Ganges River: Physiography: Bhagirathi, the Alaknanda, the Mandakini, the Dhauliganga, and the Pindar—all rise in the mountainous region of northern Uttarakhand state. Of those, the two main headstreams are the Alaknanda (the longer of the two), which rises about 30 miles (50 km) north of the Himalayan peak of Nanda Devi, and…

India: V.P. Singh’s coalition—its brief rise and fall: …sponsoring implementation of the 1980 Mandal Commission report, which recommended that more jobs in all services be reserved for members of the lower castes and Dalit (formerly untouchable) outcaste communities. After he announced in August 1990 that the recommendations would be enforced, many young upper-caste Hindus immolated themselves in protests…

Mandalgovĭ, town, central Mongolia. The town is located on the transition zone of scattered bunch grass of the great Gobi (desert) about 186 miles (300 km) south of Ulaanbaatar, the national capital. The area’s economy is dominated by animal husbandry, as the terrain and climate are too harsh for

mandala, in Hindu and Buddhist Tantrism, a symbolic diagram used in the performance of sacred rites and as an instrument of meditation. The mandala is basically a representation of the universe, a consecrated area that serves as a receptacle for the gods and as a collection point of universal

mandala, in Hindu and Buddhist Tantrism, a symbolic diagram used in the performance of sacred rites and as an instrument of meditation. The mandala is basically a representation of the universe, a consecrated area that serves as a receptacle for the gods and as a collection point of universal

history of Southeast Asia: Rise of indigenous states: …of “states,” have been called mandalas. The mandala was not so much a territorial unit as a fluid field of power that emanated, in concentric circles, from a central court and depended for its continued authority largely on the court’s ability to balance alliances and to influence the flow of…

India: Early Vedic period: …Rigveda is divided into 10 mandalas (books), of which the 10th is believed to be somewhat later than the others. Each mandala consists of a number of hymns, and most mandalas are ascribed to priestly families. The texts include invocations to the gods, ritual hymns, battle hymns, and narrative dialogues.…

Mandalay, city, north-central Myanmar (Burma), the second largest in the country (after Yangon [Rangoon]). Located on the Irrawaddy River, it lies at the center of mainland Myanmar and is the focus of regional communications and trade and transportation routes. Mandalay was built mainly in 1857–59

Las Vegas: Cultural life: Inside the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino, a 12,000-seat sports-and-entertainment complex was installed, inaugurated in 1999 by a series of performances by Italian opera tenor Luciano Pavarotti. The Rio All-Suite Casino has frequently hosted touring exhibits from around the world, including a collection of art from the…

Mandalay: Cultural and religious life: Mandalay Hill, northeast of the cantonment near the river, is the location of relatively recent monasteries, pagodas, and monuments.

spitting cobra: Species, range, and conservation status: …species exhibits cannibalism least concern Mandalay spitting cobra Naja mandalayensis Myanmar known to charge toward threats; measures about 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) in length; has a yellow-brown body with dark speckles vulnerable Philippine cobra Naja philippinensis Northern Philippines (Luzon islands) stocky brown snake of medium length; known for its potent…

Mandalgovĭ, town, central Mongolia. The town is located on the transition zone of scattered bunch grass of the great Gobi (desert) about 186 miles (300 km) south of Ulaanbaatar, the national capital. The area’s economy is dominated by animal husbandry, as the terrain and climate are too harsh for

Jon Favreau: A new era of Star Wars: …the 2026 spin-off feature film The Mandalorian and Grogu. Favreau—alongside writer, director, and producer Dave Filoni—established himself as a leading storyteller for a new era of Star Wars, a franchise started in the 1970s, that introduced that multimedia universe to a new generation of fans.

Giancarlo Esposito: Career: …the Star Wars-themed television series The Mandalorian (2019), he played Moff Gideon, an ambitious imperial warlord. In the crime drama series Godfather of Harlem (2019), he portrayed civil rights champion Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Esposito voiced the narrator in the Netflix series Dear White People (2017–21) and hosted the documentary…

mandamus, originally a formal writ issued by the English crown commanding an official to perform a specific act within the duty of the office. It later became a judicial writ issued from the Court of Queen’s Bench, in the name of the sovereign, at the request of an individual suitor whose interests

Mandan, North American Plains Indians who traditionally lived in semipermanent villages along the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota. They spoke a Siouan language, and their oral traditions suggest that they once lived in eastern North America. According to 19th-century anthropologist

