abalone: …largest abalone is the 30-cm red abalone (H. rufescens) of the western coast of the United States. H. rufescens and several other species are raised commercially in abalone farms, particularly in Australia, China, Japan, and along the western coast of the United States. Commercial fisheries for abalones exist in California,…

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Family Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) About 200 small aquatic species; wide geographical range. Family Hygrobiidae A few species (Hygrobia) widely distributed; aquatic; produce sound. Family Noteridae (burrowing water beetles)

Halisahar, city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It is situated on the east bank of the Hugli (Hooghly) River, just north of Hugli city. Halisahar is a noted home of Sanskrit scholars. It was constituted a municipality in 1903 when separated from Naihati municipality and

halite, naturally occurring sodium chloride (NaCl), common or rock salt. Halite occurs on all continents in beds that range from a few metres to more than 300 m (1,000 feet) in thickness. Termed evaporite deposits because they formed by the evaporation of saline water in partially enclosed basins,

ḥalitẓa, (Hebrew: “drawing off”), Jewish ritual whereby a widow is freed from the biblical obligation of marrying her brother-in-law (levirate marriage) in cases where her husband died without issue. To enable a widow to marry a “stranger,” the ritual of ḥalitẓa had to be performed in the

ḥalitẓa, (Hebrew: “drawing off”), Jewish ritual whereby a widow is freed from the biblical obligation of marrying her brother-in-law (levirate marriage) in cases where her husband died without issue. To enable a widow to marry a “stranger,” the ritual of ḥalitẓa had to be performed in the

Kızıl Adalar: …islands, Büyükada (Prinkipo, ancient Pityoussa), Heybeli Ada (Halki, ancient Chalcitis), Burgaz Adası (Antigoni, ancient Panormos), and Kınalı Ada (Proti). Büyükada was Leon Trotsky’s home for a time after his exile from the Soviet Union in 1929. Heybeli Ada has a branch of the Turkish naval academy.

Hall in Tirol, town, western Austria. It lies along the Inn River just east of Innsbruck. A settlement grew up about 1260 around the nearby salt mines. Chartered in 1303, the town in 1477 was granted a mint, which after 1567 was housed in the Münzerturm (“Mint Tower”). The town retains its late

hall, a meeting place, entry, or passageway, ranging in size from a large reception room in a public building to a corridor or vestibule of a house. For the feudal society of medieval Europe, the hall was the centre of all secular activities. Originally it was used by large groups of people for

1996 Mount Everest disaster: Background and overcrowding: …Zealand mountaineer Rob Hall’s company, Adventure Consultants, featured the guides Hall, Andy “Harold” Harris, and Michael Groom and a group of Sherpas led by Ang Dorje. Its clients were Yasuko Namba, Doug Hansen, Frank Fischbeck, Seaborn Beck Weathers, Stuart Hutchison, Lou Kasischke, John Taske, and writer and journalist Jon Krakauer.…

Braille: …first Braille writing machine, the Hall Braille writer, was invented in 1892 by Frank H. Hall, superintendent of the Illinois School for the Blind. A modified form of this device is still in use today, as are later, similar devices. One innovation for producing Braille is an electric embossing machine…

TelevisaUnivision: Ownership conflict and sale (1980s): …group of investors led by Hallmark Cards, Inc., for about $600 million, and they gave it a new name: Univision.

hall church, church in which the aisles are approximately equal in height to the nave. The interior is typically lit by large aisle windows, instead of a clerestory, and has an open and spacious feeling, as of a columned hall. Hall churches are characteristic of the German Gothic period. There are

geomagnetic field: Convective electrojets: Such a current, called a Hall current (after the Hall effect), is always present when an electric field is applied to a conductor containing a magnetic field.

