study of religion: Neo-orthodoxy and demythologization: The Dutch theologian Hendrik Kraemer (1888–1965) applied the doctrine of the theology of the Word to non-Christian religions in The Christian Message in a Non-Christian World, which had a wide impact on the overseas mission field. Since religions are cultural products and since each system of belief is…

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Kraemeriidae (sandfishes or sand gobies) Rare little elongated fishes; pelvic fins separate; chin of lower jaw large, pointed, forming terminal end of head; eyes small, on top of head; 2 genera with about 8 species, Indo-Pacific. Family Xenisthmidae Lower lip with free ventral margin; 6…

Alvin Kraenzlein was an American athlete, the first competitor to win four gold medals at a single Olympics. He is credited with having originated the modern technique of hurdling, and his world record in the 220-yard hurdles was unbroken for more than a quarter-century. During the mid-1890s

Emil Kraepelin was a German psychiatrist, one of the most influential of his time, who developed a classification system for mental illness that influenced subsequent classifications. Kraepelin made distinctions between schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis that remain valid today. After

Battle of Caporetto: Clashes on the Isonzo: Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen, an expert in mountain warfare and commander of the Alpine Corps in the Romanian campaign, to reconnoitre the ground. After receiving Krafft’s report, Ludendorff approved an augmented version of Waldstätten’s scheme. The seven German divisions with eight Austrian divisions formed the…

Adam Kraft was a sculptor of the Nürnberg school who introduced restraint into German late Gothic sculpture. Nothing is known of Kraft’s training, but his earliest-known work, a triptych depicting Christ’s Passion and Resurrection in the Church of St. Sebaldus, Nürnberg (1490–92), shows a maturity

Richard, baron von Krafft-Ebing was a German neuropsychiatrist who was a pioneering student of sexual psychopathology. Educated in Germany and Switzerland, Krafft-Ebing was appointed professor of psychiatry at Strasbourg at the age of 32. His interests ranged from genetic functions in insanity and

Kraft is a division and brand of Kraft Heinz Company, one of the world’s largest food and beverage manufacturers, which was formed by the 2015 merger of Kraft Foods Group and H.J. Heinz Holding Corporation. Kraft Foods’ headquarters are in Northfield, Illinois. KHC Kraft grew out of a wholesale

Robert Kraft: …sportsman, founder (1998) of the Kraft Group (a holding company for a wide range of companies), and owner of the New England Patriots gridiron football team. Under Kraft’s ownership, the Patriots became the most consistently successful franchise in the National Football League (NFL).

The Kraft Heinz Company is one of the world’s largest food and beverage manufacturers. A conglomerate formed in 2015 by the merger of Kraft Foods Group and H.J. Heinz Holding Corporation, Kraft Heinz is one of the top 20 consumer staples companies in the U.S., with a product lineup that includes

The Kraft Heinz Company is one of the world’s largest food and beverage manufacturers. A conglomerate formed in 2015 by the merger of Kraft Foods Group and H.J. Heinz Holding Corporation, Kraft Heinz is one of the top 20 consumer staples companies in the U.S., with a product lineup that includes

radio: The role of advertising: …Crosby’s tenure as host of The Kraft Music Hall, the talent and staff were hired by the Kraft food company’s advertising firm, the J. Walter Thompson agency. The networks merely provided the airtime and studio facilities. Some of the more creative radio talents functioned as their own producers, receiving a…

kraft process, (from German kraft, “strong”), chemical method for the production of wood pulp that employs a solution of caustic soda and sodium sulfide as the liquor in which the pulpwood is cooked in order to loosen the fibres. The kraft process differs from the sulfite process in that (1) the

George Roy Hill: Early work: …he wrote a teleplay for Kraft Television Theatre, in which he also acted, and he later directed A Night to Remember (1956), about the sinking of the Titanic, for the show. The following year he began directing for Playhouse 90, a program that featured 90-minute live episodes. His notable productions…

papermaking: Kraft wrapping: Kraft wrapping, a heavy stock used for paper bags, is used in greater volume than all other wrapping papers combined. It is composed of wood pulp in unbleached condition made from softwoods, usually pine. It is distinguished by outstanding tensile and tearing strength. Kraft…

