dog sports: Nose work (scent work) and tracking: Tracking and nose-work competitions are designed after methods used to train drug- and bomb-detecting dogs. Four skills are frequently tested in these competitions—external search, internal search, vehicle search, and container search—with dogs commonly allowed two to four minutes to locate an object with a particular odor, often…

Dmitri Shostakovich: Early life and works: His satiric opera The Nose (composed 1927–28), based on Nikolay Gogol’s story Nos, displayed a comprehensive awareness of what was new in Western music, although already it seems as if the satire is extended to the styles themselves, for the avant-garde sounds are contorted with wry humour. Not…

Russian literature: Nikolay Gogol: ” “Nos” (1836; “The Nose”), a parable on the failure of all explanatory systems, relates an utterly inexplicable incident and the attempts to come to terms with it. Both “Shinel” (1842; “The Overcoat”), which is probably the most influential Russian short story, and “Zapiski sumasshedshego” (1835; “The Diary…

nosean, variety of the feldspathoid mineral sodalite

horsemanship: Aids: The noseband, a strap of the bridle that encircles the horse’s nose, may be either a cavesson, with a headpiece and rings for attaching a long training rein, or a noseband with a headstrap, only necessary if a standing martingale is used. A variety of other…

nosebleed, an attack of bleeding from the nose. It is a common and usually unimportant disorder but may also result from local conditions of inflammation, small ulcers or polypoid growths, or severe injuries to the skull. Vascular disease, such as high blood pressure, may provoke it, and such

National Symphony Orchestra: Gianandrea Noseda assumed the music directorship in 2017.

nosegay, small, hand-held bouquet popular in mid- 19th-century Victorian England as an accessory carried by fashionable ladies. Composed of mixed flowers and herbs and edged with a paper frill or greens, the arrangement was sometimes inserted into a silver filigree holder. When supplied by an

nosean, variety of the feldspathoid mineral sodalite

Nosema, genus of spore-forming parasitic single-celled organisms, of the phylum Microsporidia, found in host cells where it undergoes repeated asexual divisions followed by spore formation. The species N. bombycis, which causes the epidemic disease pébrine in silkworms, attacks all tissues and all

Nosema: Another species, N. apis, attacks the gut epithelium of honeybees (especially workers) and causes nosema disease, a serious form of dysentery in animals.

Nosema: The species N. bombycis, which causes the epidemic disease pébrine in silkworms, attacks all tissues and all developmental stages from embryo to adult. In advanced infections, small brown spots cover the body of the silkworm. Diseased larvae, which either are unable to spin cocoons or else spin…

colony collapse disorder: Suspected causes: …the single-celled microsporidians (parasitic fungus) Nosema ceranae and N. apis and the invasive varroa mite (Varroa destructor).

Nosema: …honeybees (especially workers) and causes nosema disease, a serious form of dysentery in animals.

Kate Elder was a plainswoman and frontier prostitute of the old American West, companion and possible wife of Doc Holliday (q.v.). Nothing is known of her background before she turned up in a Fort Griffin, Texas, saloon in the fall of 1877, working as a barroom prostitute. There she met Holliday,

Nosferatu, German silent horror film released in 1922, notable for being the earliest surviving film adaptation of Bram Stoker’s Dracula and for its technically novel and effective cinematography. Nosferatu was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stoker’s classic vampire tale. Despite a few

Willem Dafoe: The Lighthouse, Poor Things, and Nosferatu: …also reunited with Eggers on Nosferatu, a remake of the 1922 horror film based on Bram Stoker’s Dracula.

Nosferatu, German silent horror film released in 1922, notable for being the earliest surviving film adaptation of Bram Stoker’s Dracula and for its technically novel and effective cinematography. Nosferatu was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stoker’s classic vampire tale. Despite a few

Werner Herzog: …Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (1979; Nosferatu the Vampyre, a version of Bram Stoker’s Dracula that is an homage to F.W. Murnau’s film of the same name), Woyzeck (1979), Fitzcarraldo (1982), and Schrei aus Stein (1991; Scream of Stone).

