Ramon Berenguer II was the count of Barcelona who reigned jointly with his twin brother, Berenguer Ramon II, from 1076 to 1082. Following up on the policies of their father, Ramon Berenguer I, they proceeded to build the defenses and repopulate the lands that he had conquered. In 1082, in a forest

Ramon Berenguer III was the count of Barcelona during whose reign (1097–1131) independent Catalonia reached the summit of its historical greatness, spreading its ships over the western Mediterranean and acquiring new lands from the southern Pyrenees to Provence. He was also known as Ramon Berenguer

Ramon Berenguer IV was the count of Barcelona from 1131 to 1162, regent of Provence from 1144 to 1157, and ruling prince of Aragon from 1137 to 1162. The elder son of Ramon Berenguer III, he continued his father’s crusading wars against the Almoravid Muslims. The kingdom of Aragon soon sought Ramon

Ramon Berenguer I was the count of Barcelona from 1035 to 1076. His father, Berenguer Ramon I (reigned 1018–35), divided and bequeathed his lands among his three sons. However, Sanç (or Sancho) in 1049 and Guillem (or William) in 1054 renounced their inheritances in their eldest brother’s favour,

Ramon Berenguer I was the count of Barcelona from 1035 to 1076. His father, Berenguer Ramon I (reigned 1018–35), divided and bequeathed his lands among his three sons. However, Sanç (or Sancho) in 1049 and Guillem (or William) in 1054 renounced their inheritances in their eldest brother’s favour,

Ramon Berenguer III was the count of Barcelona during whose reign (1097–1131) independent Catalonia reached the summit of its historical greatness, spreading its ships over the western Mediterranean and acquiring new lands from the southern Pyrenees to Provence. He was also known as Ramon Berenguer

Ramon Berenguer II was the count of Barcelona who reigned jointly with his twin brother, Berenguer Ramon II, from 1076 to 1082. Following up on the policies of their father, Ramon Berenguer I, they proceeded to build the defenses and repopulate the lands that he had conquered. In 1082, in a forest

Ramon Berenguer IV: …reached majority in 1157, as Ramon Berenguer III of Provence. When this count of Provence died in 1166 without a male heir, he was succeeded by Ramon Berenguer IV’s son Alfonso II, king of Aragon. By his wars and conquests from the Moors—Tortosa (1148), Lerida, Mequinenza, and Fraga (1149), and…

Ramon Berenguer III was the count of Barcelona during whose reign (1097–1131) independent Catalonia reached the summit of its historical greatness, spreading its ships over the western Mediterranean and acquiring new lands from the southern Pyrenees to Provence. He was also known as Ramon Berenguer

Ramon Berenguer IV was the count of Barcelona from 1131 to 1162, regent of Provence from 1144 to 1157, and ruling prince of Aragon from 1137 to 1162. The elder son of Ramon Berenguer III, he continued his father’s crusading wars against the Almoravid Muslims. The kingdom of Aragon soon sought Ramon

Ramon Berenguer I was the count of Barcelona from 1035 to 1076. His father, Berenguer Ramon I (reigned 1018–35), divided and bequeathed his lands among his three sons. However, Sanç (or Sancho) in 1049 and Guillem (or William) in 1054 renounced their inheritances in their eldest brother’s favour,

Ramon Berenguer III was the count of Barcelona during whose reign (1097–1131) independent Catalonia reached the summit of its historical greatness, spreading its ships over the western Mediterranean and acquiring new lands from the southern Pyrenees to Provence. He was also known as Ramon Berenguer

Ramon Berenguer IV was the count of Barcelona from 1131 to 1162, regent of Provence from 1144 to 1157, and ruling prince of Aragon from 1137 to 1162. The elder son of Ramon Berenguer III, he continued his father’s crusading wars against the Almoravid Muslims. The kingdom of Aragon soon sought Ramon

Ramon Berenguer II was the count of Barcelona who reigned jointly with his twin brother, Berenguer Ramon II, from 1076 to 1082. Following up on the policies of their father, Ramon Berenguer I, they proceeded to build the defenses and repopulate the lands that he had conquered. In 1082, in a forest

Spain: The Christian states, 711–1035: …wars among the Muslims enabled Ramon Borrell, count of Barcelona (992–1018), to avenge past affronts by sacking Cordóba in 1010. Alfonso V of León (999–1028) exploited the situation to restore his kingdom and to enact the first general laws for his realm in a council held at León in 1017.…