Hall effect, development of a transverse electric field in a solid material when it carries an electric current and is placed in a magnetic field that is perpendicular to the current. This phenomenon was discovered in 1879 by the U.S. physicist Edwin Herbert Hall. The electric field, or Hall field,

magnetohydrodynamic power generator: Principles of operation: …additional electric field, called the Hall field, is established along the axis of the channel. This in turn requires that either the electrode walls in a typical generator configuration (see figure) be constructed to support this Hall field or that the Hall field itself be used as the output to…

Berlin: The city layout: The Hall for Chamber Music (Kammermusiksaal), a companion facility to Philharmonic Hall, opened in 1987. The Charlottenburg Palace, dating from the late 17th century, is perhaps the city’s most outstanding example of Baroque design.

magnetohydrodynamic power generator: Principles of operation: …alternate configuration known as a Hall generator, as shown in part B of the figure, the Faraday field across each sector of the channel is short-circuited and the sectors are connected in series. This allows the connection of a single electric load between the ends of the channel. A further…

Hall in Tirol, town, western Austria. It lies along the Inn River just east of Innsbruck. A settlement grew up about 1260 around the nearby salt mines. Chartered in 1303, the town in 1477 was granted a mint, which after 1567 was housed in the Münzerturm (“Mint Tower”). The town retains its late

Hall of Fame for Great Americans, monument which honours U.S. citizens who have achieved distinction or fame, standing at the summit of University Heights on the campus of Bronx Community College (originally the uptown campus of New York University). A national shrine, the open-air colonnade looks

Hall of Fame for Great Americans, monument which honours U.S. citizens who have achieved distinction or fame, standing at the summit of University Heights on the campus of Bronx Community College (originally the uptown campus of New York University). A national shrine, the open-air colonnade looks

Baseball Hall of Fame, museum and honorary society, Cooperstown, New York, U.S. The origins of the hall can be traced to 1935, when plans were first put forward for the 1939 celebration of the supposed centennial of baseball (it was then believed that the American army officer Abner Doubleday had

Robert Stone: A Hall of Mirrors (1967), his first novel, revolves around a right-wing radio station in New Orleans and its chaotic “Patriotic Revival”; Stone adapted the book for the screenplay of the film WUSA (1970). His second novel, Dog Soldiers (1974), concerns the legacy of corruption…

Korea: The establishment of a Confucian state: …a royal academy called the Hall of Worthies (Jiphyeonjeon) was established, where bright young scholars engaged in study and research. In 1443 the Korean phonetic alphabet, Hangul (Korean: “Great Script”), was completed under Sejong’s direction.

Jason Sudeikis: Hall Pass, Horrible Bosses, and We’re the Millers: …starred with Owen Wilson in Hall Pass, a comedy about two men whose wives allow them to take a break from their marriages for one week. That year he also starred in the popular comedy Horrible Bosses, in which friends decide to murder their bosses; he reprised his role as…

settee: …stuffed and buttoned variety; the hall settee, largely an 18th-century form, usually having an upholstered seat and elaborately carved back, designed to be used with matching chairs in a hall or gallery; and the daybed, a carved or upholstered piece that originated in the 16th century, with a long seat…

Ibn al-Haytham: Major works: In his Ḥall shukūk fī Kitāb Uqlīdis (“Solution of the Difficulties of Euclid’s Elements”) Ibn al-Haytham investigated particular cases of Euclid’s theorems, offered alternative constructions, and replaced some indirect proofs with direct proofs. He made an extended study of parallel lines in Sharḥ muṣādarāt Kitāb Uqlīdis (“Commentary…

Jim Crow law: Origins: …the Supreme Court ruled in Hall v. DeCuir that states could not prohibit segregation on common carriers such as railroads, streetcars, or riverboats. In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the court overturned key elements of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, thereby sanctioning the notion of “separate but equal”…

Hall effect: The sign of this Hall voltage determines whether positive or negative charges are carrying the current.

combinatorics: Systems of distinct representatives: …König is closely related to Hall’s theorem and can be easily deduced from it. Conversely, Hall’s theorem can be deduced from König’s: If the elements of rectangular matrix are 0s and 1s, the minimum number of lines that contain all of the 1s is equal to the maximum number of…

Adelaide Hall was an American-born jazz improviser whose wordless rhythm vocalizing ushered in what became known as scat singing. The daughter of a music teacher, Hall attended the Pratt Institute in New York City. In 1921 she made her professional debut as a chorus member in the benchmark revue

Alexander Hall was an American director whose wide-ranging films notably included Little Miss Marker (1934) and Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941). Originally an actor, Hall began performing on stage at the age of four, and in 1914 he appeared in the first of several silent films. In the 1920s he worked

