjacent lands. The full title means “The Gift of the Beholders on the Peculiarities of the Regions and the Marvels of Journeys.” The narrative was dictated in 1353 to Ibn Juzayy, who

  • Riigikogu (Estonian legislative body)

    Estonia: Constitutional framework: 
established a unicameral legislature, the Riigikogu (parliament), whose members are directly elected through proportional representation to four-year terms. The president, who serves as the head of state and supreme commander of the armed forces, is elected to not more than two consecutive five-year terms by the Riigikogu. Executive power rests


  • Riina, Salvatore (Italian mobster)

    Sicilian Mafia: 
Leggio’s imprisonment, but Leggio’s successor, Salvatore (“the Beast”) Riina, brought the conflict to a successful conclusion, becoming the Mafia’s first “boss of bosses.” Once again, though, the violence led to a government response, and Riina retaliated by bombing officials and purportedly kidnapping and murdering the son of an informant. In


  • Riis, Bjarne (Danish cyclist)

    Tour de France: Doping scandals: That year also saw Bjarne Riis of Denmark, the 1996 victor, dropped from the Tour’s list of winners after he admitted using EPO during his race; however, due to time limits for sanctions, his title could not be officially revoked. The most infamous Tour doping scandal came in 2012


  • Riis, Jacob (American journalist)

    Jacob Riis was an American newspaper reporter, social reformer, and photographer who, with his book How the Other Half Lives (1890), shocked the conscience of his readers with factual descriptions of slum conditions in New York City. Riis, whose father was a schoolteacher, was one of 15 children.

  • Riis, Jacob August (American journalist)

    Jacob Riis was an American newspaper reporter, social reformer, and photographer who, with his book How the Other Half Lives (1890), shocked the conscience of his readers with factual descriptions of slum conditions in New York City. Riis, whose father was a schoolteacher, was one of 15 children.

  • Rijeka (Croatia)

    Rijeka, city, major port and industrial, commercial, and cultural centre of western Croatia. It is located on the Kvarner (a gulf of the Adriatic Sea) and is the country’s major port. The city is situated on a narrow flatland between the Julian Alps and the Adriatic, spreading up the slopes and

  • Rijeka Resolution (Croatian history)

    Frano Supilo: 
1905 he drew up the Rijeka Resolution designed to create a Croat-Serb coalition, which he hoped would bring about an alliance with anti-Habsburg Hungarians. In an effort to discredit the coalition, Austro-Hungarian authorities provided the publicist Heinrich Friedjung with documents alleging that Supilo and his associates were working on behalf


  • Rijijiuzhong (work by Yu Dafu)

    Yu Dafu: 
works the most popular was Rijijiuzhong (1927; “Nine Diaries”), an account of his affair with the young left-wing writer Wang Yingxia; the book broke all previous sales records in China. The critics’ favourite is probably Guoqu (1927; “The Past”), praised for its psychological depth. Yu also wrote essays and classical


  • Rijkaard, Frank (Dutch football player and manager)

    Ajax: 
on to greater heights were Frank Rijkaard, Dennis Bergkamp, and Marc Overmars in the 1990s and, later, Ryan Babel, Wesley Sneijder, and Rafael van der Vaart.

  • Rijkel, Denys van (Flemish theologian)

    Dionysius the Carthusian was a theologian and mystic, one of the important contributors to, and propagators of, the influential school of Rhenish spirituality originating in the 14th century. Educated at the University of Cologne, Dionysius entered the Carthusian order at the charterhouse of

  • Rijker, Lucia (Dutch boxer)

    boxing: Women in boxing: 
accomplished female boxers such as Lucia Rijker and Christy Martin in publicity and purses.

  • Rijks-Vlaanderen (historical region, Europe)

    Baldwin IV: 
 (Kroon-Vlaanderen), the German fiefs as Imperial Flanders (Rijks-Vlaanderen). Baldwin’s son—afterward Baldwin V—rebelled in 1028 against his father at the instigation of his wife, Adela, daughter of Robert II of France; two years later peace was sworn at Oudenaarde, and the old count continued to reign until his death.

