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Nosema is a genus of parasitic, single-celled organisms belonging to the phylum Microsporidia. These organisms infect host cells, where they reproduce asexually before forming spores.

One species, Nosema apis, is a significant pathogen of honeybees. It specifically targets the gut lining of worker bees, causing a severe form of dysentery known as nosema disease. This disease can lead to varying degrees of paralysis and is a serious concern for bee populations. Another species, N. bombycis, causes the epidemic disease pébrine in silkworms. Louis Pasteur identified Nosema spores as the cause of pébrine in 1865 and recommended sanitation and destruction of infected colonies for control.12

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