Edict of Nantes, law promulgated at Nantes in Brittany on April 13, 1598, by Henry IV of France, which granted a large measure of religious liberty to his Protestant subjects, the Huguenots. The edict was accompanied by Henry IV’s own conversion from Huguenot Calvinism to Roman Catholicism and

University of Nantes, autonomous, state-financed coeducational institution of higher learning at Nantes, in western France. Founded in 1970 under the 1968 law reforming French higher education, the university replaced the former University of Nantes founded in 1962, which in turn had its origins in

Robert Nanteuil was the outstanding French portrait engraver of his age, whose achievement resulted in the elevation of engraving from a humble craft to a fine art. He became known by his crayon portraits and was pensioned by Louis XIV and appointed designer and engraver of the cabinet to that

Nantgarw porcelain, an English granular, soft-paste porcelain, pure white in colour, containing bone ash. It was made at a factory founded in 1813 by William Billingsley at Nantgarw, Glamorgan, Wales. Translucent and restrained in shape, it attracted the London trade, and much of Nantgarw porcelain

Chao Nanthasen was the ruler (1781–95?) of the Lao principality of Vientiane who conquered the rival Lao state of Luang Prabang in 1791. In 1781 the Siamese, who had captured Vientiane in 1778, chose Nanthasen to succeed his father, King Siribunyasan. Like the rulers of Luang Prabang and

Nanticoke, city, Luzerne county, northeast-central Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Susquehanna River, about 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Wilkes-Barre. In the early 18th century white settlers were attracted to the site of a village of the Nanticoke Indians and set up a gristmill, iron forge, and sawmill

Nanticoke, a confederacy of Algonquian-speaking North American Indians who lived along the eastern shores of what are now Maryland and southern Delaware; their name means “tidewater people.” They were related to the Delaware and the Conoy. Nanticoke subsistence depended largely on fishing and

Japan: Languages: …major dialects of Hondo and Nantō. The Hondo dialect is used throughout Japan and may be divided into three major subdialects: Eastern, Western, and Kyushu. The Eastern subdialects were established in the 7th and 8th centuries and became known as the Azuma (“Eastern”) language. After the 17th century there was…

Akaroa: …to France to organize the Nanto-Bordelaise Company (1839), which, backed by a warship, dispatched a settlement force. Arriving in 1840, the settlers found that the British had in the interim declared sovereignty over South Island. An agreement reached between the French and the British allowed the company to establish its…

Duke Ellington: Ellington’s ensemble: …sonorities of the distinctive trombonist Joe (“Tricky Sam”) Nanton (who played muted “growl” sounds) all influenced Ellington’s early “jungle style,” as seen in such masterpieces as “East St. Louis Toodle-oo” (1926) and “Black and Tan Fantasy” (1927).

Nantong, city, eastern Jiangsu sheng (province), China. It is situated on the northern shore of the head of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) estuary. Northward, it is connected with the Tongyang and Tonglü canal systems, which serve the coastal zone of Jiangsu north of the Yangtze and connect

museum: Asia: …of the word was the Nantong Museum in Jiangsu province, founded in 1905, to be followed within a decade by the National Museum of Chinese History in Beijing (the museum merged with the Museum of the Chinese Revolution in 2003 to create the National Museum of China) and the Beijiang…

Nantosuelta, in Celtic religion, a goddess worshipped primarily in Gaul and sometimes portrayed together with Sucellus (“Good Striker”), the Gaulish god of agriculture. Her name was reconstructed by linguists and cannot be definitely translated, yet two accepted approximations of its meaning in

Nan-t’ou, county (hsien, or xian), central Taiwan. It is bordered by T’ai-chung (Taizhong) special municipality to the north, Chang-hua (Zhanghua) and Yün-lin (Yunlin) counties to the west, Chia-i (Jiayi) county and Kao-hsiung (Gaoxiong) special municipality to the south, and Hua-lien (Hualien)

Nantucket, island in the Atlantic Ocean, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S., across Nantucket Sound. It is separated from Martha’s Vineyard (15 miles [24 km] west) by the Muskeget Channel. The island is coextensive with Nantucket town (township); with Tuckernuck and

Nantwich, town (parish), Cheshire East unitary authority, historic county of Cheshire, northwestern England. It is situated in the River Weaver valley, about 4 miles (6 km) southwest of Crewe. The town dates from Roman times, when its salt deposits were important. Today it contains more than 100

