Manasseh, king of Judah (reigned c. 686 to 642 bce). During his long and peaceful reign, Judah was a submissive ally of Assyria. In the course of his reign there occurred a revival of pagan rites, including astral cults in the very forecourts of the temple of Yahweh, child sacrifice, and temple

Manasseh ben Israel was a major Hebraic scholar of the Jewish community of Amsterdam and the founder of the modern Jewish community in England. Manasseh was born into a family of Marranos (Jews of Spain and Portugal who publicly accepted Christianity but privately practiced Judaism). After his

Prayer of Manasseh, apocryphal work (noncanonical for Jews and Protestants), one of a collection of songs appended to the Old Testament book of Psalms in several manuscripts of the Septuagint (the Greek version of the Hebrew Bible). The Prayer of Manasseh, best known of the collection, is a

Manasseh, king of Judah (reigned c. 686 to 642 bce). During his long and peaceful reign, Judah was a submissive ally of Assyria. In the course of his reign there occurred a revival of pagan rites, including astral cults in the very forecourts of the temple of Yahweh, child sacrifice, and temple

Constantine Manasses was a Byzantine chronicler, metropolitan (archbishop) of Naupactus, and the author of a verse chronicle (Synopsis historike; “Historical Synopsis”). Written at the request of Emperor Manuel I’s sister-in-law, Irene, the chronicle surveys a period from the Creation to 1081. It

al-Lāt: Two other North Arabian goddesses, Manāt (Fate) and al-ʿUzzā (Strong), were associated with al-Lāt in the Qurʾān (Islāmic sacred scriptures). The Prophet Muḥammad once recognized these three as goddesses, but a new revelation led him to abrogate the approving verses he had earlier recited and to abandon his attempt to…

manatee, (genus Trichechus), any of three species of large slow aquatic mammals found along tropical and subtropical Atlantic coasts and associated inland waters, including the watersheds of the Amazon and Niger rivers. Dull gray, blackish, or brown in colour, all three manatee species have stout

In 2005 the state of Florida declared November Manatee Awareness Month in honor of the large aquatic mammals that live near the Florida coast and in other warm coastal waters in the Atlantic. Manatees spend their time grazing on plants in warm, shallow water and have no significant natural

Manatí, town, north-central Puerto Rico, situated on the humid coastal lowlands. The name Manatí, of Indian origin, refers to a sea mammal, the manatee. Founded in 1738 on the northernmost point of limestone hills, Manatí is linked by a highway to San Juan. The town produces pharmaceutical

Cheduba Island, island in the Bay of Bengal, southwestern Myanmar (Burma). It lies about 30 miles (50 km) west of Taungup on the Arakan Coast and is separated from Ramree Island to the north by the Cheduba Strait. It is 20 miles (32 km) long and 17 miles (27 km) wide and has an area of 202 square

Manaus, city and river port, capital of Amazonas estado (state), northwestern Brazil. It lies along the north bank of the Negro River, 11 miles (18 km) above that river’s influx into the Amazon River. Manaus is situated in the heart of the Amazon Rainforest, 900 miles (1,450 km) inland from the

Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization: …ACTO was responsible for the Manaus Declaration, a treaty designed to coordinate the development of approximately 2.9 million square miles (7.5 million square km) of rainforest. The declaration reaffirmed the commitment of member countries to promote the social and economic development of the Amazon and the preservation of its cultures.…

Tenkalai: …of the Tenkalai sect, and Manavala, or Varavara Muni (1370–1443), is regarded as its most important leader. The sect’s main centre is at Nanganur, near Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu state), and the Tenkalai are referred to as the southern school of the Shrivaishnava.

Sri Lanka: The Anuradhapura period: Manavamma, a Sinhalese royal fugitive, was placed on the throne in 684 with the support of the Pallava rulers of south India.

Orinoco River: Physiography of the Orinoco: …the left bank and the Manaviche, Ocamo, Padamo, and Cunucunuma rivers on the right.

