Norman, member of those Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France (or the Frankish kingdom), together with their descendants. The Normans founded the duchy of Normandy and sent out expeditions of conquest and colonization to southern Italy and Sicily and to England, Wales, Scotland, and

Norton, town (township), Bristol county, southeastern Massachusetts, U.S., 14 miles (23 km) southwest of Brockton and about 30 miles (50 km) south of Boston. It was settled in 1669 by a cabin boy, William Wetherell, according to local lore, and incorporated in 1711. Norton was a centre of

Norton, town, north-central Zimbabwe. It was named after a farm family murdered (1896) in the Shona uprisings. Developed in the 1960s as a planned industrial township, it is located 29 miles (46 km) west of Harare (formerly Salisbury) on the road and rail line to Bulawayo and 5 miles (8 km) from

M.H. Abrams: …the first seven editions of The Norton Anthology of English Literature.

Arctic: History of settlement: …replaced by that of the Norton culture in approximately 500 bce. These people made pottery similar to that found in contemporary Siberia, and their substantial villages of semisubterranean houses appeared along the coast from the Bering Sea to the Beaufort Sea, near the present northern border of Alaska with Canada.…

Norton Sound, arm of the Bering Sea, indenting for 125 miles (200 km) the west coast of Alaska, U.S., with a width of 70 miles (115 km) between the Seward Peninsula (north) and the Yukon River delta (south). The sound is navigable from May to October. The city of Nome, on the northern shore, is the

astronomical map: Atlases for stargazing: Norton’s Star Atlas, perfected through numerous editions, plots all naked-eye stars on eight convenient charts measuring 25 by 43 cm (9.8 by 17 inches). The Tirion Sky Atlas 2000.0 (1981) includes some 43,000 stars to magnitude eight and is based primarily on the SAO Star…

Andre Norton was a prolific best-selling American author of science-fiction and fantasy adventure novels for juveniles and adults. Norton entered Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University) in 1930 but two years later began an 18-year career as a children’s librarian at the

Andre Norton was a prolific best-selling American author of science-fiction and fantasy adventure novels for juveniles and adults. Norton entered Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University) in 1930 but two years later began an 18-year career as a children’s librarian at the

machine tool: History: C.H. Norton of Massachusetts dramatically illustrated the potential of the grinding machine by making one that could grind an automobile crankshaft in 15 minutes, a process that previously had required five hours.

Caroline Norton was an English poet and novelist whose matrimonial difficulties prompted successful efforts to secure legal protection for married women. Granddaughter of the playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan, she began to write while in her teens. The Sorrows of Rosalie (1829) and The Undying

Charles Eliot Norton was an American scholar and man of letters, an idealist and reformer by temperament, who exhibited remarkable energy in a wide range of activity. After graduating from Harvard in 1846, Norton opened a night school in Cambridge, was director of a housing experiment in Boston,

Edward Norton is an American actor known for his intense performances and uncompromising approach to his work. Norton’s notable films include Primal Fear (1996), American History X (1999), Fight Club (1999), and Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014). Norton, the son of a

Edward Norton is an American actor known for his intense performances and uncompromising approach to his work. Norton’s notable films include Primal Fear (1996), American History X (1999), Fight Club (1999), and Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014). Norton, the son of a

Edwin Norton was an American inventor and manufacturer. Norton began manufacturing tin cans on a small scale in 1868. With his brother, he opened a number of successively larger and more diversified Norton plants. By 1890 he had perfected the first automatic can-making line. He invented the

Eleanor Holmes Norton is an American lawyer and politician who broke several gender and racial barriers during her career, in which she defended the rights of others to equal opportunity. After attending Antioch College (B.A., 1960) in Yellow Springs, Ohio, Norton received degrees from Yale

Hüsker Dü: ), Greg Norton (b. March 13, 1959, Rock Island, Illinois), and Grant Hart (in full Grantzberg Vernon Hart; b. March 18, 1961, St. Paul, Minnesota—d. September 13/14, 2017).

pottery: The United States: …Bennington, Vermont, founded by Captain John Norton in 1793, made domestic wares, including salt-glazed stoneware. The factory was removed to Bennington Village by his son, Judge Luman Norton, in 1831, and creamware and a brown-glazed ware were produced. In 1839 the factory became Norton and Fenton, and about 1845 the…