Mandan, city, seat (1881) of Morton county, south-central North Dakota, U.S. It lies across the Missouri River from Bismarck, the state capital. The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through the area in 1804–05. The settlement was established in 1873 with the survey for the Northern Pacific Railway

Lewis and Clark Expedition: Expedition from May 14, 1804, to October 16, 1805: Bismarck, North Dakota, and constructed Fort Mandan in which to spend the winter. The captains prepared maps, artifacts, mineral samples, plant specimens, and papers to send back in the spring. On April 7, 1805, a small crew departed on a St. Louis-bound keelboat laden with boxes of materials for Jefferson…

rangoli, intricate traditional floor art that women in India design at the thresholds of their homes’ front doors, in their homes for puja (worship), and, often in more-resplendent forms, for festivals. Across India the designs have different names and styles, and women employ various materials to

Indian philosophy: The logical period: (7th century), Prabhakara (7th–8th centuries), Mandana Mishra (8th century), Shalikanatha (9th century), and Parthasarathi Mishra (10th century) belong to this age. The greatest Indian philosopher of the period, however, was Shankara. All these men defended Brahmanism against the “unorthodox” schools, especially against the criticisms of Buddhism. The debate between Brahmanism…

Rashmika Mandanna is an Indian actress who is known for her girl-next-door image and charming screen presence. She is regarded as a pan-India film star because of her work in cinema across several languages—Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Hindi. Her best-known films include Pushpa: The Rise (2021) and

North Indian temple architecture: …one or more adjoining pillared mandapas (porches or halls), which are connected to the sanctum by an open or closed vestibule (antarala). The entrance doorway of the sanctum is usually richly decorated with figures of river goddesses and bands of floral, figural, and geometric ornamentation. An ambulatory is sometimes provided…

Mandara Mountains, volcanic range extending about 120 miles (193 km) along the northern part of the Nigeria-Cameroon border from the Benue River (south) to Mora, Cameroon (north). The mountains rise to more than 3,500 feet (1,100 m) above sea level. During the colonial period they provided the

Japanese art: Esoteric Buddhism: …forerunners of the particular ryōkai mandara known as the Tō Temple mandala. Stylistically, these paintings reveal a shift from Tang painting style to a flatter, more decorative approach to image. Also in the sanctuary at Tō Temple is an important assemblage of sculpture that constitutes a three-dimensional mandala. In a…

mandarin, in imperial China, a public official of any of nine grades or classes that were filled by individuals from the ranks of lesser officeholders who passed examinations in Chinese literary classics. The word comes through the Portuguese mandarim from Malay mantri, a counselor or minister of

Rutaceae: ×aurantifolia), tangerine and mandarin orange (C. reticulata), grapefruit (C. ×paradisi), and citron (C. medica). All of these are grown for their fruits. Other regionally important fruits are the kumquat (Fortunella species), bael fruit (Aegle marmelos), wood apple (Limonia acidissima

Mandarin language, the most widely spoken form of Chinese. Mandarin Chinese is spoken in all of China north of the Yangtze River and in much of the rest of the country and is the native language of two-thirds of the population. Mandarin Chinese is often divided into four subgroups: Northern

lime: Types: The mandarin lime, also known as the Rangpur lime (C. ×limonia), is thought to be a lemon–mandarin orange hybrid and is commonly used to make marmalade. Finger limes (C. australasica), native to Australia, are a developing crop noted for their discrete juice vesicles, sometimes called “lime…

Rutaceae: ×aurantifolia), tangerine and mandarin orange (C. reticulata), grapefruit (C. ×paradisi), and citron (C. medica). All of these are grown for their fruits. Other regionally important fruits are the kumquat (Fortunella species), bael fruit (Aegle marmelos), wood apple (Limonia acidissima

Mandarin porcelain, ware produced in China for export in the late 18th century. It is called Mandarin because of the groups of figures in mandarin dress that appear in the decorative panels—painted mainly in gold, red, and rose pink and framed in underglaze blue—that characterize the ware. After

dress: China: …squares (called “mandarin squares,” or pufang) on the breast, as specific bird and animal emblems to designate each of the nine ranks of civil and military officials had been adopted by the Ming in 1391.