Manawatāwhi/Three Kings Islands, outlying island group of New Zealand, in the South Pacific Ocean 40 miles (64 km) northwest of North Island. Of volcanic formation, the islands have a total land area of 2.7 square miles (7 square km). Manawatāwhi/Great Island, the largest at 875 acres (354

Manawatu River, river, in south-central North Island, New Zealand, rising on the east slopes of the Ruahine Range. The river, 113 miles (182 km) long, flows west and southwest for 30 miles (48 km) to Woodville and turns sharply northwest to pass between the Ruahine and Tararua ranges through the

Manawatū-Whanganui, regional council, southern North Island, New Zealand. It includes a major portion of one of the largest plains of the North Island and encompasses the Whanganui River valley. The area rises northward to the Kaimanawa Mountains and stretches along the Tasman Sea to include the

Manannán mac Lir, (Celtic: “Manannán, Son of the Sea”), Irish sea god from whom the name of the Isle of Man allegedly derived. Manannán traditionally ruled an island paradise, protected sailors, and provided abundant crops. He gave immortality to the gods through his swine, which returned to life

The Four Branches of the Mabinogi: Manawydan fab Llŷr (“Manawydan Son of Llŷr”) comprises the further adventures of two of the escapees, Manawydan (Brân and Branwen’s brother) and Pryderi, who with his wife, Cigfa, and mother, Rhiannon, combat an enchantment placed over Pryderi’s realm. Math fab Mathonwy (“Math Son of Mathonwy”)…

fire extinguisher: George Manby introduced a handheld fire extinguisher—a three-gallon tank containing a pressurized solution of potassium carbonate—in 1817. Modern incarnations employing a variety of chemical solutions are essentially modifications of Manby’s design.

Jeanne Mance was the French founder of the first hospital in Montreal. A member of a French association that planned a utopian colony at Montreal, she sailed with the first settlers in 1641 and founded the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal in 1644. After a trip to France (1657), she returned with Sisters

Sir Henry Christopher Mance was a British scientist and engineer who invented the heliograph, a signaling device that employs two mirrors to gather sunlight and send it to a prearranged spot as a coded series of short and long flashes. Mance joined the Persian Gulf Telegraph Department of the

Basse-Normandie: of Orne, Calvados, and Manche. The northern and western shores of the region are washed by the English Channel. In 2016 the Basse-Normandie région was joined with the région of Haute-Normandie to form the new administrative entity of Normandy.

English Channel, narrow arm of the Atlantic Ocean separating the southern coast of England from the northern coast of France and tapering eastward to its junction with the North Sea at the Strait of Dover (French: Pas de Calais). With an area of some 29,000 square miles (75,000 square km), it is

Manchester: city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester urban county, northwestern England. Most of the city, including the historic core, is in the historic county of Lancashire, but it includes an area south of the River Mersey in the historic county of Cheshire. Manchester is…

Manchester, city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester urban county, northwestern England. Most of the city, including the historic core, is in the historic county of Lancashire, but it includes an area south of the River Mersey in the historic county of

Manchester, urban town (township), Hartford county, central Connecticut, U.S. It lies east of Hartford on the Hockanum River. The area was settled in 1672, when it was purchased from the Mohegan Indians by the Puritan clergyman Thomas Hooker and his company. Originally a part of Hartford (after

Manchester, city, Hillsborough county, southern New Hampshire, U.S. It lies along the Amoskeag Falls (named for the Indigneous Amoskeag people who once inhabited the area) of the Merrimack River, the 55-foot (17-metre) drop of which provides hydroelectric power. Manchester is the state’s largest

Manchester, town (township), which includes Manchester Village, Manchester Center, and Manchester Depot in southwestern Vermont, U.S. It lies near the Batten Kill River between the Taconic Range and the Green Mountains. Manchester Village is one of the seats (the other is Bennington) of Bennington

Lancaster: The resultant aircraft, the Manchester, first flew in July 1939, entered production the following year, and was committed to combat in February 1941. However, the Vulture engine proved to be a failure, and the Manchester was produced only in small numbers. Avro then proposed a redesigned Manchester powered by…

Cuyahoga Falls, city, Summit county, northeastern Ohio, U.S., just northeast of Akron, on the Cuyahoga River. Cuyahoga, possibly meaning “crooked water,” was the name given by the Iroquois Indians to the river. Surveyors mapping the Western Reserve platted the area in 1797, and settlers from