Adam Kraft was a sculptor of the Nürnberg school who introduced restraint into German late Gothic sculpture. Nothing is known of Kraft’s training, but his earliest-known work, a triptych depicting Christ’s Passion and Resurrection in the Church of St. Sebaldus, Nürnberg (1490–92), shows a maturity

Robert Kraft is an American industrialist, sportsman, founder (1998) of the Kraft Group (a holding company for a wide range of companies), and owner of the New England Patriots gridiron football team. Under Kraft’s ownership, the Patriots became the most consistently successful franchise in the

Robert Kraft is an American industrialist, sportsman, founder (1998) of the Kraft Group (a holding company for a wide range of companies), and owner of the New England Patriots gridiron football team. Under Kraft’s ownership, the Patriots became the most consistently successful franchise in the

Kraftwerk, German experimental group widely regarded as the godfathers of electronic pop music. The original members were Ralf Hütter (b. 1946, Krefeld, West Germany) and Florian Schneider (b. 1947, Düsseldorf, West Germany—d. 2020). Hütter and Schneider met while studying classical music at

Jens Otto Krag was one of Denmark’s foremost socialist politicians, who twice served as prime minister (1962–68, 1971–72). Krag joined the Social Democratic Party’s youth organization in 1930 and quickly rose in the ranks of the party. In 1940, after having earned a master’s degree in political

Kragujevac, city in central Serbia. It lies on the Lepenica River, a tributary of the Morava. Kragujevac is the chief city of the Šumadija region, in which at the beginning of the 19th century Karadjordje led the first Serbian uprising against the Turks. It was the capital of Serbia from 1818 to

Alternative for Germany: Nationalism and scandals: …same month, lead AfD candidate Maximilian Krah was found to have received secret payments from Russia and China. Another AfD candidate, Petr Bystron, was alleged to have received €20,000 to spread pro-Russian propaganda. In May Krah’s public statements minimizing the crimes of the Nazi SS caused the European Union Parliament’s…

Baden-Württemberg: …and Neckar rivers, the fertile Kraichgau district is the site of wheat, corn (maize), tobacco, and fruit farming. The Schwetzinger asparagus of this area is quite famous.

Carniola, western region of Slovenia, which in the 19th century was a centre of Slovenian nationalist and independence activities within the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. It was part of the Roman province of Pannonia in ancient times and was occupied by the Slovenes in the 6th century ad.

krait, (genus Bungarus), any of 12 species of highly venomous snakes belonging to the cobra family (Elapidae). Kraits live in Asian forests and farmland from Pakistan to southern China and southward into Indonesia. They are terrestrial, feeding mainly on other snakes but also on frogs, lizards, and

number game: 20th century: Outstanding work was that of Maurice Kraitchik, editor of the periodical Sphinx and author of several well-known works published between 1900 and 1942.

Serbia: The disintegration of Ottoman rule: (The South Slav translation, Vojna Krajina, was used 300 years later in the name given to the areas of Croatia that local Serb majorities attempted to disconnect from Croatia following its secession from Yugoslavia.) Also dating from the time of the great migration of 1691 was the gradual conversion of…

Baldwin I: …he built the castle of Krak de Montréal to protect the kingdom in the south.

Krak des Chevaliers, greatest fortress built by European crusaders in Syria and Palestine, one of the most notable surviving examples of medieval military architecture. Built at Qalʿat al-Ḥiṣn, Syria, near the northern border of present-day Lebanon, Krak occupied the site of an earlier Muslim

Al-Karak: Le Krak du Désert, a heavily fortified Crusader citadel, was built on the site of the ancient fortress in 1132; it fell to the Muslims in 1188, the year after the Crusaders’ defeat at the Battle of Ḥaṭṭīn (in Galilee), in which they lost control…

Krakatoa, volcano on Rakata Island in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra, Indonesia. Its explosive eruption in 1883 was one of the most catastrophic in history. Krakatoa lies along the convergence of the Indian-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates, a zone of high volcanic and seismic

Václav Kašlík: Kašlík’s best-known opera was Krakatit (1960), which had an electronic score that combined orchestral, jazz, and popular music with a text exploring the merits of atomic energy. He was known for using unorthodox sets, still projections, moving screens, and other theatrical techniques; his keen instincts for innovative touches were…