St. Raymond of Peñafort ; canonized 1601; feast day January 7) was a Catalan Dominican friar who compiled the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, a body of medieval legislation that remained part of church law until the Code of Canon Law was promulgated in 1917. He is venerated as a patron saint of

Santiago Ramón y Cajal was a Spanish histologist who (with Camillo Golgi) received the 1906 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for establishing the neuron, or nerve cell, as the basic unit of nervous structure. This finding was instrumental in the recognition of the neuron’s fundamental role in

Henry King: Films of the 1930s: Ramona, an adaptation of the Helen Hunt Jackson novel, was a light but popular Technicolor romance starring Loretta Young and Don Ameche as star-crossed Native American lovers. King ended 1936 with one of the year’s biggest hits, Lloyd’s of London, an entertaining account of the

Helen Hunt Jackson: …provided material for her novel Ramona (1884), which aroused public sentiment.

Selena Gomez: Wizards of Waverly Place and early films: …roles in the theatrical film Ramona and Beezus (2010), which was based on a children’s novel by Beverly Cleary, and the romantic comedy Monte Carlo (2011). Gomez departed from her family-friendly image with a role as a college student seeking adventure in Florida in the lurid Spring Breakers (2012).

Beverly Cleary: …include Ramona the Pest (1968), Ramona and Her Father (1977), and Ramona Quimby, Age 8 (1981).

Beverly Cleary: …and Her Father (1977), and Ramona Quimby, Age 8 (1981).

Beverly Cleary: …series, whose notable titles include Ramona the Pest (1968), Ramona and Her Father (1977), and Ramona Quimby, Age 8 (1981).

Italian literature: Women writers: Fabrizia Ramondino, in such novels as Althénopis (1981; Eng. trans. Althenopis) and L’isola riflessa (1998; “The Inward-Looking Island”), is also concerned with memory and its vagaries as well as with the cultural loss brought about by so-called social progress.

Dionne Warwick: Later music and honors: …and David as well as Phil Ramone, who had served as engineer on many of her classic recordings. Now netted Warwick a Grammy nomination for best traditional pop vocal album. In 2019 Warwick returned to R&B with She’s Back, produced by her son. That year she also received a Grammy…

the Ramones, American band that influenced the rise of punk rock on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The original members were Joey Ramone (byname of Jeffrey Hyman; b. May 19, 1951, New York, New York, U.S.—d. April 15, 2001, New York), Johnny Ramone (byname of John Cummings; b. October 8, 1951,

Jorge Ramos is a Mexican American journalist who was perhaps the most prominent Hispanic newsperson in the United States, known as the “Walter Cronkite of Latino America.” He notably was an anchor of Noticiero univision (1986– ). Ramos graduated (1981) with a communications degree from

Sakdal Uprising: …was founded in 1930 by Benigno Ramos, a discontented former government clerk. Drawing strength from illiterate, landless peasants, the movement advocated a drastic reduction of taxes on the poor and a radical land reform, including a breakup of the large estates. It also opposed the policy of the dominant Nacionalista…

Fidel Ramos was a military leader and politician who was president of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. He was generally regarded as one of the most effective presidents in that nation’s history. Ramos was educated at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, and at the University of

Fidel Ramos was a military leader and politician who was president of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. He was generally regarded as one of the most effective presidents in that nation’s history. Ramos was educated at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, and at the University of

Fidel Ramos was a military leader and politician who was president of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. He was generally regarded as one of the most effective presidents in that nation’s history. Ramos was educated at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, and at the University of

Graciliano Ramos was a Brazilian regional novelist whose works explore the lives of characters shaped by the rural misery of northeastern Brazil. Ramos spent most of his life in Palmeira dos Índios, in the northeastern Brazilian state of Alagoas, where he was proprietor of a general store and

Jorge Ramos is a Mexican American journalist who was perhaps the most prominent Hispanic newsperson in the United States, known as the “Walter Cronkite of Latino America.” He notably was an anchor of Noticiero univision (1986– ). Ramos graduated (1981) with a communications degree from

Maria Ramos is a Portuguese South African economist and businesswoman who served as CEO of the transportation company Transnet (2004–09) and later of the financial group Absa (2009–19). Ramos moved to South Africa with her parents when she was a child and later became a citizen there. She studied

Maria Ramos is a Portuguese South African economist and businesswoman who served as CEO of the transportation company Transnet (2004–09) and later of the financial group Absa (2009–19). Ramos moved to South Africa with her parents when she was a child and later became a citizen there. She studied

Pop art: Pop art in the United States: Allan D’Arcangelo, Ray Johnson, Mel Ramos, and John Wesley.