Guangzhou: Early period: …a walled town known as Nanwu Cheng, in the northern section of the present-day city, was built during the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) period (770–476 bce). Between 339 and 329 bce the town was rebuilt and expanded and was known as Wuyang Cheng (“City of Five Goats”)—named for the legend…

nanxi, one of the first fully developed forms of Chinese drama. Nanxi emerged in the area around Wenzhou in southern China during the Song dynasty (960–1279). Originally the creation of folk authors, the earliest nanxi combined Song plays with local folk songs and ballads. They were characterized

Nanyang, city, southwestern Henan sheng (province), China. Nanyang is situated on the Bai River, which is a tributary of the Han River. It was from early times an important centre, commanding a major route between Xi’an in Shaanxi province and Xiangfan in Hubei province and the Yangtze River (Chang

China: 6th millennium bce: …at a 6th-millennium-bce site at Nanyangzhuang (southern Hebei) suggests the early production of silk, the characteristic Chinese textile.

Nancy Ward was a Native American leader who served as an important intermediary in relations between early American settlers and her own Cherokee people. Ward’s perspective on coexistence between the Cherokee and white settlers changed over her life: She was a proponent of friendship during the

xiao: …variant of the xiao, the nanyin dongxiao (“southern sound notched flute”), or chiba (literally “one foot, eight inches”) found mainly in Fujian and Taiwan, varies in length from roughly 13 to 16 inches (34 to 43 cm) and uses the bamboo root as its bottom. The number and arrangement of…

Mount Kenya: The town of Nanyuki, which is about 120 miles (190 km) north of Nairobi by rail, lies at the northwestern foot of the mountain; both Nanyuki and Naro Moru (to the west) are chief bases for ascents.

Nanzhao, Tai kingdom that arose in the 8th century in what is now western Yunnan province in southern China, a region to which the Tai peoples trace their origin. Many fragmented Tai kingdoms had occupied this region, centred at Lake Er between the Mekong, the Yangtze, and the sources of the Red

Zhangzhou, city, southeastern Fujian sheng (province), China. The city is situated on the north bank of the Xi River, some 25 mi (40 km) upstream from Xiamen (Amoy) in the small alluvial plain formed by the Xi and Jiulong rivers. Zhangzhou was first established as a county in 502–515 ce and became

Ananse, name given to an Akan character who has become famous throughout Africa, the countries in the Caribbean region, and beyond because of his insight, intelligence, and wisdom. He is one of the most-important figures in the pantheon of cultural icons among West Africans. Along with his wife,

zhong: …of zhong is also called nao in order to differentiate it from the suspended type.

North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), an irregular fluctuation of atmospheric pressure over the North Atlantic Ocean that has a strong effect on winter weather in Europe, Greenland, northeastern North America, North Africa, and northern Asia. The NAO can occur on a yearly basis, or the fluctuations can

Eduardo Kac: …debuted a digital poem, “Não!” (“No!”), which comprised a block of text that scrolled across an LED display. Kac created a number of other holopoems and digital poems, some of them more elaborate. He also made his first forays into art transmitted via Minitel, a videotext precursor to the…

Nauru, island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of a raised coral island located in southeastern Micronesia, 25 miles (40 km) south of the Equator. The island is about 800 miles (1,300 km) northeast of the Solomon Islands; its closest neighbor is the island of Banaba, in

Jōetsu: Naoetsu was an important port on the Sea of Japan during the Kamakura period (1192–1333). It experienced a decline in the early 1600s and was known merely as an outport for the more-prosperous Takada. The arrival of two railway lines in 1898 and 1914 revived…

sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a corrosive white crystalline solid that contains the Na+ (sodium) cation and the OH− (hydroxide) anion. It readily absorbs moisture until it dissolves. Sodium hydroxide is the most widely used industrial alkali and is often used in drain and oven cleaners. It is highly

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Naohideales Mycoparasitic; auricularoid basidia may contain mitospores; example genus is Naohidea. Class Agaricostilbomycetes Parasitic or saprotrophic; simple-septate basidiomycetes; contains 2 orders. Order Agaricostilbales Mostly saprotrophic;

Ava DuVernay: …addition, she cocreated and cowrote Naomi (2022), a series about an African American teenage superhero. In 2023 she returned to directing feature films with Origin, a dramatization of journalist Isabel Wilkerson’s personal and professional experiences as she researched and wrote her best-selling book Caste: The Origin of Our Discontents (2020).…