Iron Man: Origins: …crime cartel; and his archenemy, the Mandarin. The Mandarin was a sinister mastermind who rivaled Stark in scientific genius, and he wielded 10 rings of alien origin that granted him an array of powers.

The Mandarins, novel by Simone de Beauvoir, published in French as Les Mandarins in 1954; it won the Prix Goncourt in 1954. De Beauvoir’s semiautobiographical novel addressed the attempts of post-World War II leftist intellectuals to abandon their elite, “mandarin” status and to engage in political

The Mandarins, novel by Simone de Beauvoir, published in French as Les Mandarins in 1954; it won the Prix Goncourt in 1954. De Beauvoir’s semiautobiographical novel addressed the attempts of post-World War II leftist intellectuals to abandon their elite, “mandarin” status and to engage in political

East Nusa Tenggara: …7,814 feet (2,382 metres) at Mount Mandasawu on Flores and 7,962 feet (2,427 metres) at Mount Mutis on western Timor. The mountain peaks are lower on the islands in the northeastern part of the province. Coral atolls and reefs border much of the narrow coastal lowland. The islands have a…

Mandsaur, city, northwestern Madhya Pradesh state, west-central India. The city is situated on an upland plateau along the Sau River, a tributary of the Chambal River. Mandsaur is of considerable antiquity. Just to the southeast are monolithic stone pillars with inscriptions referring to the

constitutiones principum: …other magistrates, might issue, (2) mandata, or instructions to subordinates, especially provincial governors, (3) rescripta, written answers to officials or others who consulted the emperor, in particular on a point of law, and (4) decreta, or decisions of the emperor sitting as a judge.

mandate, an authorization granted by the League of Nations to a member nation to govern a former German or Turkish colony. The territory was called a mandated territory, or mandate. Following the defeat of Germany and Ottoman Turkey in World War I, their Asian and African possessions, which were

agency: Modern developments: …agency as an aspect of mandate and the power to act as an agent to be derived solely from that concept.

diplomatics: Classification of documents: …be classified as diplomas or mandates. Privileges and diplomas give evidence of legal transactions designed to be of long duration or even of permanent effect, while mandates and many papal letters contain commands.

human genetic disease: Genetic testing: So-called mandated newborn screening was initiated in many societies in the latter quarter of the 20th century in an effort to prevent the drastic and often irreversible damage associated with a small number of relatively common genetic disorders whose sequelae can be either prevented or significantly…

mandate, an authorization granted by the League of Nations to a member nation to govern a former German or Turkish colony. The territory was called a mandated territory, or mandate. Following the defeat of Germany and Ottoman Turkey in World War I, their Asian and African possessions, which were

“Weird Al” Yankovic: Career: …Poodle Hat (2003) and for Mandatory Fun (2014). Mandatory Fun debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart, the first time a comedy album had topped the chart since 1963. His hit songs from this era include “Smells Like Nirvana” (1992), a parody of Nirvana’s “Smells Like Teen…

Mandatory national service (also called compulsory service) is a requirement, generally issued by the federal government, that people serve in the military or complete other works of service, most often as young people but age requirements vary. Non-military service could take many forms and

China: The role of the government: …in China: those stipulated by mandatory planning, those done according to indicative planning (in which central planning of economic outcomes is indirectly implemented), and those governed by market forces. The second and third categories have grown at the expense of the first, but goods of national importance and almost all…

a legal penalty, usually consisting of imprisonment, that courts are required by law to impose upon individuals who are found guilty of certain crimes, regardless of the circumstances specific to the individual or the offense. Such a sentence may also represent a minimum or maximum prison term for

fiscal policy: Three types of fiscal spending:

Mandaue, city, east-central Cebu island, Philippines. It lies along the coast of the Camotes Sea just northeast of the city of Cebu, which it serves as an industrial suburb. Mandaue guards the northern entrance to Cebu harbour opposite Mactan Island. It was founded by Jesuits in the 17th century.

Mandu, ruined city, southwestern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies at an elevation of 2,079 feet (634 meters) above sea level in the Vindhya Range, 38 miles (60 km) southwest of Indore. Mandu is thought to have been founded in the 6th century ce by an individual named Munjadeva. It was

Mande, group of peoples of western Africa, whose various Mande languages form a branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The Mande are located primarily on the savanna plateau of the western Sudan, although small groups of Mande origin, whose members no longer exhibit Mande cultural traits, are

Mande languages, a branch of the Niger-Congo language family comprising 40 languages spoken by some 20 million people in a more or less contiguous area of southeastern Senegal, The Gambia, southern Mauritania, southwestern Mali, eastern Guinea, northern and eastern Sierra Leone, northern Liberia,

Station Eleven: Emily St. John Mandel, published in 2014. Mandel’s fourth novel, Station Eleven tells the story of a devastating flu pandemic and the postapocalyptic world order forged by the pandemic’s survivors.