Muhammad Ali: Return to boxing: Joe Frazier, Ken Norton, and George Foreman: …1973, a little-known fighter named Ken Norton broke Ali’s jaw in the second round en route to a 12-round upset decision. Ali defeated Norton in a rematch. After that he fought Joe Frazier a second time and won a unanimous 12-round decision. From a technical point of view, the second…

Muhammad Ali: Return to boxing: Joe Frazier, Ken Norton, and George Foreman: …1973, a little-known fighter named Ken Norton broke Ali’s jaw in the second round en route to a 12-round upset decision. Ali defeated Norton in a rematch. After that he fought Joe Frazier a second time and won a unanimous 12-round decision. From a technical point of view, the second…

Lillian Nordica was an American soprano, acclaimed for her opulent voice and dramatic presence, especially in Wagnerian roles. Nordica grew up from the age of six in Boston, studied at the New England Conservatory of Music, and then gave recitals in the United States and London before resuming

Mary Norton was a British children’s writer most famous for her series on the Borrowers, a resourceful race of beings only 6 inches (15 cm) tall, who secretly share houses with humans and “borrow” what they need from them. Norton was educated in a convent school in London and trained as an actress

tragedy: Elizabethan: by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton, first acted in 1561, is now known as the first formal tragedy in English, though it is far from fulfilling the high offices of the form in tone, characterization, and theme. Thomas Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy (c. 1587) continued the Senecan tradition of the…

Norway: World War II: The government, through the Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (Nortraship), directed the merchant fleet, which made an important contribution to the Allied cause. Half of the fleet, however, was lost during the war.

antidepressant: amitriptyline, desipramine, nortriptyline, and a number of other compounds. These drugs relieve symptoms in a high proportion (more than 70 percent) of depressed patients. As with the MAOIs, the antidepressant action of tricyclic drugs may not become apparent until two to four weeks after treatment begins.

Nowruz, festival celebrating the start of the new year on the Persian calendar. Nowruz, meaning “new day” in Persian (or Fārsī), occurs on the spring equinox, which is the first day of the month of Farvardīn on the Iranian calendar. The holiday usually falls on March 21 on the Gregorian calendar.

Norwalk, city, seat (1818) of Huron county, northern Ohio, U.S., about 60 miles (100 km) west-southwest of Cleveland. It was originally part of the Western Reserve known as the Sufferers’ Lands, or Firelands, set aside in 1792 for Connecticut residents whose homes were burned by loyalists during

Norwalk, city, coextensive with the town (township) of Norwalk, Fairfield county, southwestern Connecticut, U.S., on Long Island Sound at the mouth of the Norwalk River. Roger Ludlow purchased the land from the Norwalk (Norwaake, or Naramauke) Indians in 1640, and the area was settled by colonists

Norwalk, city, Los Angeles county, southwestern California, U.S. Located 17 miles (27 km) southeast of Los Angeles, the city was originally inhabited by Chumash Indians. The area was once a part of the Rancho Los Coyotes, a subdivision (1834) of the 1784 Spanish land grant known as Rancho Los

norovirus, (genus Norovirus), highly contagious virus best known for causing outbreaks of gastroenteritis, an illness marked by vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and nausea. It belongs to the family Caliciviridae and is sometimes called the “winter vomiting bug” because outbreaks frequently occur

Norway, country of northern Europe that occupies the western half of the Scandinavian peninsula. Nearly half of the inhabitants of the country live in the far south, in the region around Oslo, the capital. About two-thirds of Norway is mountainous, and off its much-indented coastline lie, carved by

Norway Current, branch of the North Atlantic Current, sometimes considered a continuation of the Gulf Stream (issuing from the Gulf of Mexico). The Norway Current enters the Norwegian Sea north of Scotland and flows northeastward along the coast of Norway before flowing into the Barents Sea. With

Norway Deep, undersea trough in the northeastern North Sea. It extends southward from Ålesund in western Norway, running parallel to the Norwegian coast and curving around the southern tip of Norway into the Skagerrak (the strait between southern Norway and the Jutland peninsula of Denmark) as far

redfish: …also referred to as the Norway haddock). Both are red and grow to about 25 cm (10 inches) long.