Krakatoa, volcano on Rakata Island in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra, Indonesia. Its explosive eruption in 1883 was one of the most catastrophic in history. Krakatoa lies along the convergence of the Indian-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates, a zone of high volcanic and seismic

quasi-biennial oscillation, layer of winds that encircle Earth’s lower stratosphere, at altitudes from 20 to 40 kilometres (about 12 to 25 miles), between latitudes 15° N and 15° S. They blow at velocities of 15 to 35 metres per second (about 35 to 80 miles per hour). They are alternately easterly

quasi-biennial oscillation, layer of winds that encircle Earth’s lower stratosphere, at altitudes from 20 to 40 kilometres (about 12 to 25 miles), between latitudes 15° N and 15° S. They blow at velocities of 15 to 35 metres per second (about 35 to 80 miles per hour). They are alternately easterly

kraken, legendary sea monster of Scandinavian and Norwegian lore, perhaps imagined from sightings ofgiant squids and octopi. Sailors have discussed giant sea monsters for thousands of years, and Danish historian Erik Pontoppidan described the kraken (as well as sea serpents and mermaids) in detail

kraken: …Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s poem “The Kraken” (1871):

Kraków, city and capital of Małopolskie województwo (province), southern Poland, lying on both sides of the upper Vistula River. One of the largest cities in Poland, it is known primarily for its grand historic architecture and cultural leadership; UNESCO designated its old town area a World

Casimir III: Domestic achievements: …the Academy of Kraków (now Jagiellonian University) in 1364.

Republic of Cracow, tiny state that for the 31 years of its existence (1815–46) was the only remaining independent portion of Poland. Established by the Congress of Vienna at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars (1815), the free Republic of Cracow consisted of the ancient city of Cracow (Kraków)

Republic of Cracow, tiny state that for the 31 years of its existence (1815–46) was the only remaining independent portion of Poland. Established by the Congress of Vienna at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars (1815), the free Republic of Cracow consisted of the ancient city of Cracow (Kraków)

Ragnar Lothbrok: The 12th-century Icelandic poem Krákumál provides a romanticized description of Ragnar’s death and links him in marriage with a daughter of Sigurd (Siegfried) and Brynhild (Brunhild), figures from the heroic literature of the ancient Teutons. The actions of Ragnar and his sons are also recounted in the Orkney Islands…

Janko Král’ was a Slovak poet, jurist, and revolutionary whose ballads, epics, and lyrics are among the most original products of Slavic Romanticism. His work also contributed to the popularization of the new Slovak literary language. Král’s participation in a Slovak uprising during the 1848

biblical literature: Slavic versions: The Kralice Bible, regarded as the finest extant specimen of classical Czech, became the standard Protestant version.

biblical literature: Slavic versions: The Kralice Bible, regarded as the finest extant specimen of classical Czech, became the standard Protestant version.

Marko Kraljević was a Serbian king (1371–95) of a realm centred in what is now Macedonia and a hero in the literature and traditions of the South Slavic peoples. Marko Kraljević (“Mark, the King’s Son”) was a member of the Mrnjavčević family, which some sources suggest had Herzegovinian origins.

Kraljevo, city in south-central Serbia. It lies along the north bank of the Ibar River in a fertile agricultural region. The city’s heavy industry includes the manufacture of railway rolling stock, metal equipment, springs, wagons, ceramics, and firebrick. Cultural institutions include the National

Montenegro: The arts: …written work of Montenegrin literature, Kraljevstvo Slovena (1177–89; “The Kingdom of the Slavs”), by Pop (Father) Dukljanin of Bar. Thirty-eight years after Johannes Gutenberg’s invention (in 1494), the first state-owned printing press was established in Cetinje. In that year the Ostoih (“Book of Psalms”) was printed; it is believed to…

Diana Krall is a Canadian jazz musician who achieved crossover success with her sultry, unforced contralto voice and her elegant piano playing. As a child, Krall played classical piano, sang in a church choir, and learned to play and sing the Fats Waller songs in her father’s record collection. She

Austria: World War I: Karel Kramář, who had supported the Pan-Slav idea, was tried for high treason and found guilty on the basis of shaky evidence. German nationalism was riding high, but in fact the German Austrians had little influence left. In military matters they were practically reduced to…

spearfishing: Spearfishing tools and techniques: In the mid-1930s Alec Kramarenko patented an underwater gun in which the spear was propelled by a compressed spring. Shortly after, there appeared a spring-propulsion gun invented by a Frenchman, Maxime Forlot, and a popular spear gun designed by his compatriot Georges Beuchat that was propelled by a…

Kramatorsk, city, eastern Ukraine. It lies on the bank of the Kazenny Torets, which is a tributary of the north Donets River. The city developed from the end of the 19th century with the growth of its metallurgical industry, particularly the production of iron and steel. Kramatorsk eventually

Jackie Gleason: …popular, the Brooklyn bus driver Ralph Kramden.