Nosferatu, German silent horror film released in 1922, notable for being the earliest surviving film adaptation of Bram Stoker’s Dracula and for its technically novel and effective cinematography. Nosferatu was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stoker’s classic vampire tale. Despite a few

Werner Herzog: …Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (1979; Nosferatu the Vampyre, a version of Bram Stoker’s Dracula that is an homage to F.W. Murnau’s film of the same name), Woyzeck (1979), Fitzcarraldo (1982), and Schrei aus Stein (1991; Scream of Stone).

Hindu Kush: Physiography: …Hindu Kush, which are Mounts Noshaq (Nowshāk; 24,557 feet [7,485 metres]), Istoro Nal (24,242 feet [7,389 metres]), and Tirich Mir. Most major glaciers of the Hindu Kush—among them Kotgaz, Niroghi, Atrak, and Tirich—are in the valleys of this section.

dress: Japan: …the 12th century were the noshi (courtiers’ everyday costumes) and the kariginu, worn for hunting. Both of these garments were voluminous hip-length jackets worn with baggy trousers tied at the ankles. As political control shifted from the emperor to the newly formed shogunate, it became necessary to devise special costumes…

Noshiro, city, Akita ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It is located at the mouth of the Yoneshiro River, where it meets the Japan Sea. During the Tokugawa period (1603–1867), the city was a trading centre and shipping port for products (mostly rice) from the Yoneshiro Plain. Toward the end of the

Gustav Noske was a right-wing Social Democratic German politician, notorious for his ruthless suppression of a communist uprising in Berlin, who was defense minister of the Weimar Republic from 1919 to 1920. A member of the Reichstag (parliament), Noske became controversial within his own party for

Nossob River, intermittently flowing river, west-central Namibia, formed by two intermittent streams, the White Nossob and the Black Nossob, both of which rise northeast of Windhoek (the national capital). Their confluence is north of Leonardville, which is located near the tropic of Capricorn. The

antimicrobial agent: Side effects and drug resistance: …are common in hospitals (nosocomial infections), where patients whose immunity is decreased can be infected.

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Family Nosodendridae (wounded-tree beetles) Widely distributed; found under bark. Family Ptinidae (spider beetles) Long legs; spiderlike appearance; sometimes infest stored products; about 500 widely distributed species. Superfamily

William Cullen: …influential classification of disease (nosology) consisting of four major divisions: pyrexiae, or febrile diseases; neuroses, or nervous diseases; cachexiae, diseases arising from bad bodily habits; and locales, or local diseases. This system, which Cullen described in his work Synopsis Nosologiae Methodicae (1769), was based on the observable symptoms that…

Campinas, city, eastern São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil, located in the highlands near the Atibaia River at 2,274 feet (693 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Campinas de Mato Grosso and as São Carlos, it was given town status and was made the

Guarulhos, city, southeastern São Paulo estado (state), Brazil, on the Tietê River at 2,493 feet (760 metres) above sea level; it forms part of the greater São Paulo metropolitan area. Founded in 1560 and formerly called Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos, it was made the seat of a

Limeira, city, east-central São Paulo estado (state), Brazil, on the headwaters of Tatu Stream, a tributary of the Piracicaba River. Known at various times as Tatuibi, Rancho de Limeira, and Nossa Senhora das Dores de Tatuibi, it was elevated to city status in 1863. Limeira processes local crops

Ouro Prêto: …facade of the Church of Nossa Senhora do Carmo are his masterpieces. The Oratory Museum contains a notable collection of portable altars. Pop. (2010) 70,227.

Itapetininga, city, in the highlands of east-central São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies at 2,200 feet (670 metres) above sea level, near the Itapetininga River. Formerly called Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres de Itapetininga, it was given town status in 1770 and was made the seat of a

Nosy Be, island lying about 5 miles (8 km) off the northwestern shore of Madagascar. The name means “Big Island.” It is 19 miles (30 km) long, 12 miles (19 km) wide, and has an area of about 120 square miles (310 square km). Formed by volcanoes, the island is forested and has numerous craters and

Nossob River, intermittently flowing river, west-central Namibia, formed by two intermittent streams, the White Nossob and the Black Nossob, both of which rise northeast of Windhoek (the national capital). Their confluence is north of Leonardville, which is located near the tropic of Capricorn. The

Nossob River, intermittently flowing river, west-central Namibia, formed by two intermittent streams, the White Nossob and the Black Nossob, both of which rise northeast of Windhoek (the national capital). Their confluence is north of Leonardville, which is located near the tropic of Capricorn. The

nostalgia, affectionate and often sentimental feeling experienced when remembering past times, places, and experiences, especially those with happy personal associations. The feeling may also connote a desire to return to past times and places or wishing that they could be experienced again.