redfish, (Sebastes norvegicus), commercially important food fish of the scorpionfish family, Scorpaenidae (order Scorpaeniformes), found in the North Atlantic Ocean along European and North American coasts. Also known as ocean perch or rosefish in North America and as Norway haddock in Europe, the

lemming: Natural history: …only short distances, but the Norway lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) in Scandinavia are a dramatic exception. From a central point, they move in growing numbers outward in all directions, at first erratically and under cover of darkness but later in bold groups that may travel in daylight. Huge hordes overrun broad…

scampi, (Nephrops norvegicus), edible lobster of the order Decapoda (class Crustacea). It is widespread in the Mediterranean and northeastern Atlantic, from North Africa to Norway and Iceland, and as a gastronomic delicacy it is commercially exploited over much of its range, particularly by Great

maple: The Norway maple (A. platanoides), a handsome, dense, round-headed tree, has spectacular greenish-yellow flower clusters in early spring; many cultivated varieties are available with unusual leaf colour (red, maroon, bronze, or purple) and growth form (columnar, globular, or pyramidal).

brown rat, (Rattus norvegicus), species of rat found on every continent except Antarctica. The alternate name “Norway rat” came from a false hypothesis widely believed in 18th-century England that the rats were native to Norway. Research has confirmed, however, that the brown rat is native to Asia,

spruce: Major species: The Norway spruce (P. abies), an important timber and ornamental tree native to northern Europe, is used in reforestation both there and in North America.

Church of Norway, established, state-supported Lutheran church in Norway, which changed from the Roman Catholic faith during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. Unsuccessful attempts were made to win converts to Christianity in Norway during the 10th century, but in the 11th century Kings Olaf

On February 27, 1814, the crown prince Christian Frederick created the first distinctive Norwegian national flag. An expression of local opposition to the Swedish rule imposed on Norway, it consisted of the red Danish flag with its white cross, long used in Norway, with the addition of the

Norway: History: The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the huge ice shelf of the last ice age first melted between 11,000 and 8000 bce. The oldest finds are stone tools dating from 9500 to 6000 bce, discovered in…

Norway, country of northern Europe that occupies the western half of the Scandinavian peninsula. Nearly half of the inhabitants of the country live in the far south, in the region around Oslo, the capital. About two-thirds of Norway is mountainous, and off its much-indented coastline lie, carved by

Nevil Shute was an English-born novelist who showed a special talent for weaving his technical knowledge of engineering into the texture of his fictional narrative. His most famous work, On the Beach (1957), which he wrote while living in Australia, reflected his pessimism for humanity in the

Norway: Ethnic groups: …most parts of Norway the nucleus of the population is Nordic in heritage and appearance. Between 60 and 70 percent have blue eyes. An influx of people from southern Europe has been strong in southwestern Norway. Nord-Norge has about nine-tenths of the estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Sami—the country’s first inhabitants—living…

Antarctica: Discovery of the Antarctic poles: …explorer Roald Amundsen of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition of 1910–12 reached it. One month later, on January 17, 1912, Scott of the British Antarctic Terra Nova Expedition of 1910–13 also reached the South Pole. Whereas Amundsen’s party of skiers and dog teams, using the Axel Heiberg Glacier route, arrived back…

North Polar Basin: …Central Polar Basin and the Norwegian Basin, by a sill, or narrow underwater ridge, lying between north Greenland and the Svalbard archipelago of Norway. The larger of the two parts, the Central Polar Basin, has a maximum depth of 16,995 feet (5,180 m) and occupies a triangular area stretching across…

Norway: Labour and taxation: …influential labour union is the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge; LO), which was established in 1899 and has more than 800,000 members. Other important labour unions are the Confederation of Vocational Unions (Yrkesorganisasjonenes Sentralforbund; YS) and the Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations (Akademikerne).

ocean current: The subpolar gyres: …its equatorward side and the Norwegian Current that carries relatively warm water northward along the coast of Norway. The heat released from the Norwegian Current into the atmosphere maintains a moderate climate in northern Europe. Along the east coast of Greenland is the southward-flowing cold East Greenland Current. It loops…

weather forecasting: Progress during the early 20th century: …been referred to as the Norwegian cyclone model. This theory pulled together many earlier ideas and related the patterns of wind and weather to a low-pressure system that exhibited fronts—which are rather sharp sloping boundaries between cold and warm air masses. Bjerknes pointed out the rainfall/snowfall patterns that are characteristically…