Michael Richards: …known for his portrayal of Cosmo Kramer on the critically acclaimed situation comedy Seinfeld (1989–98). In addition to Seinfeld, Richards has appeared in numerous television shows and films, including the late-night sketch comedy show Fridays (1980–82), the cult-classic comedy film UHF (1989), and the courtroom comedy Trial

Kramer vs. Kramer, American dramatic film, released in 1979, that tells the wrenching story of a divorce and custody battle from the point of view of the adults. The movie, which starred Dustin Hoffman and Meryl Streep, won numerous awards, among them the Academy Award for best picture. (Read

Michael Richards: …known for his portrayal of Cosmo Kramer on the critically acclaimed situation comedy Seinfeld (1989–98). In addition to Seinfeld, Richards has appeared in numerous television shows and films, including the late-night sketch comedy show Fridays (1980–82), the cult-classic comedy film UHF (1989), and the courtroom comedy Trial

Dame Leonie Judith Kramer was an Australian literary scholar and educator. Kramer studied at the University of Melbourne and at the University of Oxford and thereafter taught on Australian literature at various universities, serving as professor at the University of Sydney in 1968–89. She wrote

Rome 1960 Olympic Games: Ingrid Krämer of Germany won both of the women’s diving events. The U.S. basketball team took its fifth consecutive gold medal; the squad, which starred Oscar Robertson, Jerry West, Jerry Lucas, and Walt Bellamy, was considered by many at the time to be the best…

Jack Kramer was an American champion tennis player who became a successful promoter of professional tennis. Kramer was selected to represent the United States in the 1939 Davis Cup doubles against Australia. However, in spite of an excellent record in the United States, he was not considered a

The New Yorker: Notable contributors: …West, Dorothy Parker, Alice Munro, Jane Kramer, Woody Allen, John McPhee, Milan Kundera, Jhumpa Lahiri, George Saunders, Colson Whitehead, and Han Kang. Among its great cartoonists have been Charles Addams, Helen Hokinson,

Aerosmith: …Colorado Springs, Colorado), and drummer Joey Kramer (b. June 21, 1950, New York City).

Jack Kramer was an American champion tennis player who became a successful promoter of professional tennis. Kramer was selected to represent the United States in the 1939 Davis Cup doubles against Australia. However, in spite of an excellent record in the United States, he was not considered a

Josef Kramer was a German commander of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp (1944–45), notorious for his cruelty. Joining the Nazi Party on Dec. 1, 1931, Kramer volunteered for the SS the following year. He served at various camps, including Auschwitz, Mauthausen, and Dachau, and commanded Birkenau

Larry Kramer was an American playwright, screenwriter, and gay rights activist whose confrontational style of advocacy, while divisive, was credited by many with catalyzing the response to the HIV/AIDS crisis in the United States. Kramer—the second son of a lawyer and his wife, a Red Cross

Larry Kramer was an American playwright, screenwriter, and gay rights activist whose confrontational style of advocacy, while divisive, was credited by many with catalyzing the response to the HIV/AIDS crisis in the United States. Kramer—the second son of a lawyer and his wife, a Red Cross

Stanley Kramer was an American film producer and director who created unconventional, socially conscious works on a variety of issues not usually addressed in mainstream Hollywood fare. Kramer graduated from high school at age 15 and earned a bachelor’s degree in business administration from New

Stanley Kramer was an American film producer and director who created unconventional, socially conscious works on a variety of issues not usually addressed in mainstream Hollywood fare. Kramer graduated from high school at age 15 and earned a bachelor’s degree in business administration from New