Brat Pack: Impact of the Brat Pack label: …regarded as Brat Pack members—namely, Anthony Michael Hall, Molly Ringwald, and Ally Sheedy—did not feature in the story, but the title stuck to them regardless. As a result, the friendships that had formed between some of the actors were damaged because quite a few of them did not want to…

Tony Hall is a British theatre and television administrator who served as chief executive (2001–13) of the Royal Opera House (ROH) and later as director general (2013–20) of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). After graduating (1970) from Keble College, Oxford, Hall joined the BBC in 1973

Arsenio Hall is an American actor, comedian, and producer who has appeared in several television shows and movies but is best known for being a popular late-night talk-show host. He was the first African American to host his own late-night talk show. Hall was the only child of his mother, Annie,

Asaph Hall was an American astronomer who discovered the two moons of Mars, Deimos and Phobos, in 1877 and calculated their orbits. Hall came from an impoverished family and was largely self-taught, though he did study briefly at Central College, McGrawville, N.Y., and at the University of

Basil Hall was a British naval officer and traveler remembered for noteworthy accounts of his visits to the Orient, Latin America, and the United States. The son of geologist Sir James Hall, the younger Hall joined the navy in 1802. In 1815 he commanded the escort ship that accompanied William Pitt

Ben Hall was a notorious Australian bushranger (a bandit of the Outback) who led a gang that committed hundreds of robberies in New South Wales. His daring rebelliousness and his reputation as a “gentleman bushranger” who avoided bloodshed and showed courtesy to women gained him much popular

Ben Hall was a notorious Australian bushranger (a bandit of the Outback) who led a gang that committed hundreds of robberies in New South Wales. His daring rebelliousness and his reputation as a “gentleman bushranger” who avoided bloodshed and showed courtesy to women gained him much popular

Carl Christian Hall was a Danish politician whose policies led Denmark into a disastrous war with Germany. Hall was educated in the law, and in 1848 he became a leader of the National Liberal Party. He served as minister of church, education, and culture in 1854–57. He supported his party’s old

Charles Francis Hall was an American explorer who made three Arctic expeditions. Hall spent his early life in Ohio, where he held such various jobs as those of blacksmith, journalist, stationer, and engraver, before taking an interest in exploration. In 1860 he landed alone from a whaleboat at

Charles Martin Hall was an American chemist who discovered the electrolytic method of producing aluminum, thus bringing the metal into wide commercial use. While a student at Oberlin (Ohio) College Hall became interested in producing aluminum inexpensively. He continued to use the college

Chester Moor Hall was an English jurist and mathematician who invented the achromatic lens, which he utilized in building the first refracting telescope free from chromatic aberration (colour distortion). Convinced from study of the human eye that achromatic lenses were feasible, Hall experimented

History of film: United States: …collaborated with film-school-trained cinematographers (including Conrad Hall, Haskell Wexler, and William Fraker) as well as with the Hungarian-born cinematographers Laszlo Kovacs and Vilmos Zsigmond, to bring the heightened cinematic consciousness of the French New Wave to the American screen. Their films frequently exhibited unprecedented political and social consciousness as well.

Diane Keaton was an American film actress and director who achieved fame in quirky comic roles prior to gaining respect as a dramatic actress. Keaton won an Academy Award for her starring role in Annie Hall (1977). Keaton studied acting at Santa Ana College in California and at the Neighborhood

Donald Hall was an American poet, essayist, and critic, whose poetic style moved from studied formalism to greater emphasis on personal expression. Hall received bachelor’s degrees in literature from both Harvard (1951) and Oxford (1953) universities and at the latter received the Newdigate Prize

Donald Hall was an American poet, essayist, and critic, whose poetic style moved from studied formalism to greater emphasis on personal expression. Hall received bachelor’s degrees in literature from both Harvard (1951) and Oxford (1953) universities and at the latter received the Newdigate Prize

communication: Proxemics: …developed by an American anthropologist, Edward Hall. Proxemics involves the ways in which people in various cultures utilize both time and space as well as body positions and other factors for purposes of communication. Hall’s “silent language” of nonverbal communications consists of such culturally determined interactions as the physical distance…

Edward Hall was an English historian whose chronicle was one of the chief sources of William Shakespeare’s history plays. Educated at Eton and at King’s College, Cambridge, Hall became common sergeant of London in 1533 and undersheriff in 1535. He was also a member of Parliament for Wenlock (1529)

Hall effect: physicist Edwin Herbert Hall. The electric field, or Hall field, is a result of the force that the magnetic field exerts on the moving positive or negative particles that constitute the electric current. Whether the current is a movement of positive particles, negative particles in the…

William II: …fortunate in his choice of F.A. van Hall as finance minister. Van Hall stabilized the public finances and, helped by profits from Dutch colonial ventures in the East Indies, achieved the country’s first surplus in 70 years in 1847.