Yazoo City, city, seat (1848) of Yazoo county, west-central Mississippi, U.S. It lies along the Yazoo River, 47 miles (76 km) northwest of Jackson. Founded as a planned community in 1826, it was later called Manchester; it was renamed for the Yazoo Indians in 1839. Its riverfront was a scene of

Kenneth Lonergan: Lonergan then wrote and directed Manchester by the Sea (2016). The movie starred Casey Affleck as a reclusive janitor who is unexpectedly required to raise his late brother’s teenage son. It earned widespread critical praise and was successful at the box office. Lonergan won an Academy Award for best original…

Manchester: Cultural life: …Whitworth Art Gallery and the Manchester City Art Gallery are particularly well known. The latter contains a fine collection of paintings, sculpture, silver, and pottery and is supplemented by several branch galleries. The Manchester Museum has special exhibits of Egyptian and Japanese objects, as well as natural history collections and…

Manchester City FC, English men’s professional football (soccer) club based in Manchester. Manchester City achieved consistent top-division success and claimed multiple titles after Sheikh Mansour ibn Zayed Al Nahyan purchased a controlling share in the club in 2008. In 2024, under manager Pep

Manchester City FC, English men’s professional football (soccer) club based in Manchester. Manchester City achieved consistent top-division success and claimed multiple titles after Sheikh Mansour ibn Zayed Al Nahyan purchased a controlling share in the club in 2008. In 2024, under manager Pep

Manchester City FC: Manchester City WFC: The Manchester City Women’s Football Club was founded in 1988. Affiliated with Manchester United FC from its creation, the women’s team formalized its partnership with the men’s team in 2012 and entered the Women’s Super League in 2013, winning the league championship…

Manchester City FC: Manchester City WFC: The Manchester City Women’s Football Club was founded in 1988. Affiliated with Manchester United FC from its creation, the women’s team formalized its partnership with the men’s team in 2012 and entered the Women’s Super League in 2013, winning the league championship…

Manchester University, private coeducational institution of higher learning in North Manchester, Indiana, U.S. It is a university of liberal arts and sciences that grants baccalaureate degrees in more than 40 areas of study, as well as several associate of arts degrees and master’s degrees. The

Manchester: Early settlement and medieval growth: …up in 1506 became the Manchester Grammar School in 1515, founded by Hugh Oldham, bishop of Exeter.

The Guardian, influential daily newspaper published in London, generally considered one of the United Kingdom’s leading newspapers. The paper was founded in Manchester in 1821 as the weekly Manchester Guardian but became a daily after the British government lifted its Stamp Tax on newspapers in

stored-program computer: …the first stored-program computer, the Manchester Mark I, shortly before the Americans built EDVAC, both operational in 1949.

Manchester: Cultural life: The Manchester Museum has special exhibits of Egyptian and Japanese objects, as well as natural history collections and an aquarium. The Museum of Science and Industry highlights Manchester’s industrial heritage.

Manchester school, Political and economic school of thought led by Richard Cobden and John Bright that originated in meetings of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce in 1820 and dominated the British Liberal Party in the mid-19th century. Its followers believed in laissez-faire economic policies,

Manchester Ship Canal, waterway opened in 1894 linking Eastham, Merseyside, Eng., to the city of Manchester. The canal made Manchester accessible to large oceangoing vessels. It is 36 miles (58 km) long, 45–80 feet (14–24 m) wide, and varies in depth from 28 to 30 feet (about 9 m); it has five

Manchester terrier, breed of dog developed in England from the whippet, a racing dog, and the black-and-tan terrier, a valued ratter, to combine the talents of each. In 1860 the breed was named after the city of Manchester, a breeding centre, but it was often called the black-and-tan terrier until

Manchester United, English professional football (soccer) team based in Manchester, England. Nicknamed “the Red Devils” for its distinctive red jerseys, it is one of the richest and best-supported football clubs not only in England but in the entire world. The club has won the English top-division

Manchester United, English professional football (soccer) team based in Manchester, England. Nicknamed “the Red Devils” for its distinctive red jerseys, it is one of the richest and best-supported football clubs not only in England but in the entire world. The club has won the English top-division

Manchester University, private coeducational institution of higher learning in North Manchester, Indiana, U.S. It is a university of liberal arts and sciences that grants baccalaureate degrees in more than 40 areas of study, as well as several associate of arts degrees and master’s degrees. The

Manchester: Education and social services: …has become autonomous as an Institute of Science and Technology, and, with the establishment of the University of Salford in 1967 and the growth of a large polytechnic, there are now four institutions of higher learning in and near the city.