Ruth: …two sons of Elimelech and Naomi, Judeans who had settled in Moab to escape a famine in Judah. The husbands of all three women die; Naomi plans to return to her native Bethlehem and urges her daughters-in-law to return to their families. Orpah does so, but Ruth refuses to leave…

the Judds, American country music duo, consisting of Naomi Judd (originally Diana Ellen Judd; b. January 11, 1946, Ashland, Kentucky, U.S.—d. April 30, 2022, outside Nashville, Tennessee) and her daughter Wynonna Judd (originally Christina Claire Ciminella; b. May 30, 1964, Ashland, Kentucky),

matsuri: …usually include a feast (naorai) in which the consecrated offerings of food and drink are consumed by priests and laymen, dancing, theatrical performances, divination, and athletic contests, such as sumo wrestling, archery, either on foot or on horseback, and boat races. The kami is frequently taken out in a…

Dadabhai Naoroji was an Indian nationalist and critic of British imperialism and economic policy in India. He was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party), which led the nationalist movement in India, and the first Asian to be elected to the British Parliament. Known as

cella, in Classical architecture, the body of a temple (as distinct from the portico) in which the image of the deity is housed. In early Greek and Roman architecture it was a simple room, usually rectangular, with the entrance at one end and with the side walls often being extended to form a

Navsari, city, southeastern Gujarat state, west-central India. It is situated in the coastal lowland along the Purna River. Navsari is the home of the Parsis, descendants of Zoroastrians who immigrated from Persia, and contains their most-venerated fire temples. The city is a market for cotton,

National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS), organization formed in New York City in 1911 during a convention of state antisuffrage groups. Led by Josephine Dodge, the founder and first president, the NAOWS believed that woman suffrage would decrease women’s work in communities and their

Leizhou Peninsula: …islands on the east coast, Naozhou and Donghai, it forms two bays, Leizhou to the south of the islands and Zhanjiang to the north. The largest city on the peninsula is Zhanjiang, which faces the bay of the same name. Administratively, the peninsula forms part of Zhanjiang municipality. The peninsula…

sleep: Developmental patterns of sleep and wakefulness: …and of morning and afternoon naps in childhood, there is an increasing tendency toward the concentration of sleep in one long nocturnal period. The trend toward monophasic sleep probably reflects some blend of the effects of maturing and of pressures from a culture geared to daytime activity and nocturnal rest.…

nap, gambling card game played throughout northern Europe under various names and guises. It reached England in the 1880s. Its title may commemorate the deposed Napoleon III. Three or more players—ideally five—use a standard 52-card deck from which an agreed number of lower numerals may be stripped

Turkey: The ascendancy of the right, 1961–71: …the most prominent was the National Action Party (NAP), created in 1963 from the former Republican Peasants’ Nation Party and led by an ex-officer, Alparslan Türkeş. The NAP’s agenda combined Islam and Turkish nationalism and stressed education. As part of its organization, the NAP developed a paramilitary section, known as…

Napa, city, seat (1850) of Napa county, west-central California, U.S. Founded in 1847 and lying on the Napa River, the city was the head of river navigation, and it became a port for the shipment of cattle, lumber, gold, and quicksilver to San Francisco, 50 miles (80 km) to the south. Napa also

napa cabbage, (Brassica rapa, variety pekinensis), form of Chinese cabbage, belonging to the mustard family (Brassicaceae), cultivated for its edible leaves. Napa cabbage is widely grown in eastern Asia and is commonly used to make kimchi, a traditional Korean dish made of spicy fermented

Napa: …1847 and lying on the Napa River, the city was the head of river navigation, and it became a port for the shipment of cattle, lumber, gold, and quicksilver to San Francisco, 50 miles (80 km) to the south. Napa also developed as an outlet for farm produce, especially grapes,…

nymph: …of mountains and grottoes; the Napaeae (nape, “dell”) and the Alseids (alsos, “grove”) were nymphs of glens and groves; the Dryads or Hamadryads presided over forests and trees.

jumping mouse: The woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) lives in moist forests of eastern North America. The meadow, Pacific, and western jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius, Z. trinotatus, and Z. princeps, respectively) range over much of North America, in grasslands as well as riverine and wet meadow habitats of…

napalm, the aluminum salt or soap of a mixture of naphthenic and aliphatic carboxylic acids (organic acids of which the molecular structures contain rings and chains, respectively, of carbon atoms), used to thicken gasoline for use as an incendiary in flamethrowers and fire bombs. The thickened