Nostoc, genus of blue-green algae with cells arranged in beadlike chains that are grouped together in a gelatinous mass. Ranging from microscopic to walnut-sized, masses of Nostoc may be found on soil and floating in quiet water. Reproduction is by fragmentation. A special thick-walled cell

Nostra aetate, Roman Catholic declaration that was proclaimed by Pope Paul VI on October 28, 1965, during the final session of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65; commonly called Vatican II). Vatican II was an ecumenical council convened to foster spiritual renewal for the Roman Catholic Church

Nostradamus was a French astrologer and physician, the most widely read seer of the Renaissance. Nostradamus began his medical practice in Agen sometime in the 1530s, despite not only never having taken a medical degree but also apparently having been expelled from medical school. In 1544 he moved

Nostradamus was a 16th-century seer. He and his prophecies—revered by some, ridiculed by others—are still well known today, centuries after he lived, and continue to be the subject of debate. Nostradamus was born in France in 1503. He first worked as a physician and began his medical practice in

Nostratic hypothesis, proposed, but still controversial, language family of northern Eurasia. The term Nostratic was proposed in 1903 by the Danish linguist Holger Pedersen to encompass Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Afro-Asiatic, and possibly other language families under one broad category.

Nostradamus was a French astrologer and physician, the most widely read seer of the Renaissance. Nostradamus began his medical practice in Agen sometime in the 1530s, despite not only never having taken a medical degree but also apparently having been expelled from medical school. In 1544 he moved

nose: …are known as nares or nostrils. The roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose are formed by the palatine bone, the mouth part of which is commonly called the hard palate; a flap of tissue, the soft palate, extends back into the nasopharynx, the nasal portion of…

Nostromo, novel by Joseph Conrad, published in 1904 and considered one of Conrad’s strongest works. Nostromo is a study of revolution, politics, and financial manipulation in a fictional South American republic. The work anticipates many of the political crises of Third World countries in the 20th

Nostromo, novel by Joseph Conrad, published in 1904 and considered one of Conrad’s strongest works. Nostromo is a study of revolution, politics, and financial manipulation in a fictional South American republic. The work anticipates many of the political crises of Third World countries in the 20th

Sino-Tibetan languages: Tibeto-Burman languages: … in its widest application) includes Yi (Lolo), Hani, Lahu, Lisu, Kachin (Jingpo), Kuki-Chin, the obsolete Xixia (Tangut), and other languages. The Tibetan writing system (which dates from the 7th century) and the Burmese (dating from the 11th century) are derived from the Indo-Aryan (Indic)

Nosy Be, island lying about 5 miles (8 km) off the northwestern shore of Madagascar. The name means “Big Island.” It is 19 miles (30 km) long, 12 miles (19 km) wide, and has an area of about 120 square miles (310 square km). Formed by volcanoes, the island is forested and has numerous craters and

Kálmán Mikszáth: … (1900; “A Strange Marriage”) and A Noszty fiu esete Tóth Marival (1908; “The Noszty Boy and Mary Tóth”). The first of these works is set in early 19th-century Hungary and deals with the fight of two lovers against the oppressive forces of society. The second tells the story of a…

Tim McGraw: …was unsuccessful, but his follow-up, Not a Moment Too Soon, became the biggest-selling country album of 1994 (and the sixth best-selling album of the year in any genre). His celebrity spread with the release of All I Want (1995) and with his high-profile marriage in 1996 to country star Faith…

Hungarian literature: Writing after 1945: Esterházy’s Semmi művészet (2008; Not Art: A Novel) depicts a football- (soccer-) obsessed mother’s relationship with her son.