Mexico: The arts: …of universal significance, as did Samuel Ramos, whose philosophical speculations on humanity and culture in Mexico influenced post-1945 writers in several genres. The prolific critic and cultural analyst Octavio Paz is considered by many to be the foremost poet of Latin America. The novels of Carlos Fuentes are honoured throughout…

José Ramos-Horta is an East Timorese political activist who, along with Bishop Carlos F.X. Belo, received the 1996 Nobel Prize for Peace for their efforts to bring peace and independence to East Timor, a former Portuguese possession that was under Indonesian control from 1975 to 1999. Ramos-Horta

Guyana: Independence of Guyana: …term, and in November 2011 Donald Ramotar of the PPP was elected president. That year, however, his party and its junior coalition partner, the Civic Party, subsequently lost their majority in the National Assembly when a coalition was formed by A Partnership for National Unity (APNU)—an alliance comprising the People’s…

mining: Vertical openings: shafts and raises: …the underground is through a ramp—that is, a tunnel driven downward from the surface. Internal ramps going from one level to another are also quite common. If the topography is mountainous, it may be possible to reach the ore body by driving horizontal or near-horizontal openings from the side of…

mountain: Alpine- (or Himalayan-)type belts: …thrust onto it are called ramp overthrusts. When the fault first forms, it dips at 10° to 30° (or more). Slip on this fault (i.e., the movement of one face of the fault relative to the other) brings the leading edge of the off-scraped slice of crust to the surface…

tectonic basins and rift valleys: Ramp valleys: As previously noted, these depressions are similar to rift valleys, but they have been formed by the opposite process—crustal shortening. A ramp valley develops when blocks of crust are thrust toward one another and up onto an intervening crustal block. The latter is…

Phil Karlson: Later films: The adventure drama Rampage (1963) failed to find an audience, although Robert Mitchum gave a strong performance as a big-game hunter. Karlson had greater success with The Silencers (1966), the first—and arguably finest—of the Matt Helm spy spoofs. Dean Martin was at his

Jean-Pierre Rampal was a French flutist who brought the flute to new prominence as a concert instrument and demonstrated the appropriateness of the flute as a solo instrument adaptable to a wide range of music, from Baroque masterpieces and English folk songs to improvised jazz. Rampal was the son

Jean-Pierre Rampal was a French flutist who brought the flute to new prominence as a concert instrument and demonstrated the appropriateness of the flute as a solo instrument adaptable to a wide range of music, from Baroque masterpieces and English folk songs to improvised jazz. Rampal was the son

Brie Larson: Growing Hollywood presence and Oscar-winning performance in Room: …teenagers in the crime thriller Rampart (2011) and the comedy 21 Jump Street (2012) before undertaking both her first starring role and her first adult role, as a supervisor in a group home for troubled teens, in Short Term 12 (2013). She acted with Mark Wahlberg in The Gambler (2014)…

Mars: Southern cratered highlands: A rampart crater is so named because the lobes of ejecta—the material thrown out from the crater and extending around it—are bordered with a low ridge, or rampart. The ejecta apparently flowed across the ground, which may indicate that it had a mudlike consistency. Some scientists…

Rampart scandal, official inquiry (1998–2000) into corruption among officers of the Rampart Division of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). More than 70 officers were implicated in misconduct, including unprovoked beatings and shootings, planting and covering up evidence, stealing and dealing

Mackenzie River: The lower course: …perpendicular limestone cliffs known as The Ramparts. North of Fort Good Hope, the Mackenzie crosses the Arctic Circle. It is slightly entrenched and meanders across its flat valley floor, its banks being 2 to 3 miles (3.2 to 4.8 km) apart; low islands are numerous, and shifting sandbars are a…

Commission on Global Governance: …of the Commonwealth of Nations Shridath Ramphal of Guyana to cochair the commission. Together they presented the proposal for the commission to United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who assured them of his support for their project of reassessing multilateral action.