Norwegian elkhound, breed of dog that originated thousands of years ago in western Norway, where it was used as an all-purpose hunter, shepherd, guard, and companion. It generally excels in tracking European elk and has also been used for hunting bears and lynx. A medium-sized dog with erect,

Norske folkeeventyr, (1841–44; Eng. trans. Norwegian Folktales), collections of folktales and legends, by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Engebretsen Moe, that had survived and developed from Old Norse pagan mythology in the mountain and fjord dialects of Norway. The authors, stimulated by a

Norwegian Forest Cat, a breed of long-haired domestic cat known for its large size, strong, muscular body, and double coat of fur. The Norwegian Forest Cat originated in Norway, where it is known as a skogkatt (“forest cat”). Its thick water-resistant overcoat and woolly, insulating undercoat make

These 8 Buildings Will Make You See Norway in a New Light: Norwegian Glacier Museum: Glacier Museum Sverre Fehn, the winner of the 1997 Pritzker Prize, is particularly known and celebrated for his exceptional and inventive use of concrete and wood. When approaching his Norwegian Glacier Museum in Balestrand, visitors are greeted by Fehn’s remarkable vision and a memorable…

Norwegian Gyral, cyclonic ocean current flow centred at 68° N, 13° W in the Norwegian Sea. The Norwegian Gyral separates the Norway Current from a southeastward-flowing branch of the East Greenland

Norwegian Gyral, cyclonic ocean current flow centred at 68° N, 13° W in the Norwegian Sea. The Norwegian Gyral separates the Norway Current from a southeastward-flowing branch of the East Greenland

Norway: Education: …and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (SINTEF) was created in 1950 as an independent organization at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology to stimulate research and develop cooperation with other public and private research institutions and with private industry. SINTEF is financed by the state and…

Norway: Political process: The Norwegian Labour Party (Det Norske Arbeiderparti; DNA), the ruling party from before World War II until the mid-1960s, advocates a moderate form of socialism. In its many years of governing Norway, however, it nationalized only a few large industrial companies. The Conservative Party (Høyre), which…

Norwegian language, North Germanic language of the West Scandinavian branch, existing in two distinct and rival norms—Bokmål (also called Dano-Norwegian, or Riksmål) and New Norwegian (Nynorsk). Old Norwegian writing traditions gradually died out in the 15th century after the union of Norway with

Scandinavian law: Historical development of Scandinavian law: …V’s Danish Law (1683) and Norwegian Law (1687). The new codes were mainly based on the existing national laws of the two countries, and the influences of German, Roman, and canon laws were comparatively slight. Like the early codes, the newer codes consisted of public as well as private law…

Norwegian literature, the body of writings by the Norwegian people. The roots of Norwegian literature reach back more than 1,000 years, when what is today Norway was ruled by the Vikings. In its evolution Norwegian literature was closely intertwined with Icelandic literature and with Danish

Oslo: The contemporary city: …Oslo Concert Hall, and the Norwegian Opera. The Historical Museum (with the Ethnographic Museum) and the National Museum of Art, Architecture, and Design are located near the oldest part of the University of Oslo; the latter-named museum contains a vast collection of art objects, including works by Edvard Munch. The…

Norwegian Nobel Committee, group of five individuals responsible for selecting the annual winners of the Nobel Prize for Peace. Members are appointed to a six-year term on the committee by the Storting (the Norwegian parliament). Until 1936, members of the Norwegian government were elected to the

Sverre Fehn: …Exhibition in Brussels, where his Norwegian Pavilion captured first prize in the design competition. Built in the International style, the low wooden building embodied horizontality with its wide, overhanging, segmented eaves. Fehn again received widespread notice with his Nordic Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 1962; it won the Biennale’s…

Jan Egeland: … before becoming secretary-general of the Norwegian Refugee Council in 2013.