Stanley Kramer: Directing: …made his directorial debut with Not as a Stranger, a middling medical soap opera that starred Robert Mitchum, Frank Sinatra, and Olivia de Havilland. The historical drama The Pride and the Passion (1957), however, was better received, in part because of a cast that featured Sinatra, Cary Grant, and

Soviet Union: The cultural Thaw: …and Vladimir Dudintsev, whose novel Not by Bread Alone (1957) created great controversy with its depiction of a corrupt Soviet bureaucracy. The main reason behind the policy was Khrushchev’s desire to attack Stalin and Stalinism, but Khrushchev always underestimated the damage he was doing to the authority of the Party.

endangered species: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: The IUCN system uses five quantitative criteria to assess the extinction risk of a given species. In general, these criteria…

James Gandolfini: Gandolfini later appeared in Not Fade Away (2012), the story of a teenage rock band in 1960s New Jersey that was directed by The Sopranos creator David Chase, and as Leon Panetta in Zero Dark Thirty (2012), about the U.S. military operation to kill Osama bin Laden. In The…

Buddy Holly: The Crickets and Norman Petty: …crafting tracks such as “Not Fade Away,” “Peggy Sue,” “Listen to Me,” and “Everyday,” Holly and the Crickets camped out at Petty’s studio for days at a time, using it as a combination laboratory and playground. They were the first rock and rollers to approach the recording process in…

HTTP 404, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) error indicating that an online resource could not be located. A 404 error, which falls under the client error response category of HTTP errors, is one of the most commonly seen of the 63 total HTTP status codes. A 404 error appears when the user

NIMBY, a colloquialism signifying one’s opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one’s neighborhood. The phrase “not in my backyard,” shortened to “NIMBY,” seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric

NIMBY, a colloquialism signifying one’s opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one’s neighborhood. The phrase “not in my backyard,” shortened to “NIMBY,” seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric

Kendrick Lamar: GNX, Not Like Us, and one of the all-time great rap feuds: …West Coast rap song “Not Like Us,” he attacked Drake for reportedly being a pedophile. Drake denied the allegations. “Not Like Us” debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped radio charts. It also broke a record on Spotify for the most plays of a rap…

Genevieve Taggard: In 1934 Taggard published Not Mine to Finish: Poems 1928–1934. Those poems on art, nature, and identity showed off Taggard’s intellectual and lyrical talents. Her next book, Calling Western Union (1936), was a collection of social protest poems. Her subsequent poetry collections, most notably Slow Music (1946), returned to…

Conan O’Brien: SNL and The Simpsons: …for HBO’s popular news-show parody Not Necessarily the News. He wrote for the program for two years and acted in several improvisational groups, including the Groundlings. In 1988 he became a writer at the late-night comedy show Saturday Night Live (SNL), where he created such popular recurring characters as Mr.…

Zhang Yimou: …dou bu neng shao (1999; Not One Less). The latter movie, centring on a school in a poor village, won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. In 1999 Zhang also released the acclaimed Wode fuqin muqin (The Road Home), a romantic drama in which a son recounts his…

Afrocentrism: Criticism of Afrocentrism: In her book Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History (1996), the American classicist Mary Lefkowitz attempted to refute most of the assertions made by Bernal, Diop, and others.

Joan Armatrading: the Blues (2007), Starlight (2013), Not Too Far Away (2018), and Consequences (2021), all of which she produced herself. Armatrading also wrote the music for Phyllida Lloyd’s all-women production of Shakespeare’s The Tempest, staged in London in 2016 and in New York City the following year. A documentary, Joan Armatrading:…

Norah Jones: …Jones released her third album, Not Too Late, in 2007. The album, recorded in her home studio, was the first for which Jones was involved in the writing process of every song. As well, it was the first on which she played guitar in addition to piano. In 2007 Jones…

Willa Cather: …House (1925) and her essays Not Under Forty (1936).