toucan, (family Ramphastidae), the common name given to numerous species of tropical American forest birds known for their large and strikingly coloured bills. The term toucan—derived from tucano, a native Brazilian term for the bird—is used in the common name of about 15 species (Ramphastos and

toucan: …cm (24 inches) long, are Ramphastos species. An example common in zoos is the red-breasted (also called green-billed) toucan (R. dicolorus) of Amazonia. Another common zoo resident is the keel-billed toucan (R. sulfuratus), which is about 50 cm (20 inches) long. It is mainly black with lemon yellow on the…

toucan: …common in zoos is the red-breasted (also called green-billed) toucan (R. dicolorus) of Amazonia. Another common zoo resident is the keel-billed toucan (R. sulfuratus), which is about 50 cm (20 inches) long. It is mainly black with lemon yellow on the face, throat, and chest, bright red under the tail,…

toucan: …common zoo resident is the keel-billed toucan (R. sulfuratus), which is about 50 cm (20 inches) long. It is mainly black with lemon yellow on the face, throat, and chest, bright red under the tail, and multicoloured markings on the bill.

toucan: …several species, such as the chestnut-mandibled toucan, the fiery-billed aracari, and the yellow-ridged toucan, describe their beaks, which are often brightly coloured in pastel shades of green, red, white, and yellow. This coloration is probably used by the birds for species recognition, as many toucans have similar body patterns and…

Mamphela Ramphele is a South African activist, physician, academic, businesswoman, and political leader known for her activism efforts for the rights of black South Africans and her fight against South Africa’s discriminatory policies of apartheid. She founded a political party, Agang SA, in 2013.

Mamphela Ramphele is a South African activist, physician, academic, businesswoman, and political leader known for her activism efforts for the rights of black South Africans and her fight against South Africa’s discriminatory policies of apartheid. She founded a political party, Agang SA, in 2013.

passeriform: Bill: …with a horny sheath, the ramphotheca. The ramphotheca is worn down by normal use and, in most birds, is capable of growing to replace the lost material. In individuals with damaged bills or those (such as cage birds) that do not have the opportunity to wear down the constantly growing…

blind snake: …tropics; however, one species, the flowerpot snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus), now occurs on many oceanic islands and all continents except Antarctica. It gained its worldwide distribution through its presence in the soil of potted plants and because of parthenogenesis, a form of reproduction that does not require fertilization to produce offspring.…

rampion, any member of the genus Phyteuma, of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), consisting of about 40 species of perennial plants with long, clustered, hornlike buds and flowers. The genus is native to sunny fields and meadows of the Mediterranean region. Round-headed rampion (P. oribiculare)

bellflower: Rampion (C. rapunculus) is a Eurasian and North African biennial grown for its turniplike roots and leaves, which are eaten in salads for their biting flavour. It produces ascending clusters of long-stalked lilac bells and has basal, broadly oval leaves that form a rosette around…

Anne Rice was an American author known for her novels about vampires and other supernatural creatures. Her notable books include Interview with the Vampire (1976), which launched the best-selling Vampire Chronicles series. Rice was christened Howard Allen O’Brien (named for her father) but hated

Charlotte Rampling is a prolific English actress known for taking on seductive and complicated roles, including as a concentration camp survivor who has a sadomasochistic relationship with a former SS officer in the controversial 1974 film The Night Porter. Rampling has been in more than 100 movies

Charlotte Rampling is a prolific English actress known for taking on seductive and complicated roles, including as a concentration camp survivor who has a sadomasochistic relationship with a former SS officer in the controversial 1974 film The Night Porter. Rampling has been in more than 100 movies

Mariano Rampolla was an Italian prelate who played a notable role in the liberalization of the Vatican under Leo XIII. On completing his studies at the Capranica College in Rome and taking orders, Rampolla trained for a diplomatic career in the church at the College of Ecclesiastical Nobles. In

Ramprasad Sen was a Shakta poet-saint of Bengal. Not much is known with certainty about his life. Legends abound, however, all of which are meant to highlight Ramprasad’s all-encompassing love for and devotion to the goddess Shakti. One such tale concerns the poet’s early career as a clerk for an

Rampur, city, northwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. The city lies along the Kosi River, about 15 miles (24 km) east-southeast of Moradabad. Rampur is a road and rail junction, with connections to Moradabad and Bareilly (southeast). It is a trade centre for grain and other agricultural