Sven Kramer is a Dutch speed skater who excelled in long-distance events, most notably the 5,000 and 10,000 metres, and who won four speed-skating Olympic gold medals. Sven, the son of former Olympic speed skater Yep Kramer, was raised in the Dutch speed-skating town of Heerenveen; his younger

the MC5: …17, 1991, Royal Oak, Michigan) Wayne Kramer (original name Wayne Kambes; born April 30, 1948, Detroit—died February 2, 2024, Los Angeles, California, U.S.) Fred (“Sonic”) Smith (born August 14, 1948, near Harts Creek, West Virginia, U.S.—died November 4, 1994, Detroit) Dennis Thompson (original

Zygophyllales: Krameriaceae: Krameriaceae is composed of 1 genus (Krameria) and 18 species of hemiparasite annuals or small shrubs to herbs restricted to the New World from the southwestern United States to Chile. Leaves are alternate and almost always simple. Flowers are showy, irregular, and pealike. The…

Hendrik Anthony Kramers was a Dutch physicist who, with Ralph de Laer Kronig, derived important equations relating the absorption to the dispersion of light. He also predicted (1924) the existence of the Raman effect, an inelastic scattering of light, and showed (1927) that the complex form of the

Vladimir Kramnik is a Russian international chess grandmaster who defeated his countryman Garry Kasparov to win the Professional Chess Association world championship. The match was held in London from October 8 to November 2, 2000, with Kramnik winning 2 games, drawing 13, and losing none. (Read

Ursula von der Leyen: Road to the European Commission presidency: …eventually filled by Merkel protégé Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer. That von der Leyen, who had once been regarded as Merkel’s heir apparent, did not even present herself as a candidate was seen by some as evidence that the defense portfolio continued to be a poisoned chalice. With her domestic political career apparently…

Krampus: Krampus on-screen and on paper: …most widely known adaptation is Krampus (2015), a horror comedy in which a troubled family is terrorized by the creature and his helpers after a child turns away from the spirit of Christmas. Featuring Adam Scott and Toni Collette, this film introduced the folkloric figure to a broad international audience.

Krampus, in central European popular legend, a half-goat, half-demon monster that punishes misbehaving children at Christmastime. He is the devilish companion of St. Nicholas. Krampus is believed to have originated in Germany, and his name may ultimately derive from the Old High German word Krampf,

Russia: The 19th century: …Levitan, the expressive portraits of Ivan Kramskoy and Ilya Repin, and the socially oriented genre paintings of Vladimir Makovsky, Vasily Perov, and Repin arguably deserve an international reputation.

Rach Gia, port city, northern Ca Mau Peninsula, southwestern Vietnam. It lies at the head of Rach Gia Bay on the Gulf of Thailand, at the north bank of the Cai Lon estuary, 120 miles (195 km) southwest of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). Formerly Cambodian territory, in 1715 the flat

Theodor Krancke was a German naval commander during World War II. Krancke joined the German navy in 1912 and served on a torpedo boat during World War I, rising to the rank of lieutenant. He remained in the navy after the war, commanding minesweepers and torpedo boats. He rose steadily through the

Carniola, western region of Slovenia, which in the 19th century was a centre of Slovenian nationalist and independence activities within the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. It was part of the Roman province of Pannonia in ancient times and was occupied by the Slovenes in the 6th century ad.

Rudolf Virchow: Medical investigations: …work on that subject (Die krankhaften Geschwülste, 1863–67) was somewhat marred by his erroneous conception that malignancy results from a conversion (metaplasia) of connective tissue. His work on the role of animal parasites, especially trichina, in causing disease in humans was fundamental and led to his own public interest…

Dilip Kumar: Later career: …with actor-director Manoj Kumar’s film Kranti (1981; “Revolution”). Thereafter he played key roles in Subhash Ghai’s Vidhaata (1982; “Creator”), Karma (1986), and Saudagar (1991; “Merchant”). He was also noted for his performance in Ramesh Sippy’s Shakti (1982; “Strength”). Kumar’s last film was the family drama

eastern Africa: Missionary activity: Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann of the Church Missionary Society, who had worked inland from Mombasa and had, in the 1840s and ’50s, journeyed to the foothills of Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro, were followed by a British Methodist mission. Roman Catholic missionaries reached Zanzibar…

Krapina remains, fossilized remains of at least 24 early Neanderthal adults and children, consisting of skulls, teeth, and other skeletal parts found in a rock shelter near the city of Krapina, northern Croatia, between 1899 and 1905. The remains date to about 130,000 years ago, and the skulls have