University of Manchester, Public university in Manchester, England. It has its origins in a nonsectarian college for men founded in 1851. It became a university in 1880, having established colleges in Leeds and Liverpool which later (1903) became universities in their own right. Ernest Rutherford

Edward Montagu, 2nd earl of Manchester was a Parliamentarian general in the English Civil Wars. Son of the 1st earl, Henry Montagu, he was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He sat in Parliament from 1624 to 1626 and in the latter year was raised to the peerage as Baron Kimbolton, but he

Edward Montagu, 2nd earl of Manchester was a Parliamentarian general in the English Civil Wars. Son of the 1st earl, Henry Montagu, he was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He sat in Parliament from 1624 to 1626 and in the latter year was raised to the peerage as Baron Kimbolton, but he

Richard Perry: Career: …artists’ works, including those of Melissa Manchester, Willie Nelson, and Randy Travis.

University of Manchester, Public university in Manchester, England. It has its origins in a nonsectarian college for men founded in 1851. It became a university in 1880, having established colleges in Leeds and Liverpool which later (1903) became universities in their own right. Ernest Rutherford

Pakistan: The Indus River plain: Manchhar, a marshy lake west of the Indus, has an area of 14 square miles (36 square km) at low water but extends for no less than 200 square miles (500 square km) when full; on such occasions it is one of the largest freshwater…

Manchild in the Promised Land, autobiographical novel by Claude Brown, published in 1965. The work was noted for its realistic depiction of desperate poverty in Harlem. Brown’s tale of heroin addicts, pimps, and small-time criminals in New York slums shocked readers who were unfamiliar with ghetto

Joe Manchin is an American politician who represented West Virginia as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate (2010–25). He previously served as governor of that state (2005–10). In 2023 Manchin announced that he would not seek another term in the Senate, and the following year he formally switched his

Joe Manchin is an American politician who represented West Virginia as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate (2010–25). He previously served as governor of that state (2005–10). In 2023 Manchin announced that he would not seek another term in the Senate, and the following year he formally switched his

manchineel, (Hippomane mancinella), tree of the spurge family famous for its poisonous properties. The manchineel is native mostly to sandy beaches of the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, including Florida. (Read Britannica’s essay “7 of the World’s Deadliest Plants”) The manchineel is a handsome

history of Europe: Prestige and status: Manching, one of the largest oppida in Europe, contained many of these characteristics. The site, located at the junction of the Danube and the Paar rivers, was occupied from about 200 bce and developed rapidly from a small undefended village to a large walled settlement.…

Manchukuo, puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was

Manchu, people who lived for many centuries mainly in Manchuria (now Northeast) and adjacent areas of China and who in the 17th century conquered China and ruled for more than 250 years. The term Manchu dates from the 16th century, but it is certain that the Manchu are descended from a group of

Qing dynasty, the last of the imperial dynasties of China, spanning the years 1644 to 1911/12. Under the Qing the territory of the empire grew to treble its size under the preceding Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the population grew from some 150 million to 450 million, many of the non-Chinese

Manchu language, the most historically influential of the Manchu-Tungus languages (a family within the Altaic language group), formerly spoken by the Manchu people in Manchuria and once a court language of the Qing dynasty. In 1995 fewer than 70 Manchu, all of whom were over age 70 and living in

Manchu-Tungus languages, a group of 10 to 17 languages spoken by fewer than 70,000 people scattered across a vast region that stretches from northern China across Mongolia to the northern boundary of Russia. Apart from the moribund Manchu and the now-extinct Juchen (Jurchen) languages, these

Manchukuo, puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was

Manchukuo, puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was

Manchukuo, puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was

Manchuria, historical region of northeastern China. Strictly speaking, it consists of the modern provinces (sheng) of Liaoning (south), Jilin (central), and Heilongjiang (north). Often, however, the northeastern portion of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region also is included. Manchuria is bounded

Roger Corman: Other projects and legacy: …Demme films as Philadelphia (1993), The Manchurian Candidate (2004), and Rachel Getting Married (2008). Other notable films include Apollo 13 (1995).