Rajshahi, city, west-central Bangladesh. It lies just north of the upper Padma River (Ganges [Ganga] River) and of the border with West Bengal state in India. Rajshahi was selected by the Dutch in the early 18th century as the site of a factory (trading post) and was constituted a municipality

South Asian arts: Mauryan period (c. 3rd century bce): …are found at Vaishali (Bakhra), Rampurva, and Lauriya Nandangarh. The Vaishali pillar is heavy and squat, and the animal lacks the verve of the other animals—features, according to some, designating it as an early work, executed before the Mauryan style attained its maturity. By contrast, the Rampurva lion, finished with…

André De Toth: …he made the hard-boiled western Ramrod (1947), featuring Joel McCrea and Veronica Lake (to whom De Toth was married from 1944 to 1952), and Pitfall (1948), a film noir starring Dick Powell as a straying husband and Lizabeth Scott as the treacherous woman who turns his life upside down. Slattery’s…

Leopold I: Introducing the iron ramrod (wooden ones tended to break in the heat of battle), the modern bayonet (replacing the plug bayonet that had to be removed from the barrel to fire the weapon), and the uniform marching step in his own regiment in the late 1690s, he extended…

Shahpura: …was the seat of the Ramsanehi (“Lovers of Rama”), a medieval sect of Hindu mendicants, and was the capital of the princely state of Shahpura. The princely state became part of the state of Rajasthan in 1949.

Keta: …placed on its list of Wetlands of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and in 1999 work began on measures to limit further erosion and to control flooding of the coastal region. Pop. (2010) 147,618.

Sir John Sealy Townsend: …Carl Ramsauer, he discovered the Ramsauer–Townsend effect: that the mean free path of electrons depends on their energy. This effect was later of extreme importance in understanding the electron’s wavelike nature as described in the quantum theory.

Ramsay family, fictional characters, the protagonists of Virginia Woolf’s experimental novel To the Lighthouse (1927). Based partly on Woolf’s father, Sir Leslie Stephen, Mr. Ramsay is a philosophy professor who is esteemed by his students as an inspiring intellect but is disliked by his eight

Edinburgh: The modern city: Ramsay Gardens, an extraordinary mixture of English cottage and Scottish baronial styles at the top of the High Street just below the Castle Esplanade, was designed for the professoriat of the university. It is one of the few tangible symbols of what came to be…

Allan Ramsay was a Scottish poet and literary antiquary who maintained national poetic traditions by writing Scots poetry and by preserving the work of earlier Scottish poets at a time when most Scottish writers had been Anglicized. He was admired by Robert Burns as a pioneer in the use of Scots in

Allan Ramsay was a Scottish-born painter, one of the foremost 18th-century British portraitists. The son of the poet and literary antiquary Allan Ramsay, he received rudimentary artistic training in Edinburgh and then went to London and worked with the Swedish portrait painter Hans Hysing (1734).

Bertram Home Ramsay was a British naval officer who, during World War II, oversaw the evacuation of British forces from Dunkirk in 1940 and then commanded the naval forces used in the Normandy Invasion (1944). Ramsay became a midshipman in the Royal Navy in 1899 and commanded a destroyer in World

Charlotte Lennox was an English novelist whose work, especially The Female Quixote, was much admired by leading literary figures of her time, including Samuel Johnson and the novelists Henry Fielding and Samuel Richardson. Charlotte Ramsay was the daughter of a British army officer who was said to

Buffalo Sabres: Along with left wing Craig Ramsay, the French Connection helped the Sabres run off four straight second-place divisional finishes between 1975–76 and 1978–79, but the team advanced no farther than the NHL quarterfinals during that span. Buffalo fared slightly better in the early 1980s, with consecutive division titles in…

Fox Maule Ramsay, 11th earl of Dalhousie was a British secretary of state for war (1855–58) who shared the blame for the conduct of the last stage of the Crimean War. Originally named Fox Maule, he became 2nd Baron Panmure in 1852 and the earl of Dalhousie in 1860. In 1861 he assumed the Dalhousie

Gordon Ramsay is a Scottish chef and restaurateur known for his highly acclaimed restaurants and cookbooks but perhaps best known in the early 21st century for the profanity and fiery temper that he freely displayed on television cooking programs. As a young boy, Ramsay moved with his family from

James Andrew Broun Ramsay, marquess and 10th earl of Dalhousie was a British governor-general of India from 1847 to 1856, who is accounted the creator both of the map of modern India, through his conquests and annexations of independent provinces, and of the centralized Indian state. So radical

Sir William Ramsay was a British physical chemist who discovered four gases (neon, argon, krypton, xenon) and showed that they (with helium and radon) formed an entire family of new elements, the noble gases. He was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize for Chemistry in recognition of this achievement.