Ida Lupino: Directing: …project was the unwed-mother drama Not Wanted (1949), which Lupino produced and coscripted with Paul Jarrico. Director Elmer Clifton fell ill midway through the production, and Lupino stepped in and completed it; her work was not credited, however. She made her official directing debut with Never Fear (1949; also known…

Canadian literature: Fiction: Famous Last Words (1981) and Not Wanted on the Voyage (1984), the latter a retelling of the voyage of Noah’s ark, are also historical metafictions that point to dangerous fascistic tendencies in the modern state.

Langston Hughes: Incorporating social and political themes: …few months after Hughes’s graduation, Not Without Laughter (1930), his first prose volume, had a cordial reception. In the 1930s he turned his poetry more forcefully toward racial justice and political radicalism. He traveled in the American South in 1931 and decried the Scottsboro case, in which nine young Black…

denial of Not-Being, in Eleatic philosophy, the assertion of the monistic philosopher Parmenides of Elea that only Being exists and that Not-Being is not, and can never be. Being is necessarily described as one, unique, unborn and indestructible, and immovable. The opposite of Being is Not-Being

nonprofit organization, an organization, typically dedicated to pursuing mission-oriented goals through the collective actions of citizens, that is not formed and organized so as to generate a profit. In the United States a nonprofit organization is legally delineated from firms in the for-profit

Mdina, town, west-central Malta, adjoining Rabat, west of Valletta. Possibly Bronze Age in origin, it has Punic, Greek, and Roman ruins. The name derives from the Arabic word madīnah (“town,” or “city”). It was also named Notabile in the 15th century, possibly by the Castilian rulers who made it

As the women highlighted here show, female spies have played significant roles throughout history. They worked under challenging and dangerous conditions, and their efforts—though sometimes overlooked—often had a meaningful and lasting impact. Curious to learn more? Check out our list of spies

France: King and parlements: The Assembly of Notables that Calonne had suggested met in February 1787. The minister presented a program that offered the country’s upper classes some voice in lawmaking in exchange for their consent to the abolition of many traditional privileges, particularly the nobility’s immunity to taxes. Although…

spiny eel: …and of the deep-sea family Notacanthidae (order Notacanthiformes). Members of both groups are elongated and eel-like but are not related to true eels.

Myobatrachidae: The Catholic frog (Notaden bennetti) is a yellow or greenish Australian myobatrachid about 4 cm (1.5 inches) long. It was named for the dark, crosslike pattern on its back, and it frequents dry regions and lives underground, emerging from its burrow after a heavy rain. The…

shorthand: History and development of shorthand: …of Cicero’s household, invented the notae Tironianae (“Tironian notes”), the first Latin shorthand system. Devised in 63 bc, it lasted over a thousand years. Tiro also compiled a shorthand dictionary. Among the early accomplished shorthand writers were the emperor Titus, Julius Caesar, and a number of bishops. With the beginning…

inheritance: Formalities of wills: The notarial will, which is also available in most civil-law countries, is executed so that the testator either dictates its provisions to the notary or hands him an instrument declaring that it contains his will. (In civil-law countries, a notary is not a layperson but a…

middot: …of the rules, such as noṭariqon (“shorthand”), allowed for arbitrary interpretations. According to noṭariqon, each letter of a word may be regarded as the initial letter of another word, so that a word in a text might be read as an entire sentence. Another principle, al tiqre . . .…

notary, public official whose chief function in common-law countries is to authenticate contracts, deeds, and other documents by an appropriate certificate with a notarial seal. In Roman law the notarius was originally a slave or freedman who took notes of judicial proceedings. The work of the

notary, public official whose chief function in common-law countries is to authenticate contracts, deeds, and other documents by an appropriate certificate with a notarial seal. In Roman law the notarius was originally a slave or freedman who took notes of judicial proceedings. The work of the