  • Rijksmuseum (museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands)

    Rijksmuseum, national art collection of the Netherlands in Amsterdam. The galleries originated with a royal museum erected in 1808 by Napoleon I’s brother Louis Bonaparte, then king of Holland, and the first collection consisted of paintings that had not been sent to France from the Nationale

  • Rijksmuseum Kröller-MĂŒller (museum, Otterlo, Netherlands)

    Kröller-MĂŒller State Museum, collection in Otterlo, Netherlands, primarily of late 19th- and 20th-century art, especially paintings by Vincent van Gogh. The museum is named after shipping heiress Helene Kröller-MĂŒller (1869–1939), whose personal collection constitutes a large portion of the

  • Rijksmuseum voor de Geschiedenis van der Natuurwetenschappen en van de Geneeskunde (museum, Leiden, Netherlands)

    Boerhaave Museum, in Leiden, Neth., museum of the history of natural sciences and one of the foremost European museums of its type. It has a fine collection of old scientific instruments. There is a collection of microscopes belonging formerly to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) and thermometers

  • Rijksmuseum, Het (work by Potgieter)

    Everhardus Johannes Potgieter: 
mental inertia; and in Het Rijksmuseum (1844), a homage to 17th-century Holland and to the prose style of Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, which it imitates.

  • Rijksprentenkabinet (art collection, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands)

    Rijksmuseum: 
with the museum is the Rijksprentenkabinet, which has one of Europe’s finest collections of prints and drawings as well as illuminated manuscripts.

  • Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden (university, Leiden, Netherlands)

    State University of Leiden, university in Leiden, Neth., founded in 1575 by William of Orange. It was originally modelled on the Academy of Geneva, an important centre of Calvinistic teaching. By the early 17th century Leiden had an international reputation as a centre of theology, science, and

  • Rijmbijbel (Bible version by Maerlant)

    biblical literature: Dutch versions: 
the rhymed versions is the Rijmbijbel of Jacob van Maerlant (1271), based on Peter Comestar’s Historia scholastica. Despite the poor quality of Johan Schutken’s translation of the New Testament and Psalms (1384), it became the most widely used of medieval Dutch versions.

  • Rijn River (river, Europe)

    Rhine River, river and waterway of western Europe, culturally and historically one of the great rivers of the continent and among the most important arteries of industrial transport in the world. It flows from two small headways in the Alps of east-central Switzerland north and west to the North

  • Rijn, Rembrandt Harmenszoon van (Dutch artist)

    Rembrandt was a Dutch Baroque painter and printmaker, one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art, possessing an exceptional ability to render people in their various moods and dramatic guises. Rembrandt is also known as a painter of light and shade and as an artist who favoured an

  • Rijn, Saskja van (Dutch heiress)

    Rembrandt: The myth of Rembrandt’s fall: The death of Rembrandt’s wife, Saskia, and the presumed rejection of the Night Watch by those who commissioned it were long supposed to be the most important events leading to the presumed change in Rembrandt’s life after 1642. But modern art-historical research has questioned the myth of a crisis in


  • Rijndael (computer program)

    AES: 
October 2000 NIST announced that Rijndael, a program created by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, had been accepted as the new standard, or the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The NIST predecessor, the National Bureau of Standards, had expected the DES to be implemented in special-purpose hardware and


  • Rijsbrack, Jan Michiel (English sculptor)

    John Michael Rysbrack was one of the principal sculptors and designers in England in the 18th century. Rysbrack studied at Antwerp, probably in the workshop of Michael van de Voort. In 1720 he established himself in London, where he lived until his death. Rysbrack worked in a classical, sometimes