Claude Lanzmann: In Napalm (2017) he shifted his subject to North Korea, visiting the reclusive country and recounting a prior stay there during the late 1950s after the Korean War; he had previously described some of the story in his 2012 memoir, The Patagonian Hare. The documentary, like…

Napata, the capital in about 750–590 bce of the ancient kingdom of Cush (Kush), situated downstream from the Fourth Cataract of the Nile, near Kuraymah in the northern part of what is now Sudan. An area rather than a single town, Napata extended to the east and south of Kuraymah, from Nuri to

Kassala: …control of the 25th, or Kushite, Egyptian dynasty. The Kushites were later conquered by the kingdom of Aksum (Axum), and the people were largely Christianized. There were Muslim raids into the region during the Mamlūk dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1250–1517). The people were converted to Islam in the early 16th…

Naperville, city, DuPage and Will counties, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It lies on the West Branch Du Page River, about 30 miles (50 km) west of Chicago. The oldest city in DuPage county, it was founded in 1831 by Captain Joseph Naper. Naper and his brother (John) built mills, a school, and a

Naphtali, in biblical times, one of the 12 tribes that, under the leadership of Joshua, took possession of Canaan, the Promised Land, after the death of Moses. The tribe was named after the younger of two sons born to Jacob and Bilhah, a maidservant of Jacob’s second wife, Rachel. After Joshua led

biblical literature: Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs: …fragment of the “Testaments of Naphtali.” A Hebrew “Testament of Judah,” which was used both by the Book of Jubilees and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs in their description of the wars of the sons of Jacob, also probably existed.

naphtha, any of various volatile, highly flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtures used chiefly as solvents and diluents and as raw materials for conversion to gasoline. Naphtha was the name originally applied to the more volatile kinds of petroleum issuing from the ground in the Baku district of

petroleum refining: Naphtha reforming: The most widespread process for rearranging hydrocarbon molecules is naphtha reforming. The initial process, thermal reforming, was developed in the late 1920s. Thermal reforming employed temperatures of 510–565 °C (950–1,050 °F) at moderate pressures—about 40 bars (4 MPa), or 600 psi—to obtain gasolines…

naphthalene, the simplest of the fused or condensed ring hydrocarbon compounds composed of two benzene rings sharing two adjacent carbon atoms; chemical formula, C10H8. It is an important hydrocarbon raw material that gives rise to a host of substitution products used in the manufacture of

crude oil: Chemical and physical properties: …most prevalent in them: paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and asphaltene hydrocarbons. Paraffins are the most common hydrocarbons in crude oil; certain liquid paraffins are the major constituents of gasoline (petrol) and are therefore highly valued. Naphthenes are an important part of all liquid refinery products, but they also form some of…

crude oil: Chemical and physical properties: …most prevalent in them: paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and asphaltene hydrocarbons. Paraffins are the most common hydrocarbons in crude oil; certain liquid paraffins are the major constituents of gasoline (petrol) and are therefore highly valued. Naphthenes are an important part of all liquid refinery products, but they also form some of…

naphthol, either of two colourless, crystalline organic compounds derived from naphthalene and belonging to the phenol family; each has the molecular formula C10H7OH. Both compounds have long been identified with the manufacture of dyes and dye intermediates; they also have important uses in other

coloration: Naphthoquinones: Naphthoquinones are encountered in some bacteria and in the leaves, seeds, and woody parts of higher plants. They can be recovered as yellow, orange, red, or purple crystals. They are soluble in organic solvents and have been used extensively as dyes for fabrics. Among…

organometallic compound: Alkylidene ligands: For example, naphthyl compounds (i.e., those derived from the fused ring system C10H8) can be synthesized by the reaction of methoxy phenyl Fischer carbenes with an alkyne.

chemical industry: Nitric acid: …to naphthalene (C10H8) results in naphthylamine. Both aniline and naphthylamine are the parents of a large number of dyes, but today synthetic dyes are usually petrochemical in origin (see the article dye). Aniline, naphthylamine, and the other dye intermediates lead also to pharmaceuticals, photographic chemicals, and chemicals used in rubber…

dye: Azo dyes: …was found that 2-hydroxy-3-naphthanilide (Naphtol AS, from the German Naphtol Anilid Säure) forms a water-soluble anion with affinity for cotton, a major step in the development of the ingrain dyes. Its reaction with unsulfonated azoic diazo components on the fabric gives insoluble dyes with good wetfastness; with Diazo Component…