Krapp’s Last Tape, one-act monodrama by Samuel Beckett, written in English, produced in 1958, and published in 1959. Krapp sits at a cluttered desk and listens to tape recordings he made decades earlier when he was in the prime of life, leaving only occasionally to imbibe liquor offstage. To Krapp,

Philipp Melanchthon: Luther and the Reformation: …he found time to court Katherine Krapp, whom he married in 1520 and who bore him four children—Anna, Philipp, Georg, and Magdalen.

stringed instrument: Lyres: The smaller lyre, krar (the ancient Greek lyra), has a bowl-shaped resonator and is emphatically secular in its use and connotations; indeed, Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition casts it as the instrument of Satan. The construction of this six-stringed instrument illustrates the sort of change that is of wide…

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Relief: …south and southwest is the Karst, a region of arid limestone plateaus that contain caves, potholes, and underground drainage. The uplands there are often bare and denuded (the result of deforestation and thin soils), but, between the ridges, depressions known as poljes are covered with alluvial soil that is suitable…

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Relief: …south and southwest is the Karst, a region of arid limestone plateaus that contain caves, potholes, and underground drainage. The uplands there are often bare and denuded (the result of deforestation and thin soils), but, between the ridges, depressions known as poljes are covered with alluvial soil that is suitable…

Ignacy Krasicki was a major Polish poet, satirist, and prose writer of the Enlightenment. Born to an aristocratic but impoverished family, Krasicki was educated at the Warsaw Catholic Seminary and became bishop of Warmia (Ermeland) at age 32. He served as one of the closest cultural counselors to

samizdat: …trial of Pyotr Yakir and Victor Krasin in August 1973, the government’s assault wounded the movement. But it survived, though reduced in numbers and deprived of many of its leaders.

John Krasinski is an American actor, director, and screenwriter who first garnered attention for his portrayal of paper salesman Jim Halpert in the NBC sitcom The Office (2005–13). He later became a successful director, especially known for the horror film A Quiet Place (2018), which launched a

John Krasinski is an American actor, director, and screenwriter who first garnered attention for his portrayal of paper salesman Jim Halpert in the NBC sitcom The Office (2005–13). He later became a successful director, especially known for the horror film A Quiet Place (2018), which launched a

Zygmunt Krasiński was a Polish Romantic poet and dramatist whose works dealt prophetically with the class conflict that would engender Russia’s October Revolution. The son of a leading aristocratic family, Krasiński studied law at Warsaw University before taking up studies in Geneva in 1829. He

Zygmunt Krasiński was a Polish Romantic poet and dramatist whose works dealt prophetically with the class conflict that would engender Russia’s October Revolution. The son of a leading aristocratic family, Krasiński studied law at Warsaw University before taking up studies in Geneva in 1829. He

Slovak literature: Another notable poet was Ivan Krasko (the pseudonym of Ján Botto), whose volumes of verse, Nox et solitudo (1909) and Verše (1912), were among the finest achievements of Slovak literature.

Red Army, Soviet army created by the Communist government after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The name Red Army was abandoned in 1946. The Russian imperial army and navy, together with other imperial institutions of tsarist Russia, disintegrated after the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of

Red Square, open square in Moscow adjoining the historic fortress and centre of government known as the Kremlin (Russian: Kreml). The Kremlin and Red Square were added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1990. Dating from the late 15th century, just after the Kremlin walls were completed, Red Square

Lee Krasner was an American painter recognized for her unique contribution to Abstract Expressionism. Krasner was the sixth of seven children of Jewish emigrants from Odessa, Russia (now Ukraine). When she was 13 she decided to become an artist and was admitted on her second application to

Lee Krasner was an American painter recognized for her unique contribution to Abstract Expressionism. Krasner was the sixth of seven children of Jewish emigrants from Odessa, Russia (now Ukraine). When she was 13 she decided to become an artist and was admitted on her second application to

Renovated Church: …priests, notably Aleksandr Vvedensky and Vladimir Krasnitsky, organized a Temporary Higher Church Administration, which rapidly evolved into a general movement aimed at deposing the patriarch and introducing radical church reforms. The Temporary Administration found support among some bishops, but it was particularly popular with the “white,” or married, clergy, who…