  • rijsttafel (food)

    rijsttafel, an elaborate meal of Indonesian dishes developed during the Dutch colonial era. The Dutch were likely inspired by a similar Indonesian multiple-dish meal known as nasi padang. While it remains popular in the Netherlands, many native Indonesians eschew rijsttafel because of its political

  • Rijswijk (Netherlands)

    Rijswijk, gemeente (municipality), western Netherlands, on the southeastern outskirts of The Hague (’s-Gravenhage). The Reformed church dates from the 14th century, and there are some 17th-century houses. Although primarily residential, the town has oil wells, laboratories, and an important

  • Rijswijk, Treaty of (Europe [1697])

    King William’s War: 
protracted war ended with the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697). Because of the importance of Indian participation, it is also known as the first of the four French and Indian Wars.

  • Rikaze (China)

    XigazĂȘ, city, south-central Tibet Autonomous Region, western China. Situated on a well-defended height (elevation 12,800 feet [3,900 metres]) overlooking the confluence of two rivers in one of the most fertile valley areas of Tibet, it is the traditional centre of the area known as Tsang or

  • Riker, William (American political scientist)

    William Riker was an American political scientist who popularized the use of mathematical models, and in particular game theory, in the study of political behaviour. After moving with his family to Indiana in 1932, Riker graduated from Shortridge High School in Indianapolis in 1938 and attended

  • Riker, William Harrison (American political scientist)

    William Riker was an American political scientist who popularized the use of mathematical models, and in particular game theory, in the study of political behaviour. After moving with his family to Indiana in 1932, Riker graduated from Shortridge High School in Indianapolis in 1938 and attended

  • Rikers Island (island, New York, United States)

    Rikers Island, island in the East River near the entrance of Bowery Bay, north of La Guardia Airport, New York, New York, U.S. Politically part of the borough of the Bronx (north), Rikers Island is joined to the borough of Queens by a bridge (inaccessible to the public). The island was owned from

  • Rikham (European grammarian)

    Joseph Kimhi was a European grammarian, biblical exegete, and poet who, with his sons, Moses and David, made fundamental contributions to establishing Hebrew-language studies. Through his many translations into Hebrew of works written in Arabic by Spanish Jews, Kimhi came to play a principal part

  • Rikhter, Svyatoslav Teofilovich (Russian musician)

    Sviatoslav Richter was a Soviet pianist whose technical virtuosity, combined with subtle introspection, made him one of the preeminent pianists of the 20th century. Though his repertoire was enormous, he was especially praised for his interpretations of J.S. Bach, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt,

  • rikka (floral arrangement)

    rikka, (Japanese: “standing flowers”), in classical Japanese floral art, a highly conventionalized and formal style of flower arranging. It is difficult to say when rikka became a distinct, recognized form, because it evolved over several centuries. The first rules for rikka arrangements may be

  • Rikken Dƍshi-kai (political party, Japan)

    Kƍshaku Katsura Tarƍ: His Rikken Dƍshikai was at first unsuccessful but eventually became one of the two major political groups in pre-World War II Japan. Katsura’s third premiership lasted only seven weeks (December 1912–February 1913) and ended amidst riots against his oligarchic methods and his program for greater armaments.


  • Rikken Dƍshikai (political party, Japan)

    Kƍshaku Katsura Tarƍ: His Rikken Dƍshikai was at first unsuccessful but eventually became one of the two major political groups in pre-World War II Japan. Katsura’s third premiership lasted only seven weeks (December 1912–February 1913) and ended amidst riots against his oligarchic methods and his program for greater armaments.