Bergen: …as well as of the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (1936). Its West Norway Museum of Decorative Art (1887) has a fine collection. The well-known Bergen International Music Festival takes place each year. Bergen was the birthplace of composer Edvard Grieg, violinist Ole Bull, landscape painter Johan Christian…

Norwegian Sea, section of the North Atlantic Ocean, bordered by the Greenland and Barents seas (northwest through northeast); Norway (east); the North Sea, the Shetland and Faroe islands, and the Atlantic Ocean (south); and Iceland and Jan Mayen Island (west). The sea reaches a maximum depth of

Norway: World War II: The government, through the Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (Nortraship), directed the merchant fleet, which made an important contribution to the Allied cause. Half of the fleet, however, was lost during the war.

Norske Selskab, organization founded in 1772 by Norwegian students at the University of Copenhagen to free Norwegian literature from excessive German influence and from the dominance of Danish Romanticism. The Norske Selskab, which lasted until 1812, not only was a forum for literary discussion and

Norway: Transportation and telecommunications: …electrified, is operated by the Norwegian State Railways (Norges Statsbaner), which sustains large annual operating deficits. Vestlandet has never had north-south railway connections, only routes running east from Stavanger and Bergen to Oslo and from Åndalsnes to Dombås on the line linking Oslo and Trondheim. The connection from Bodø to…

Norway Deep, undersea trough in the northeastern North Sea. It extends southward from Ålesund in western Norway, running parallel to the Norwegian coast and curving around the southern tip of Norway into the Skagerrak (the strait between southern Norway and the Jutland peninsula of Denmark) as far

whist: Miscellaneous variants: Norwegian whist is a no-trump partnership game. Each deal is played either grand, the aim being to win most tricks, or nullo, the aim being to lose most. Each player in turn, starting with eldest, may pass or bid grand or nullo. The first bid…

the Beatles: Reinventing rock music: Yesterday and Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band: …the enigmatic folk tune “Norwegian Wood” (both in 1965) to the hallucinatory hard rock song “Tomorrow Never Knows” (1966), with a lyric inspired by Timothy Leary’s handbook The Psychedelic Experience (1964). It also included the carnivalesque soundscape of “Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!” (1967), which featured stream-of-consciousness…

Antarctica: National rivalries and claims: The international Norwegian-British-Swedish Expedition of 1949–52 carried out extensive explorations from Maudheim Base on the Queen Maud Land coast in the territory claimed in 1939 by Norway. The United States had shown little interest in Antarctica since the Ronne expedition and the U.S. naval “Operation Windmill,” both…

Norwest Corporation, former American holding company that owned subsidiary commercial banks in a number of western and midwestern U.S. states. Norwest and Wells Fargo & Company merged in 1998, and the newly formed business took the latter’s name. The company was incorporated as Northwest

Norwich: (district), administrative and historic county of Norfolk, England. It is located along the River Wensum above its confluence with the River Yare, about 100 miles (160 km) northeast of London.

Norwich, city, coextensive with the town (township) of Norwich, New London county, east-central Connecticut, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Yantic and Shetucket rivers, which at that point form the Thames. The settlement, which was begun in 1659 and named for Norwich, England, by a company

Norwich, city (district), administrative and historic county of Norfolk, England. It is located along the River Wensum above its confluence with the River Yare, about 100 miles (160 km) northeast of London. The site does not seem to have been occupied until Saxon times, when the village of Northwic

Norwich school, significant group of English regional landscape painters that was established in 1803 as the Norwich Society of Artists and flourished in Norwich, Norfolk, in the first half of the 19th century. The work of the leaders of the group, John Crome and John Sell Cotman, was inspired by

Norwich school, significant group of English regional landscape painters that was established in 1803 as the Norwich Society of Artists and flourished in Norwich, Norfolk, in the first half of the 19th century. The work of the leaders of the group, John Crome and John Sell Cotman, was inspired by

Norwich terrier, short-legged terrier breed developed about 1880 in England, where it soon became a fad with Cambridge students. It was later used by various American hunt clubs and has also drawn notice as a rabbit hunter. It is stockily built, with a broad head and erect ears, and it has a dense,

Norwich University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Northfield, Vt., U.S. The university is composed of the largely military college in Northfield and the nonmilitary Vermont College in Montpelier; there is also a branch campus in Brattleboro. All Northfield campus