Braille: …was invented in 1892 by Frank H. Hall, superintendent of the Illinois School for the Blind. A modified form of this device is still in use today, as are later, similar devices. One innovation for producing Braille is an electric embossing machine similar to an electric typewriter, and electronic computer…

G. Stanley Hall was a psychologist who gave early impetus and direction to the development of psychology in the United States. Frequently regarded as the founder of child psychology and educational psychology, he also did much to direct into the psychological currents of his time the ideas of

Cardiff Giant: …Giant, famous hoax perpetrated by George Hall (or Hull) of Binghamton, New York, U.S. A block of gypsum was quarried near Fort Dodge, Iowa, and shipped to Chicago, Illinois. There it was carved (1868) in the shape of a human figure and then buried on a farm near Cardiff, New…

G. Stanley Hall was a psychologist who gave early impetus and direction to the development of psychology in the United States. Frequently regarded as the founder of child psychology and educational psychology, he also did much to direct into the psychological currents of his time the ideas of

The Night of the Iguana: …the group’s unofficial chaperone (Grayson Hall) attempts to have Shannon fired, prompting him to take the group to a seedy, remote hotel run by Maxine (Ava Gardner). While there, Shannon meets the virginal spinster Hannah (Deborah Kerr). Sexual tensions and the various characters’ personal struggles subsequently play out.

Gus Hall was an American political organizer who was the general secretary of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA; 1959–2000) and a four-time candidate for U.S. president (1972, 1976, 1980, 1984). Hall’s parents were members of the militant Industrial Workers of the World,

Frederic Edward Clements: Together with American botanist Harvey Monroe Hall, Clements wrote an influential introduction to this interdisciplinary area of research, The Phylogenetic Method in Taxonomy: The North American Species of Artemisia, Chrysothamnus, and Atriplex (1923). Unlike Hall, who was a Darwinian (a proponent of evolution by natural selection), Clements believed that…

James Hall was an American geologist and paleontologist who was a major contributor to the geosynclinal theory of mountain building. According to this theory, sediment buildup in a shallow basin causes the basin to sink, thus forcing the neighbouring area to rise. His detailed studies established

James Hall was an American author who was one of the earliest to write about the American frontier. Hall was a soldier in the War of 1812, a lawyer and circuit judge, a newspaper and magazine editor, state treasurer of Illinois (1827–31), a banker in Cincinnati, Ohio, and a writer of history and

Mutiny on the Bounty: …novel by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, published in 1932. The vivid narrative is based on an actual mutiny, that against Capt. William Bligh of the HMS Bounty in 1789. Related by Roger Byam, a former midshipman and linguist aboard the vessel, the novel describes how Fletcher Christian and…

Mutiny on the Bounty: …novel by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, published in 1932. The vivid narrative is based on an actual mutiny, that against Capt. William Bligh of the HMS Bounty in 1789. Related by Roger Byam, a former midshipman and linguist aboard the vessel, the novel describes how Fletcher Christian and…

Jeffrey C. Hall is an American geneticist known for his investigations of courtship behaviour and biological rhythms in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. His research into molecular mechanisms underlying biological rhythm in the fruit fly helped scientists gain new insight into circadian

Mick Jagger: Artist collaborations and other work: …ex-wife American model and actress Jerry Hall. Jagger has been the subject of several books, including Mick Jagger: The Unauthorized Biography (2005) by British music journalist Alan Clayson, Mick Jagger (2012) by British author Philip Norman, and Mick: The Wild Life and Mad Genius of Jagger (2012) by American author…

John Hall was an educational reformer in Cromwellian England. Educated at St. John’s College, Cambridge, and Gray’s Inn, London, Hall became associated as a young man with the circle of reformers around Samuel Hartlib. He was also a friend of Thomas Hobbes. A versatile writer, he worked for the