Juan Zorrilla de San Martín: His first work, Notas de un himno (1876; “Notes for a Hymn”), dealing with themes of sadness and patriotism, clearly reflects the influence of the famous Spanish Romantic poet Gustavo Adolfo Becquer and sets the tone for all his poetic work that followed. In 1878 he founded the…

gastropod: Classification: Order Notaspidea Shell and gill usually present; no parapodia (extensions of foot); sperm groove open; shell prominent, reduced, or hidden by mantle; 2 families. Order Sacoglossa One file of radular teeth; sperm duct a closed tube; shell reduced to bivalved (Juliidae); many feed by sucking juices…

logic: Logical notation: The way in which logical concepts and their interpretations are expressed in natural languages is often very complicated. In order to reach an overview of logical truths and valid inferences, logicians have developed various streamlined notations. Such notations can be thought of as…

formal logic: …logician customarily uses a symbolic notation to express such structures clearly and unambiguously and to enable manipulations and tests of validity to be more easily applied. Although the following discussion freely employs the technical notation of modern symbolic logic, its symbols are introduced gradually and with accompanying explanations so that…

dance notation: Twentieth-century developments: She outlined her system in The Notation of Movement (1928); in addition to direction symbols, she provided separate signs for each movement of each part of the body. This was not an advantage in comparison with “alphabet” systems, in which the same basic type of movement is written with the…

Germany: The princes and the Landstände: …imposition of extraordinary taxes (Notbeden) remained the crucial issue between the princes and the estates. The mounting cost of war and administration outstripped the ordinary revenues of the ruler, plunged him deeply into debt, and compelled him to seek financial aid from the estates with increasing frequency. In the…

cell: The process of differentiation: …possess a surface receptor called Notch. These cells also possess another cell surface molecule called Delta that can bind to and activate Notch on adjacent cells. Activation of Notch initiates a cascade of intracellular events that results in suppression of Delta production and suppression of neuronal differentiation. This means that…

naval architecture: Materials of construction: …use of steel lacking in notch toughness. This term refers to the steel’s ability to absorb energy by stretching in the vicinity of sharp corners, notches, and cracks, particularly at low temperatures or at high stretching rates. This quality is particularly important where all the plating seams around the girth…

flute: Types of flutes: …to facilitate sound generation (notched flutes). In some regions, including China, South America, and Africa, a notch is cut into the edge to aid sound production (notched flutes), while nose-blown flutes, found particularly in Oceania, use airflow from the nasal cavity.

tone, in acoustics, sound that can be recognized by its regularity of vibration. A simple tone has only one frequency, although its intensity may vary. A complex tone consists of two or more simple tones, called overtones. The tone of lowest frequency is called the fundamental; the others,

note, in the notation of Western music, sign indicating pitch by its position on the staff and showing duration by its shape. The term note may also refer to a tone, the sound either produced by a singer or musical instrument or represented by a pitch name (such as G, or sol), a neume, or a written

Sidney Bechet: …critically timed deviations in pitch (“note bending”) that had the greatest long-lasting influence, because they were absorbed by his disciple Johnny Hodges, Duke Ellington’s principal soloist from 1928 to 1970. With a style developed around Bechet’s expressive techniques, Hodges became one of the two or three most influential alto saxophonists…

Henry de Bracton: Called the Note-Book, it was edited by the British legal scholar Frederic Maitland and published in 1887.

molecular gastronomy: Historical precedents and development: …inspired various trends, notably “note-by-note cooking,” which was introduced by Hervé This in the mid-1990s and gained popularity in the ensuing decades. This style uses only pure compounds—such as water, ethanol, and glucose—rather than traditional food ingredients (plants and animals). It is for food the equivalent of synthetic music.

12-tone music, large body of music, written roughly since World War I, that uses the so-called 12-tone method or technique of composition. The Austrian-born composer Arnold Schoenberg is credited with the invention of this technique, although other composers (e.g., the American composer Charles

Robert Lowell: Later works: …Near the Ocean (1967), and Notebook 1967–68 (1969). The last-named work is a poetic record of a tumultuous year in the poet’s life and exhibits the interrelation between politics, the individual, and his culture. Lowell’s trilogy of plays, The Old Glory, which views American culture over the span of history,…

laptop computer, portable personal computer that features a screen, touch pad, and alphanumeric keyboard. Laptops usually have a clamshell design, in which the screen is located on the interior of the upper lid and the keyboard is located on the interior of the lower lid. Laptop screens are