  • Rikken Kaishintƍ (political party, Japan)

    Kaishintƍ, a leading Japanese political party from its founding in 1882 by the democratic leader ƌkuma Shigenobu until its merger with several smaller parties in 1896. It generally represented the urban elite of intellectuals, industrialists, and merchants. Its platform, like that of its main

  • Rikken Kokumintƍ (political party, Japan)

    Inukai Tsuyoshi: 
a new political party, the Constitutional National Party (Rikken Kokumintƍ). In 1913 he headed a popular movement against the autocratic and unpopular government of the former army general Katsura Tarƍ. As a result of Inukai’s efforts, Katsura was forced to resign, opening the way for the gradual development of a


  • Rikken SeiyĆ«kai (political party, Japan)

    Rikken SeiyĆ«kai, the dominant Japanese political party from its inception in 1900 until 1940, when all parties were absorbed into the government-controlled Taisei Yokusankai (“Imperial Rule Assistance Association”). The Rikken SeiyĆ«kai was founded by one of the leading government bureaucrats, Itƍ

  • Rikki Don’t Lose That Number (song by Becker and Fagen)

    Donald Fagen: 
owing in particular to “Rikki Don’t Lose That Number,” ultimately the band’s greatest hit single, written by Fagen and Becker. With a more accomplished group of musicians, Steely Dan went on a second tour. Worn from the uncompromising pressure of touring, the band took a break from live performances,


  • Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (story by Kipling)

    The Jungle Book: Stories: In “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi,” the eponymous mongoose chases a pair of scheming cobras from a house occupied by the human family with whom he lives and kills them. “The White Seal” recounts how Kotick found a safe haven for other seals being hunted by Bering islanders. The village


  • Riksdag (Swedish states general [1435-1865])

    Riksdag, (Swedish: “Day of the Realm”), the Swedish states general from 1435 to 1865, unique in Europe because it included the peasantry as the fourth state. The Riksdag had the power to elect kings, to tax, and to declare war. Adroit kings were able to play off the states against each other, but

  • Riksdag (Swedish parliament)

    Adolf Frederick: 
king’s reign rested in the Riksdag (parliament). Twice he tried to free himself of its control. In his first attempt (1756)—aided by his influential wife, Queen Louisa Ulrika, who was sister to Frederick II of Prussia—he nearly lost his throne, but in his second (1768–69)—with the assistance of his son,


  • RiksmĂ„l (Norwegian language)

    BokmĂ„l, a literary form of Norwegian developed by the gradual reform of written Danish in conformity to Norwegian usage. BokmĂ„l means in Norwegian “book language” and RiksmĂ„l approximately “official language” (meaning literally, “language of the

  • Riksteatret (theater, Norway)

    Norway: Cultural institutions: 
the state traveling theatre, the Riksteatret, organizes tours throughout the country, giving as many as 1,200 performances annually. The Norwegian Opera, opened in 1959, receives state subsidies (as do most other theatres).

  • RikuchĆ« Coast National Park (national park, Japan)

    Iwate: 
serves as the gateway to Rikuchƫ Coast National Park, which includes some rugged, scenic shoreline. The western fringe of the prefecture is part of Towada-Hachimantai National Park.

  • ril (Danish dance)

    reel: 
and Wales and, as the ril, in Denmark. Popular reels include the Irish Sixteenhand Reel and the Scottish reels Mairi’s Wedding and the Duke of Perth.

  • RIL (Indian company)

    Reliance Industries Limited, privately owned conglomerate that operates in petrochemical production and refining, textile, retail, marketing, telecommunications, and other industries. It was the first privately owned Indian company to enter the Fortune 500. Headquarters are in Mumbai. Reliance

  • Rila (mountains, Bulgaria)

    Rila, highest mountain range in Bulgaria and in the Balkan Peninsula, and one of the highest ranges in Europe. A northwestern section of the Rhodope Mountains, it has an area of 1,015 square miles (2,629 square km) and extends for about 50 miles (80 km) between the Thracian Plain at central

  • Rila Monastery (monastery, Bulgaria)

    Rila Monastery, historic monastery and cultural site in the Rhodope Mountains of southwestern Bulgaria. It is situated in a valley of the Rila massif, some 70 miles (110 km) south of Sofia. Rila is a symbol of Bulgarian national identity, and it is the most prominent monastery of the Bulgarian