The Manchurian Candidate, American Cold War thriller, released in 1962, that catapulted John Frankenheimer to the top ranks of Hollywood directors. A platoon of American soldiers led by Maj. Bennett Marco (played by Frank Sinatra) is captured, taken to Manchuria, and brainwashed by communists

Mukden Incident, seizure of the Manchurian city of Mukden (now Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China) by Japanese troops on September 18, 1931. It was followed by the Japanese invasion of all of Manchuria and the establishment of the Japanese-dominated state of Manchukuo (Manzhouguo) in the area. Most

Northeast Plain, heart of the central lowland of northeastern China (Manchuria). It has a surface area of about 135,000 square miles (350,000 square km), all of which lies below 1,000 feet (300 metres) above sea level. The plain, largely the product of erosion from the surrounding highlands, is

elk: …Asian elk, such as the Manchurian red deer (Cervus elaphus xanthopygos) and the small Alashan wapiti (C. elaphus alashanicus) of Inner Mongolia. These primitive elk have smaller bodies and antlers, less striking coat patterns, and a deeper voice than the North American elk. However, all male elk, American and Asian,…

wild rice: Species: The single Asian species, Manchurian wild rice (Z. latifolia), is cultivated as a vegetable in eastern Asia but is not important as a grain crop.

Ignazio Silone: Una manciata di more (1952; A Handful of Blackberries, 1954) and Il segreto di Luca (1956; The Secret of Luca, 1958) show Silone’s continued concern with the needs of southern Italy and the complexities of social reform. In Uscita di sicurezza (1965; Emergency Exit, 1968), Silone describes his shifts from…

Mancini sisters, family of Italian noblewomen noted for their great beauty. Nieces of Jules, Cardinal Mazarin, they moved to France at an early age. Laure Mancini (1636–57) married Louis de Vendôme, duke de Mercoeur and grandson of King Henry IV. Olympe Mancini, countess de Soissons (1639–1708),

Mancini sisters: Hortense Mancini, duchess de Mazarin (1646–99), married Armand Charles de la Porté, who assumed the Mazarin title. After leaving her husband, she became a famous beauty at the English court of Charles II. Marie Anne Mancini, duchess de Bouillon (1649–1714), was known for her literary…

Mancini sisters: …was involved with her sister Marie Anne in the notorious Affair of the Poisons and was also accused of poisoning her husband; she was the mother of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Marie Mancini, princess de Colonna (1640–1715), was also a mistress of Louis XIV; Mazarin intrigued to prevent their marriage,…

Mancini sisters: Marie Mancini, princess de Colonna (1640–1715), was also a mistress of Louis XIV; Mazarin intrigued to prevent their marriage, and she spent most of her life in Spain. Hortense Mancini, duchess de Mazarin (1646–99), married Armand Charles de la Porté, who assumed the Mazarin title.…

Olympe Mancini, comtesse de Soissons was the niece of Cardinal Mazarin and wife from 1657 of the Comte de Soissons (Eugène-Maurice of Savoy). Olympe Mancini had a brief affair with the young king Louis XIV when she was in her teens and took part in the amorous intrigues of the French court up to

Pasquale Stanislao Mancini was a leader of the Risorgimento in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, who played a prominent role in the government of united Italy. As a deputy in the Neapolitan parliament of 1848–49 and as a journalist and lawyer, Mancini fought for democracy and constitutionalism until

boxing: Professional boxing: …after being knocked out by Ray (“Boom Boom”) Mancini in a championship fight that was nationally televised in the United States. (It was most likely the cumulative effect of the punishing blows throughout the match that led to Kim’s death, however, and not the final knockout punch.) Despite improved safety…