Napier, city and port, eastern North Island, New Zealand, on the southwestern shore of Hawke Bay. Laid out in 1856, the town was named for Sir Charles Napier, a 19th-century British military commander in India. It was made a borough in 1874 and a city in 1950. Napier, on a small headland known as

Precambrian: Structure and occurrence of granulite-gneiss belts: …belts in Zimbabwe, and the Napier Complex in Enderby Land in Antarctica. Granulite-gneiss belts are commonly surrounded by younger, mostly Proterozoic belts that contain remobilized relicts of the Archean rocks, and the granulites and gneisses must underlie many Archean greenstone-granite belts and blankets of Phanerozoic sediment.

Africa: Lowland rainforest: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) can grow abundantly in areas where the vegetation has been disturbed, providing good fodder for grazing animals when young but quickly becoming rank, coarse, and a refuge for insects. Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) is a troublesome grass on depleted and fire-seared…

Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier was a British field marshal who had a distinguished military and civil engineering career in India and commanded military expeditions to Ethiopia and China. The son of Major Charles Frederick Napier, a British artillery officer stationed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), he

John Napier: Contribution to mathematics: …of small rods known as Napier’s bones, a device that was the forerunner of the slide rule. He made important contributions to spherical trigonometry, particularly by reducing the number of equations used to express trigonometrical relationships from 10 to 2 general statements. He is also credited with certain other spherical…

e, mathematical constant that is the base of the natural logarithm function f(x) = ln x and of its related inverse, the exponential function y = ex. To five decimal places, the value used for the constant is 2.71828128459. The number e is an irrational number; that is, it cannot be expressed as the

John Napier was a Scottish mathematician and theological writer who originated the concept of logarithms as a mathematical device to aid in calculations. At the age of 13, Napier entered the University of St. Andrews, but his stay appears to have been short, and he left without taking a degree.

Homo habilis: Leakey, Phillip Tobias, and John Napier. As justification for designating their new creature Homo rather than Australopithecus, they described the increased cranial capacity and comparatively smaller molar and premolar teeth of the fossils, a humanlike foot, and hand bones that suggested an ability to manipulate objects with precision—hence the…

MacVey Napier was a Scottish lawyer, first professor of conveyancing at the University of Edinburgh, who was an innovative editor of the Supplement to the 4th, 5th, and 6th editions of Encyclopædia Britannica and editor of the 7th edition. Napier studied at Glasgow and Edinburgh universities.

Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier was a British field marshal who had a distinguished military and civil engineering career in India and commanded military expeditions to Ethiopia and China. The son of Major Charles Frederick Napier, a British artillery officer stationed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), he

Sir Charles James Napier was a British general, who conquered (1843) Sind (now in Pakistan) and served as its governor (1843–47). Napier, a relative of the statesman Charles James Fox, was a veteran of the (Iberian) Peninsular War against Napoleonic France and of the War of 1812 against the United

Sir Charles Napier, Count Napier de São Vicente was an admiral in the Portuguese and British navies, the controversial commander of the British Baltic Fleet during the Crimean War of 1853–56. Created Conde Napier de São Vicente in the Portuguese peerage, he was less elegantly known in Great Britain

Sir William Francis Patrick Napier was a British general and historian who fought in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal. He wrote the popular History of the War in the Peninsula…, 6 vol. (1828–40), based partly on his own combat experiences and partly on

China: Western challenge, 1839–60: …India Company’s monopoly in 1834, William John Napier was appointed chief superintendent of British trade in China and arrived at Guangzhou. He tried to negotiate with the Guangzhou authorities on equal footing, but the latter took his behavior as contrary to the established Sino-foreign intercourse. His mission failed, and he…

Siberian Chronicles: …derive from a now-lost work, Napisany, kako priydosha v Sibir (“Description of How to Reach Siberia”), written in 1621 by survivors of the 16th-century expeditions into Siberia led by the Cossack hero Yermak Timofeyevich (q.v.). This work was purportedly copied and interpreted in later works, which in turn became the…

childhood disease and disorder: Skin disorders: Diaper, or napkin, rashes, which affect the areas of skin in contact with a wet diaper, are very common and can become severe when additional infection occurs.