  • Rila Mountains (mountains, Bulgaria)

    Rila, highest mountain range in Bulgaria and in the Balkan Peninsula, and one of the highest ranges in Europe. A northwestern section of the Rhodope Mountains, it has an area of 1,015 square miles (2,629 square km) and extends for about 50 miles (80 km) between the Thracian Plain at central

  • Rila Planina (mountains, Bulgaria)

    Rila, highest mountain range in Bulgaria and in the Balkan Peninsula, and one of the highest ranges in Europe. A northwestern section of the Rhodope Mountains, it has an area of 1,015 square miles (2,629 square km) and extends for about 50 miles (80 km) between the Thracian Plain at central

  • Rila, John of (Bulgarian saint)

    Rila Monastery: 
was founded by the hermit John of Rila (Yoan of Rila, in Bulgarian Ivan Rilski), who is the traditional patron saint of Bulgaria. Rila grew rapidly in power and influence from the 13th to the 14th century. After a devastating fire, it was rebuilt and fortified (c. 1334–35) in its


  • Rila, Neophyte of (Bulgarian monk)

    Bulgaria: Spread of education: With the monk Neofit Rilski (Neophyte of Rila) as its teacher, it was the first school to teach in Bulgarian. Its work was facilitated by the appearance of a Bulgarian publishing industry and a small but influential periodical press. By the 1870s the guilds, town and village councils,


  • Rilakkuma (character)

    kawaii culture: Into the 21st century: 
a new kawaii character named Rilakkuma. Named for the Japanese words rilakkusu (relax) and kuma (bear), the cute fluffy bear is known for his laid-back personality and love of all things comfortable. Since his debut, he has become one of the most popular kawaii characters of all time. There are


  • Riley, Bridget (British artist)

    Bridget Riley is an English artist whose vibrant optical pattern paintings were central to the Op art movement of the 1960s. Riley spent her childhood in Cornwall and attended Goldsmiths College (1949–52; now part of the University of London) and the Royal College of Art (1952–55; B.A.). Until 1960

  • Riley, Bridget Louise (British artist)

    Bridget Riley is an English artist whose vibrant optical pattern paintings were central to the Op art movement of the 1960s. Riley spent her childhood in Cornwall and attended Goldsmiths College (1949–52; now part of the University of London) and the Royal College of Art (1952–55; B.A.). Until 1960

  • Riley, Charles Valentine (American entomologist)

    Charles Valentine Riley was a British-born American entomologist who contributed much to the advancement of the systematic study of insects of economic significance in the United States and helped to establish the Division of Entomology (later called Entomology Research Division) of the U.S.

  • Riley, Fort (fort, Kansas, United States)

    Kansas: Military installations: Fort Riley, near Junction City, was established in 1853 and was also a military outpost. In the 20th century, it became an important infantry-training center, the home of the famous 1st Infantry Division (“the Big Red One”). McConnell Air Force Base at Wichita is a


  • Riley, James Whitcomb (American author)

    James Whitcomb Riley was a poet remembered for nostalgic dialect verse and often called “the poet of the common people.” Riley’s boyhood experience as an itinerant sign painter, entertainer, and assistant to patent-medicine vendors gave him the opportunity to compose songs and dramatic skits, to

  • Riley, Jeannie C. (American singer)

    Tom T. Hall: 
the popular music scene when Jeannie C. Riley’s recording of his pointed story song “Harper Valley P.T.A.” topped the charts in the country and pop categories. Meanwhile, Mercury Records encouraged Hall to perform his own songs, and his first recorded single with the company—“I Washed My Face in the Morning


  • Riley, Mickey (American athlete)

    Michael Riley Galitzen was an American diver who won four Olympic medals. Galitzen captured a springboard silver and a platform bronze at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. At the 1932 Games in Los Angeles, he won a gold in the springboard and a silver in the platform event. Galitzen also earned