Numantia: …but captured the army of Gaius Hostilius Mancinus. The army was saved by the diplomacy of Tiberius Gracchus, but the treaty was rejected by the Roman Senate on the motion of Scipio Aemilianus. The Senate sent Mancinus back to Numantia, which refused to accept him, and the command was given…

Roman law: The law of property and possession: Mancipatio, or formal transfer of property, involved a ceremonial conveyance needing for its accomplishment the presence of the transferor and transferee, five witnesses (adult male Roman citizens), a pair of scales, a man to hold them, and an ingot of copper or bronze. The transferee…

The Manciple’s Tale, one of the 24 stories in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. The Manciple, or steward, tells a story about the origin of the crow, based on the myth of Apollo and Coronis as told in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Phebus (Phoebus) kept a snow-white crow that could mimic any human

Bolivia: Languages and religion: …of the first Inca emperor Manco Capac and his sister-wife, Mama Ocllo, on the Island of the Sun in Lake Titicaca. Through the centuries, the Roman Catholic Church has accepted some indigenous rituals and customs by assimilation, mainly through combined Catholic and traditional celebrations that continue to be an important…

pre-Columbian civilizations: The Spanish conquest: …Huascar’s following, placing Huascar’s brother, Manco Inca, on the throne and assisting him in dispersing the remnants of Atahuallpa’s army. The real Spanish conquest of Peru occurred during the next few years, when they prevented Manco Inca from reestablishing control over the coast and the north, much of which was…

Eduardo Dato Iradier: …allowed the establishment of the Mancomunidad, an organ of limited Catalan self-government. In office again from June to October 1917, he closed the parliament and suspended constitutional guarantees in an effort to combat strikes, unrest, and near-rebellion. Premier again in 1920, he established the ministry of labour, tried unavailingly to…

dinar, monetary unit used in several Middle Eastern countries, including Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, and Tunisia. It was first introduced as an “Islamic coinage” in the late 7th century ce by ʿAbd al-Malik, the fifth caliph (685–705) of the Umayyad dynasty. The dinar dates from

eastern Africa: Azania: …have been found is at Manda, near Lamu, on the Kenyan coast. Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some…

Ousmane Sembène: With Mandabi (“The Money Order”), a comedy of daily life and corruption in Dakar, Sembène in 1968 made the revolutionary decision to film in the Wolof language. His masterpiece, Ceddo (1977; “Outsiders”), an ambitious, panoramic account of aspects of African religions, was also in Wolof and…

mandacaru, (Cereus jamacaru), species of treelike cactus (family Cactaceae) native to arid and semiarid regions of northeastern Brazil. Mandacaru is of local importance in traditional medicine and as livestock fodder and is cultivated in some places. With a height of up to 9 metres (nearly 30

mandacaru, (Cereus jamacaru), species of treelike cactus (family Cactaceae) native to arid and semiarid regions of northeastern Brazil. Mandacaru is of local importance in traditional medicine and as livestock fodder and is cultivated in some places. With a height of up to 9 metres (nearly 30

Iraq: Religious minorities: …even smaller groups of Yazīdīs, Mandaeans, Jews, and Bahāʾīs. (See Mandaeanism; Bahāʾī faith.) The nearly extinct Jewish community traces its origins to the Babylonian Exile (586–516 bce). Jews formerly constituted a small but significant minority and were largely concentrated in or around Baghdad, but, with the rise of Zionism, anti-Jewish

Aramaic language: Mandaean, Eastern Neo-Assyrian, and the Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud. One of the most important of these is Syriac, which was the language of an extensive literature between the 3rd and the 7th century. Mandaean was the dialect of a gnostic sect centred in lower…

Mandaeanism, (from Mandaean mandayya, “having knowledge”), ancient Middle Eastern religion still surviving in Iraq and Khuzistan (southwest Iran). The religion is usually treated as a Gnostic sect; it resembles Manichaeism in some respects. Whereas most scholars date the beginnings of Mandaeanism

Aramaic language: Mandaean, Eastern Neo-Assyrian, and the Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud. One of the most important of these is Syriac, which was the language of an extensive literature between the 3rd and the 7th century. Mandaean was the dialect of a gnostic sect centred in lower…