Georges Mandel was a French political leader noted for his hostility toward Nazi Germany. A member of a prosperous Jewish family, though not related to the Rothschild banking dynasty, Mandel served on the personal staff of Premier Georges Clemenceau from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 to 1920. He

Nelson Mandela: Presidency and retirement: Mandela Day, observed on Mandela’s birthday, was created to honor his legacy by promoting community service around the world. It was first observed on July 18, 2009, and was sponsored primarily by the Nelson Mandela Foundation and the 46664 initiative (the foundation’s HIV/AIDS global awareness…

Mandela effect, popularized phenomenon in which a group of people collectively misremember facts, events, or other details in a consistent manner. Paranormal researcher and author Fiona Broome conceptualized the effect after discovering that she and others possessed strong, yet false, memories

Wole Soyinka: Novels and poetry collections: …together as Early Poems (1998); Mandela’s Earth and Other Poems (1988); and Samarkand and Other Markets I Have Known (2002). His verse is characterized by a precise command of language and a mastery of lyric, dramatic, and meditative poetic forms. He wrote a good deal of Poems from Prison while…

Nelson Mandela was a Black nationalist and the first Black president of South Africa (1994–99). His negotiations in the early 1990s with South African Pres. F.W. de Klerk helped end the country’s apartheid system of racial segregation and ushered in a peaceful transition to majority rule. Mandela

Nelson Mandela was a Black nationalist and the first Black president of South Africa (1994–99). His negotiations in the early 1990s with South African Pres. F.W. de Klerk helped end the country’s apartheid system of racial segregation and ushered in a peaceful transition to majority rule. Mandela

Nelson Mandela was a Black nationalist and the first Black president of South Africa (1994–99). His negotiations in the early 1990s with South African Pres. F.W. de Klerk helped end the country’s apartheid system of racial segregation and ushered in a peaceful transition to majority rule. Mandela

Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was a South African social worker and activist considered by many Black South Africans to be the “Mother of the Nation.” She was the second wife of Nelson Mandela, from whom she separated in 1992 after her questionable behavior and unrestrained militancy alienated fellow

Idris Elba: Stardom: The Wire, Luther, and Thor: …portrayal of Nelson Mandela in Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom (2013) and for his harrowing turn as the Commandant, a brutal warlord leading child soldiers in an unnamed African civil war, in Beasts of No Nation (2015); for the latter film he earned a BAFTA Award nomination.

Benoit Mandelbrot: The set, now called the Mandelbrot set, has the characteristic properties of a fractal: it is very far from being “smooth,” and small regions in the set look like smaller-scale copies of the whole set (a property called self-similarity). Mandelbrot’s innovative work with computer graphics stimulated a whole new use…

Benoit Mandelbrot was a Polish-born French American mathematician universally known as the father of fractals. Fractals have been employed to describe diverse behaviour in economics, finance, the stock market, astronomy, and computer science. Mandelbrot was educated at the École Polytechnique

carboxylic acid: Aromatic acids: Mandelic acid is toxic to bacteria in acidic solution and is used to treat urinary infections. Cinnamic acid, an unsaturated carboxylic acid, is the chief constituent of the fragrant balsamic resin storax. Ibuprofen and naproxen are important painkilling and anti-inflammatory drugs. Ibuprofen is

aldehyde: Addition of carbon nucleophiles: Benzaldehyde cyanohydrin (mandelonitrile) provides an interesting example of a chemical defense mechanism in the biological world. This substance is synthesized by millipedes (Apheloria corrugata) and stored in special glands. When a millipede is threatened, the cyanohydrin is secreted from its storage gland and undergoes enzyme-catalyzed dissociation to…

Osip Emilyevich Mandelshtam: …through the efforts of his widow, who died in 1980, that little of Mandelshtam’s poetry was lost; she kept his works alive during the repression by memorizing them and by collecting copies.