John L. Hall is an American physicist, who shared one-half of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Physics with Theodor W. Hänsch for their contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy, the use of lasers to determine the frequency (colour) of light emitted by atoms and molecules. (The other half of

Joseph Hall was an English bishop, moral philosopher, and satirist, remarkable for his literary versatility and innovations. Hall’s Virgidemiarum: Six Books (1597–1602; “A Harvest of Blows”) was the first English satire successfully modeled on Latin satire, and its couplets anticipated the satiric

Joyce C. Hall was an American businessman, cofounder and chief executive (1910–66) of Hallmark Cards, Inc., the largest greeting-card manufacturer in the world. Using $3,500 that he had earned during high school, Hall established a wholesale greeting-card business in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1910.

Joyce C. Hall was an American businessman, cofounder and chief executive (1910–66) of Hallmark Cards, Inc., the largest greeting-card manufacturer in the world. Using $3,500 that he had earned during high school, Hall established a wholesale greeting-card business in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1910.

African American literature: Drama and poetry: James Ijames, Katori Hall, Lynn Nottage, Jackie Sibblies Drury, Suzan-Lori Parks, and Michael R. Jackson all won Pulitzer Prizes for drama in the 21st century, offering plays that address themes such as Black identity and kinship, masculinity, sexuality, prejudice,

Lars-Göran Hall was a Swedish athlete who was the first person to win two individual Olympic gold medals in the modern pentathlon. Hall, a carpenter from Gothenburg, was also the first nonmilitary winner of the individual modern pentathlon. Hall was the world champion in the pentathlon in 1950 and

Marshall Hall was an English physiologist who was the first to advance a scientific explanation of reflex action. While maintaining a highly successful private medical practice in London (1826–53), Hall conducted physiological research that gained him renown on the European continent and derision

Six Feet Under: …includes his brother, David (Michael C. Hall), who hides his homosexuality from most of the world; his eccentric mother, Ruth (Frances Conroy); and his troubled, artistic teenaged sister, Claire (Lauren Ambrose). Also pivotal to the story are Nate’s love interests: Lisa (Lili Taylor), his estranged girlfriend, who gives birth…

Tom T. Hall: …in collaboration with his wife “Miss Dixie” Hall (originally Iris Lawrence); the couple continued to compose and publish songs into the second decade of the 21st century. Home Grown, an all-acoustic album of new material, was released in 1998. Meanwhile, Hall built and operated a recording studio at his home…

Peter Hall was an English theatrical manager and director who held notably successful tenures as director of the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre. Hall produced and acted in amateur productions at the University of Cambridge before receiving his M.A. degree there in 1953. He

Radclyffe Hall was an English writer whose novel The Well of Loneliness (1928) created a scandal and was banned for a time in Britain for its treatment of lesbianism. Hall was educated at King’s College, London, and then attended school in Germany. She began her literary career by writing verses,

Woody Allen: The 2000s: …pair of tourists (Johansson and Rebecca Hall); Penélope Cruz’s splendid performance as his combustible ex-wife earned her an Academy Award as best supporting actress. The film became one of Allen’s biggest hits ever, grossing nearly $100 million worldwide.

One Battle After Another: Plot summary and characters: Willa flees with Deandra (Regina Hall), a French 75 member, while Bob seeks aid from Willa’s karate instructor, Sensei Sergio St. Carlos (Benicio Del Toro). As Baktan Cross erupts into a violent clash between protesters, the police, and the military, Bob struggles to find out where Deandra has taken…

Muscle Shoals Studios: “Land of 1000 Dances”: Songwriter-engineer-turned-producer Rick Hall set up Fame Studios in Florence in 1961. He recruited his session musicians from a local group—Dan Penn and the Pallbearers—who played on the studio’s first hit, Arthur Alexander’s “You Better Move On.” Atlanta-based publisher Lowery Music provided regular work, and, after Jerry…

Rob Hall was a New Zealand mountaineering guide and entrepreneur who made five ascents of Earth’s highest peak, Mount Everest. He and other members of an expedition he was leading died in a blizzard near the summit of the mountain in 1996. Hall grew up in modest circumstances on the South Island of