  • Riley, Pat (American basketball player, coach, and executive)

    Pat Riley is an American basketball player, coach, and executive who was one of the most successful National Basketball Association (NBA) coaches of all time. Riley filed for a trademark on the term three-peat when he was head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers in 1988, even though the team had only

  • Riley, Patrick James (American basketball player, coach, and executive)

    Pat Riley is an American basketball player, coach, and executive who was one of the most successful National Basketball Association (NBA) coaches of all time. Riley filed for a trademark on the term three-peat when he was head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers in 1988, even though the team had only

  • Riley, Teddy (American musician and producer [b. 1967])

    Michael Jackson: The King of Pop: 
by New Jack Swing sensation Teddy Riley. Another huge success in record sales, it solidified Jackson’s dominance of pop music. In 1995 he released HIStory: Past, Present, and Future, Book I, which featured a combination of hits and new songs, including the number-one ballad “You Are Not Alone” and “Scream,”


  • Riley, Terry (American composer)

    harmony: Avant-garde conceptions of harmony: Such a work as Terry Riley’s In C, for example, consists basically of a sustained triad on C (lasting, at the performer’s option, anywhere from 30 minutes to several hours), over which fleeting dissonances are occasionally sounded, seldom more revolutionary than an F sharp or B flat. Here again,


  • Riley-Day syndrome (pathology)

    Riley-Day syndrome, an inherited disorder occurring almost exclusively in Ashkenazic Jews that is caused by abnormal functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Riley-Day syndrome is characterized by emotional instability, decreased tear production, low blood pressure upon standing up (postural

  • rilievo stiacciato (sculpture)

    Desiderio da Settignano: 
masterfully employed the technique of rilievo stiacciato (low, or flattened, relief) in a style related to that of Donatello. The delicacy of contrast in his carvings gives his surfaces a glowing, ethereal quality, as seen in his Angel from the Altar of the Sacrament (1458–61) and many of his busts


  • Rilindja (literary movement)

    Albanian literature: 
of this period, known as Rilindja (“Renaissance”), and writers of the time came to be known collectively as Rilindas.

  • Rilke, Rainer Maria (Austrian-German poet)

    Rainer Maria Rilke was an Austro-German poet who became internationally famous with his lyric poems and such works as Duino Elegies (1923) and Sonnets to Orpheus (1923). Since his death in 1926, he has grown in reputation as one of the greatest German-language poets, widely admired for the

  • Rilke, RenĂ© Maria (Austrian-German poet)

    Rainer Maria Rilke was an Austro-German poet who became internationally famous with his lyric poems and such works as Duino Elegies (1923) and Sonnets to Orpheus (1923). Since his death in 1926, he has grown in reputation as one of the greatest German-language poets, widely admired for the

  • rill (lunar feature)

    rille, any of various valleys or trenches on the surface of the Moon. The term was introduced by early telescopic observers—probably by the German astronomer Johann Schröter about 1800—to denote such lunar features. The word rima (from Latin, “fissure”) is often used for the same kind of features.

  • rill mining

    mining: Cut-and-fill mining: 
mining and sublevel stoping called rill mining. In this method drifts are driven in the ore separated by a slice of ore two or three normal slices high. As in sublevel stoping, vertical slices are removed by longhole drilling and blasting, but, as the slices are extracted, filling is carried


  • Rilla, Wolf (film director)

    Village of the Damned: Production notes and credits:

  • rille (lunar feature)

    rille, any of various valleys or trenches on the surface of the Moon. The term was introduced by early telescopic observers—probably by the German astronomer Johann Schröter about 1800—to denote such lunar features. The word rima (from Latin, “fissure”) is often used for the same kind of features.