Norwich ware, delft (tin-glazed) earthenware produced in Norwich, Norfolk, Eng., of which little is known. About 1567 two Flemish potters, Jasper Andries and Jacob Janson, who had moved to Norwich from Antwerp, may have made paving tiles and vessels for apothecaries and others. So far nothing made

Cyprian Norwid was a Polish poet, playwright, painter, and sculptor who was one of the most original representatives of late Romanticism. An orphan early in life, Norwid was brought up by relatives and was largely self-taught. He found life in Poland difficult after the suppression of the Polish

Cyprian Norwid was a Polish poet, playwright, painter, and sculptor who was one of the most original representatives of late Romanticism. An orphan early in life, Norwid was brought up by relatives and was largely self-taught. He found life in Poland difficult after the suppression of the Polish

Cincinnati: Other suburban communities include Norwood and Forest Park in Ohio and Florence in Kentucky.

Charles Portis: …a novelist with Norwood (1966; film 1970), the tale of a cheerfully naive ex-marine who wanders from state to state in an attempt to collect a $70 debt. Though some critics found the novel to be thinly plotted, Portis was praised for his memorable characters, especially the numerous eccentrics and…

Charles Portis: …debuted as a novelist with Norwood (1966; film 1970), the tale of a cheerfully naive ex-marine who wanders from state to state in an attempt to collect a $70 debt. Though some critics found the novel to be thinly plotted, Portis was praised for his memorable characters, especially the numerous…

Norwood, town, Norfolk county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., on the Neponset River, 14 miles (23 km) southwest of Boston. Settled in 1678, it was incorporated (from parts of Dedham and Walpole) in 1872. The town has a diversified economy, and many corporate offices are located there; products

navigation: Distance and speed measurements: …Practice (1637) the English navigator Richard Norwood recommended the use of a line knotted at intervals of 50 feet (15 meters) and a 30-second sandglass; knotted intervals of 47 to 48 feet (14.3 to 14.6 meters) and a 28-second sandglass were later adopted to accord with nautical miles of slightly…

baseball: Baseball and the arts: …delight and wonder expressed in Jack Norworth and Albert Von Tilzer’s “Take Me Out to the Ball Game,” a 1908 ditty that became baseball’s national anthem. For artists, the ballpark has often been an escape from the real world, an idyllic place where fans don’t care if they “never get…

major industrial polymers: Polyphenylene oxide (PPO): under the trademarked name of Noryl. It is used in telecommunications and computer equipment, automotive parts, appliances, pipes, and valves.

Russian literature: Nikolay Gogol: ” “Nos” (1836; “The Nose”), a parable on the failure of all explanatory systems, relates an utterly inexplicable incident and the attempts to come to terms with it. Both “Shinel” (1842; “The Overcoat”), which is probably the most influential Russian short story, and “Zapiski sumasshedshego” (1835; “The Diary…

Netherlands: Media and publishing: …access to the airwaves by Netherlands Broadcasting Corporation, which is responsible for news and the programming of unreserved airtime. The government itself exerts no influence on the programming, and advertising is restricted and is controlled by a separate foundation. All public broadcasting is financed by a licensing fee and by…

Omar Abdel Rahman: In 1990 El Sayyid Nosair, an Egyptian man linked to Abdel Rahman, was arrested and tried for the murder of Jewish political extremist Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York. Nosair was acquitted of the murder but convicted of lesser related charges. When federal agents raided Nosair’s New…

Nosaka Sanzō was a politician who was the leading figure in the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) throughout the late 1950s and ’60s. He was responsible for the party’s pursuit of its revolutionary goals through peaceful participation in parliamentary politics. Nosaka first became interested in

nose, the prominent structure between the eyes that serves as the entrance to the respiratory tract and contains the olfactory organ. It provides air for respiration, serves the sense of smell, conditions the air by filtering, warming, and moistening it, and cleans itself of foreign debris

horseshoe bat: Of the three “leaf” sections, one resembles a horseshoe—hence their common name. The exact function of these facial appurtenances has yet to be determined, but scientists believe they may help to direct outgoing echolocation calls.

nose ring, ornament inserted through different parts of the nose for personal adornment and used sometimes to signify social rank. Nose ornaments have been found especially among people in India, New Guinea, Polynesia, the pre-Columbian Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa. Sometimes, the ala,