Osip Emilyevich Mandelshtam was a major Russian poet, prose writer, and literary essayist. Most of his works went unpublished in the Soviet Union during the Joseph Stalin era (1929–53) and were almost unknown to generations of Russian readers until the mid-1960s. Mandelshtam grew up in St.

Peter Mandelson is a British politician, who was a leading adviser to British Prime Minister Tony Blair, a member of the British House of Commons (1992–2004), and business secretary (2008–10) under Prime Minister Gordon Brown. He briefly served as the British ambassador to the United States

Peter Mandelson is a British politician, who was a leading adviser to British Prime Minister Tony Blair, a member of the British House of Commons (1992–2004), and business secretary (2008–10) under Prime Minister Gordon Brown. He briefly served as the British ambassador to the United States

Osip Emilyevich Mandelshtam was a major Russian poet, prose writer, and literary essayist. Most of his works went unpublished in the Soviet Union during the Joseph Stalin era (1929–53) and were almost unknown to generations of Russian readers until the mid-1960s. Mandelshtam grew up in St.

Osip Emilyevich Mandelshtam was a major Russian poet, prose writer, and literary essayist. Most of his works went unpublished in the Soviet Union during the Joseph Stalin era (1929–53) and were almost unknown to generations of Russian readers until the mid-1960s. Mandelshtam grew up in St.

biblical literature: Slavic versions: …Jewish rendering was undertaken by Leon Mandelstamm, who published the Pentateuch in 1862 (2nd ed., 1871) and the Psalter in 1864. Prohibited in Russia, it was first printed in Berlin. A complete Jewish Bible was published in Washington, D.C., in 1952.

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm: …1930 he succeeded his mentor, Leonid I. Mandelstam, to the chair of theoretical physics. In 1933 Tamm was elected a corresponding member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The following year, he joined the P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (FIAN), where he organized and headed…

Carel van Mander was a Dutch Mannerist painter, poet, and writer whose fame is principally based upon a biographical work on painters—Het Schilder-boeck (1604; “The Book of Painters”)—that has become for the northern countries what Giorgio Vasari’s Lives of the Painters became for Italy. Born of a

Jane Mander was a writer noted for her realistic novels about her native land and her frank treatment of sexual issues. Mander grew up on the northern New Zealand frontier and had little formal schooling. At the age of 15 she taught primary school while completing her high-school education under a

Carel van Mander was a Dutch Mannerist painter, poet, and writer whose fame is principally based upon a biographical work on painters—Het Schilder-boeck (1604; “The Book of Painters”)—that has become for the northern countries what Giorgio Vasari’s Lives of the Painters became for Italy. Born of a

Jane Mander was a writer noted for her realistic novels about her native land and her frank treatment of sexual issues. Mander grew up on the northern New Zealand frontier and had little formal schooling. At the age of 15 she taught primary school while completing her high-school education under a

Willem Dafoe: Spider-Man movies, Finding Nemo, and John Wick: …Lars von Trier’s historical allegory Manderlay (2005) and in the family drama Fireflies in the Garden (2008). In 2009 Dafoe starred in von Trier’s controversial Antichrist, which centres on a couple who struggle to cope with the death of a child. Later that year he provided the voice of a…

Mandeville, town, west-central Jamaica, located approximately 60 miles (100 km) west of Kingston. It is a mountain resort situated at an elevation of 2,061 feet (628 metres). Surrounded by stone-walled pastures, the old centre of Mandeville has the atmosphere of an English village. Nearby is a

Bernard de Mandeville was a Dutch prose writer and philosopher who won European fame with The Fable of the Bees. Mandeville graduated in medicine from the University of Leiden in March 1691 and started to practice but very soon went abroad. Arriving in England to learn the language, he “found the

Edward Montagu, 2nd earl of Manchester was a Parliamentarian general in the English Civil Wars. Son of the 1st earl, Henry Montagu, he was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He sat in Parliament from 1624 to 1626 and in the latter year was raised to the peerage as Baron Kimbolton, but he

Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st earl of Essex , was the worst of a number of cruel and lawless barons during the reign of King Stephen of England. Geoffrey was a great landowner in Essex and elsewhere and hereditary constable of the Tower of London. He came to prominence in 1140 when Stephen, who could

Sir John Mandeville was the purported author of a collection of travelers’ tales from around the world, The Voyage and Travels of Sir John Mandeville, Knight, generally known as The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. The tales are selections from the narratives of genuine travelers, embellished with