  • Rilski, Ivan (Bulgarian saint)

    Rila Monastery: 
was founded by the hermit John of Rila (Yoan of Rila, in Bulgarian Ivan Rilski), who is the traditional patron saint of Bulgaria. Rila grew rapidly in power and influence from the 13th to the 14th century. After a devastating fire, it was rebuilt and fortified (c. 1334–35) in its


  • Rilski, Neofit (Bulgarian monk)

    Bulgaria: Spread of education: With the monk Neofit Rilski (Neophyte of Rila) as its teacher, it was the first school to teach in Bulgarian. Its work was facilitated by the appearance of a Bulgarian publishing industry and a small but influential periodical press. By the 1870s the guilds, town and village councils,


  • riluzole (drug)

    amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Diagnosis and treatment: 
treatment with a drug called riluzole. Riluzole can increase survival by at least two to three months. Other drugs that are available for ALS include edaravone, which limits cellular damage linked to the generation of free radicals and may help slow physical decline. Tofersen is a gene-targeted treatment specific for


  • RIM (Canadian company)

    BlackBerry: 
2016 by the Canadian company Research in Motion (RIM; BlackBerry from 2013 on) that were among the first popular smartphones.

  • RIM (biology)

    evolution: Reproductive isolation: 
that prevent interbreeding are called reproductive isolating mechanisms (RIMs). Oaks on different islands, minnows in different rivers, or squirrels in different mountain ranges cannot interbreed because they are physically separated, not necessarily because they are biologically incompatible. Geographic separation, therefore, is not a RIM.

  • RIM (materials processing)

    major industrial polymers: Polyurethane elastomers: This technology, known as reaction injection molding, accounts for much of the production of thermosetting elastomers made from polyurethane. Polyurethane elastomers are made into automobile parts, industrial rollers, flexible molds, forklift tires, roller-skate and skateboard wheels, medical equipment, and shoe soles.

  • rim (technology)

    bicycle: Wheels: Bicycle wheels have a rim to retain the tire, a ball-bearing hub, and spokes between hub and rim. Spokes are made of steel wire, laced tangentially and kept under tension by threaded nipples in the rims that are adjusted to keep the rim straight (true). Hub axles are held


  • rim syncline (geology)

    salt dome: Physical characteristics of salt domes.: 
a circular depression called a rim syncline may encircle or nearly encircle the domal uplift. Unaffected strata develop into highs surrounded by low areas. These highs, called remnant highs or turtleback highs, do not have as much vertical relief as the salt domes among which they are interspersed. Present-day structure


  • Rim-Sin (king of Larsa)

    Larsa: Under Warad-Sin’s son Rim-Sin (1822–1763), the arts, especially the old Sumerian scribal schools, received great encouragement. The days of Larsa were numbered, however, for Hammurabi of Babylon, who had long been determined to destroy his most dangerous enemy, defeated Rim-Sin in 1763 bc and substituted his own authority


  • rim-type flywheel (machine component)

    flywheel: A rim-type flywheel will burst at a much lower rotary speed than a disk-type wheel of the same weight and diameter. For minimum weight and high energy-storing capacity, a flywheel may be made of high-strength steel and designed as a tapered disk, thick at the centre


  • rĂ­ma (Icelandic poetry)

    rĂ­ma, versified sagas, or episodes from the sagas, a form of adaptation that was popular in Iceland from the 15th century. One of three genres of popular early Icelandic poetry (the other two being dances and ballads), rĂ­mur were produced from the 14th to the 19th century. They combine an

  • rima glottidis (anatomy)

    glottis, either the space between the vocal fold and arytenoid cartilage of one side of the larynx and those of the other side, or the structures that surround that space. See

  • Rima Hyginus (lunar rille)

    Moon: Effects of impacts and volcanism: 
and some of these—such as Rima Hyginus and the rilles around the floor of the large old crater Alphonsus—are peppered with rimless eruption craters. Though the Moon shows both tension and compression features (low wrinkle ridges, usually near mare margins, may result from compression), it gives no evidence of having