Fred Ramsdell is an American biologist who was awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on the immune system. He shared the prize with American biologist Mary E. Brunkow and Japanese immunologist Shimon Sakaguchi. Ramsdell received a doctorate in microbiology and

Fred Ramsdell is an American biologist who was awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on the immune system. He shared the prize with American biologist Mary E. Brunkow and Japanese immunologist Shimon Sakaguchi. Ramsdell received a doctorate in microbiology and

Jesse Ramsden was a British pioneer in the design of precision tools. Ramsden was apprenticed as a boy to a cloth worker, but in 1758 he apprenticed himself to a mathematical instrument maker. He went into business for himself in London in 1762. He designed dividing engines of great accuracy for

Christian Jacq: The Ramses books are filled with stories of battles, magic, sex, and adventure. Enthralled fans lined up outside bookstores as each new volume was released, and Jacq was given much of the credit for a significant increase in the number of French tourists traveling to Egypt…

Ramses I was a king of ancient Egypt (reigned c. 1292–90 bce), founder of the 19th dynasty (c. 1292–c. 1191 bce) of Egypt. Probably descended from a nonroyal military family from the northeast Egyptian delta, Ramses found favor with Horemheb, the last king of the 18th dynasty (c. 1539–c. 1292 bce),

Ramses II was the third king of the 19th dynasty (1292–1191 bce) of ancient Egypt whose reign (1279–1213 bce) was the second longest in Egyptian history. In addition to his wars with the Hittites and Libyans, he is known for his extensive building programs and for the many colossal statues of him

Ramses III was the king of ancient Egypt (reigned c. 1187–57 bce) who defended his country against foreign invasion in three great wars, thus ensuring tranquility during much of his reign. In his final years, however, he faced internal disturbances, and he was ultimately killed in an attempted coup

Ramses IV was a king of ancient Egypt (c. 1156–50 bce) of the 20th dynasty (c. 1190–c. 1077) who strove through extensive building activity to maintain Egypt’s prosperity in an era of deteriorating internal and external conditions. Upon his accession, Ramses compiled a lengthy document (the Harris

Ramses IX was a king of ancient Egypt (c. 1129–11 bce) of the 20th dynasty (c. 1190–c. 1077), during whose reign serious civil problems troubled Egypt. Amenhotep, the high priest of Amon, exercised many religious and governmental functions in Thebes while Ramses IX remained almost continuously at

Ramses II was the third king of the 19th dynasty (1292–1191 bce) of ancient Egypt whose reign (1279–1213 bce) was the second longest in Egyptian history. In addition to his wars with the Hittites and Libyans, he is known for his extensive building programs and for the many colossal statues of him

Ramses V was a king of ancient Egypt (c. 1149–46 bce) of the 20th dynasty (c. 1190–c. 1077) who died relatively young, perhaps of smallpox. Ramses V was the successor and probably the son of Ramses IV and reigned only briefly. The priesthood of Amon was ascendant during the reign of Ramses V: as

Ramses VI was a king of ancient Egypt (c. 1145–39 bce) of the 20th dynasty (c. 1190–c. 1077) who succeeded to the throne after the early death of his nephew, Ramses V. Evidence indicates that Ramses VI was probably a son of Ramses III. After taking the throne, he annexed the tomb of his

Ramses VII was a king of ancient Egypt (c. 1138–31 bce) during the 20th dynasty (c. 1190–c. 1077) who was probably the son of Ramses VI. His reign is known chiefly from several important economics papyri. Two documents, one a ship’s log and the other an account concerning the shipment of grain

Ramses VIII was a king of Egypt (c. 1130 bce) of the 20th dynasty (c. 1190–c. 1077) whose ephemeral reign occurred immediately after that of Ramses VII and is poorly documented. Some modern historians place this king before Ramses VII, following the list of princes—descendants of Ramses III,

Ramses X was a king of Egypt (c. 1110–07 bce) of the 20th dynasty (c. 1190–c. 1077), during whose poorly documented reign disorders that had become endemic under his predecessor continued. Only one year of his reign is definitely attested, by a diary from his third year, found in western Thebes. It