32 Notable Women Cricketers: Smriti Mandhana: Smriti Mandhana is a consistent opening batter for India and has scored more than 7,000 international runs with more than 15 centuries across formats. She holds the Indian women’s record for scoring the most hundreds in ODIs. She captained her state team, Maharashtra,…

32 Notable Women Cricketers: Smriti Mandhana: Smriti Mandhana is a consistent opening batter for India and has scored more than 7,000 international runs with more than 15 centuries across formats. She holds the Indian women’s record for scoring the most hundreds in ODIs. She captained her state team, Maharashtra,…

Godarpura, pilgrimage centre, western Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It is focused mainly on the island of Mandhata in the Narmada River, about 40 miles (65 km) southeast of Indore. The town of Omkareshwar (or Omkarji) lies adjacent to the island on the south side of the river. Godarpura has

Mandi, town, central Himachal Pradesh state, northwestern India. It lies along the Beas River north-northwest of Shimla, the state capital. Mandi is a trade centre for agricultural produce and timber. Hand-loom weaving and handicrafts are the principal industries. The town also conducts a frontier

mandible, in anatomy, the movable lower jaw, consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones in humans and other mammals. In birds, the mandible constitutes either the upper or the lower segment of the bill, and in invertebrates it is any of the various mouthparts that holds or bites food

Hymenoptera: Internal structure: The function of the mandibular glands, which open near the inner angle of the mandible, is not fully understood. However, in gall wasps their secretion is known to cause an abnormal growth of cells in leaves. Among social forms, this gland in the queen produces both the substance that…

human nervous system: Mandibular nerve: The mandibular nerve exits the cranial cavity via the foramen ovale and serves (1) the meninges and parts of the anterior cranial fossae (meningeal branches), (2) the temporomandibular joint, skin over part of the ear, and skin over the sides of the head…

jaw: In the subphylum Mandibulata (crustaceans, insects, and myriapods), the jaw limbs are the mandibles and, to some extent, the maxillae. Such limbs may be modified for other purposes, especially in insects. Horseshoe crabs (and perhaps the extinct trilobites) can chew food with toothed projections (gnathobases) at the bases…

insect: Critical appraisal: …lepidopterans, members of the family Micropterigidae are more primitive than existing trichopterans (caddisflies). Although some entomologists treat them as a distinct order (Zeugloptera), others place them in the order Lepidoptera.

mandibulofacial dysostosis, a rare, genetic disorder, inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait and characterized by some or all of the following: underdevelopment of the cheek and jaw bones, widely separated eyes, malformation of the lower eyelid and lack of eyelashes, malformation of the ear

dress: Colonial America: This was the mandilion, derived from the medieval tabard. It was now a loose jacket with free-hanging sleeves. It had been adopted by the Puritans, whose version was generally lined with cotton and fastened with hooks and eyes. By mid-century the buff coat had also become a staple…

Malinke, a West African people occupying parts of Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Senegal, The Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau. They speak a Mandekan language of the Mande branch of the Niger-Congo family. The Malinke are divided into numerous independent groups dominated by a hereditary nobility, a feature

Malinke, a West African people occupying parts of Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Senegal, The Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau. They speak a Mandekan language of the Mande branch of the Niger-Congo family. The Malinke are divided into numerous independent groups dominated by a hereditary nobility, a feature

Mande, group of peoples of western Africa, whose various Mande languages form a branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The Mande are located primarily on the savanna plateau of the western Sudan, although small groups of Mande origin, whose members no longer exhibit Mande cultural traits, are

Guinea: Ethnic groups and languages: …while in Upper Guinea the Malinke (Maninkakan) language is the most widespread. The Forest Region contains the linguistic areas, from east to west, of Kpelle (Guerzé), Loma (Toma), and Kisi.

Richard Fleischer: Later work: Mandingo (1975) was a popular melodrama set in the antebellum South. Fleischer had less success with the biopic The Incredible Sarah (1976), which starred Glenda Jackson as the fabled actress Sarah Bernhardt, and Ashanti (1979), with Peter Ustinov as a slave trader who abducts the…

Mali, trading empire that flourished in western Africa from the 13th to the 16th century. The Mali empire developed from the state of Kangaba, on the upper Niger River east of the Fouta Djallon, and is said to have been founded before 1000 ce. The Malinke inhabitants of Kangaba acted as middlemen