Larsa: …inaugurated by a king named Naplanum (c. 2025–c. 2005 bc); he was a contemporary of Ishbi-Erra, who founded a dynasty at the rival city of Isin. Naplanum was succeeded by a line of 13 kings, many of whom exercised great authority in Babylonia and represented the new hegemony of Semitic…

Naples, city, capital of Naples provincia, Campania regione, southern Italy. It lies on the west coast of the Italian peninsula, 120 miles (190 km) southeast of Rome. On its celebrated bay—flanked to the west by the smaller Gulf of Pozzuoli and to the southeast by the more extended indentation of

Naples, resort city, seat (1966) of Collier county, southwestern Florida, U.S. It lies on the Gulf of Mexico at the edge of Big Cypress Swamp, about 35 miles (55 km) south of Fort Myers. The region was originally inhabited by Calusa Indians and later by the Seminoles. Named for the Italian city,

Bay of Naples, semicircular inlet of the Tyrrhenian Sea (an arm of the Mediterranean Sea), southwest of the city of Naples, southern Italy. It is 10 miles (16 km) wide and extends southeastward for 20 miles (32 km) from Cape Miseno to Campanella Point. The bay is noted for its scenic beauty, which

Kingdom of Naples, state covering the southern portion of the Italian Peninsula from the Middle Ages to 1860. It was often united politically with Sicily. By the early 12th century the Normans had carved out a state in southern Italy and Sicily in areas formerly held by the Byzantines, Lombards,

University of Naples, coeducational state university at Naples founded in 1224 as a studium generale by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II to offset the dominant influence of the university at Bologna. Although universities were generally chartered after students had chosen to study in a

pizza: The Neapolitan pizza, or Naples-style pizza, is made specifically with buffalo mozzarella (produced from the milk of Italian Mediterranean buffalo) or fior di latte (mozzarella produced from the milk of prized Agerolese cows) and with San Marzano tomatoes or pomodorino vesuviano (a variety of grape tomato…

Medha Patkar: In 1996 Patkar founded the National Alliance of People’s Movements (NAPM), an agglomeration of progressive social bodies opposed to globalization policies. She was a representative to the World Commission on Dams, the first independent global advisory body on dam-related issues of water, power, and alternatives; the commission was set up…

Napo River, river in northeastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. It flows from the eastern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador and descends generally eastward to the Peruvian border. There it turns southeastward and continues through dense tropical rain forests, joining the Amazon River approximately 50

Cluj-Napoca: …of an ancient Dacian settlement, Napoca, which the Romans made a municipium.

Ridley Scott: In 2023 Scott directed Napoleon, an epic biopic about the legendary French emperor. Joaquin Phoenix appeared in the title role, and Vanessa Kirby portrayed Joséphine. In 2024 Scott returned to ancient Rome with the sequel Gladiator II, starring Paul Mescal as the son of Crowe’s

nap, gambling card game played throughout northern Europe under various names and guises. It reached England in the 1880s. Its title may commemorate the deposed Napoleon III. Three or more players—ideally five—use a standard 52-card deck from which an agreed number of lower numerals may be stripped

Napoleon I was a French general, First Consul (1799–1804), emperor of France (1804–1814/15), and one of the most celebrated personages in the history of the West. He revolutionized military organization and training; sponsored the Napoleonic Code, the prototype of later civil-law codes; reorganized

Napoléon, French epic silent film, released in 1927, that recounted the life of the French general Napoléon Bonaparte, tracing his early years through his invasion of Italy in 1796. It was intended to be the first of several films about the French emperor, but no subsequent movies came to fruition.

Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon I, president of the Second Republic of France (1850–52), and then emperor of the French (1852–70). He gave his country two decades of prosperity under a stable, authoritarian government but finally led it to defeat in the Franco-German War (1870–71). He was

Michael Douglas: Early life and career: …was the Disney-produced family adventure Napoleon and Samantha (1972)—before landing the role of Steve Keller on the popular television series The Streets of San Francisco (1972), costarring with veteran actor Karl Malden.

As historical figures go, Napoleon is virtually unmatched in prominence. French scholar Jean Tulard, one of the foremost experts on the Little Corporal, claimed that more books have been written about Napoleon than there have been days since his death (that amounts to at least 73,000, for those of