Robert Hall was an English Baptist minister, writer, social reformer, and an outstanding preacher. In 1790 Hall became pastor of a church at Cambridge, where he remained for 15 years and acquired a reputation for his fine, often outspoken sermons. He advocated freedom of the press, was influenced

Kensington Stone: …style; a few scholars, notably Robert A. Hall, Jr., former professor at Cornell University, have argued for its probable authenticity. A 200-pound (90-kilogram) slab of graywacke inscribed with runes (medieval Germanic script), the stone is said to have been unearthed on a farm near Kensington, Minn., in 1898. The inscription,…

Rob Hall was a New Zealand mountaineering guide and entrepreneur who made five ascents of Earth’s highest peak, Mount Everest. He and other members of an expedition he was leading died in a blizzard near the summit of the mountain in 1996. Hall grew up in modest circumstances on the South Island of

New Zealand literature: Drama: Roger Hall wrote clever comedies and satires of New Zealand middle-class life—Middle Age Spread (published 1978), which was produced in London’s West End, and Glide Time (published 1977). O’Sullivan’s Shuriken (published 1985) used a riot by Japanese soldiers in a New Zealand prison camp to…

Samuel Hall was an English engineer and inventor of the surface condenser for steam boilers. The son of a cotton manufacturer, in 1817 Hall devised a method for removing loose fibres from lace by passing the fabric swiftly through a row of gas flames. His process was widely adopted and earned him a

Big Ben: …some historians to stand for Sir Benjamin Hall, the commissioner of works.

Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet was a Scottish geologist and physicist who founded experimental geology by artificially producing various rock types in the laboratory. Hall succeeded to his father’s baronetcy in 1776 and thereafter studied at Christ’s College, Cambridge, and the University of

Sir John Hall was a farmer, public official, and politician who as prime minister of New Zealand (1879–82) skillfully formed and maintained a government in a period of change and instability. As a young civil servant in London, Hall decided to emigrate to New Zealand (1852). He bought land in

Peter Hall was an English theatrical manager and director who held notably successful tenures as director of the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre. Hall produced and acted in amateur productions at the University of Cambridge before receiving his M.A. degree there in 1953. He

Theodore Hall was an American-born physicist and spy who during World War II worked on the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bomb and also delivered details on its design to the Soviet Union. An extremely precocious youngster, Hall graduated from high school in Queens at the age of 14. He

Theodore Hall was an American-born physicist and spy who during World War II worked on the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bomb and also delivered details on its design to the Soviet Union. An extremely precocious youngster, Hall graduated from high school in Queens at the age of 14. He

Tom T. Hall was an American songwriter and entertainer, popularly known as the “Storyteller,” who expanded the stylistic and topical range of the country music idiom with plainspoken, highly literate, and often philosophical narratives. His songs were largely reflections of his own experiences,

Tom T. Hall was an American songwriter and entertainer, popularly known as the “Storyteller,” who expanded the stylistic and topical range of the country music idiom with plainspoken, highly literate, and often philosophical narratives. His songs were largely reflections of his own experiences,

Tony Hall is a British theatre and television administrator who served as chief executive (2001–13) of the Royal Opera House (ROH) and later as director general (2013–20) of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). After graduating (1970) from Keble College, Oxford, Hall joined the BBC in 1973

high-pressure phenomena: Large-volume apparatuses: …in 1954 by the scientist Tracy Hall of the General Electric Company for use in the company’s diamond-making program, incorporates features of both opposed-anvil and piston-cylinder designs. Two highly tapered pistonlike anvils compress a sample that is confined in a torus, much like a cylinder open at both ends. Hundreds…

metallurgy: Electrolytic smelting: In the Hall-Héroult smelting process, a nearly pure aluminum oxide compound called alumina is dissolved at 950 °C (1,750 °F) in a molten electrolyte composed of aluminum, sodium, and fluorine; this is electrolyzed to give aluminum metal at the cathode and oxygen gas at the anode. The…

Sir William Hall-Jones was a politician and respected administrator who served for a short time as prime minister of New Zealand (1906) and who later was appointed High Commissioner for New Zealand in the United Kingdom. A carpenter by trade, Hall-Jones emigrated to New Zealand (1873) and,

Jeju Island: …symmetrically to the crest of Mount Halla (6,398 feet [1,950 meters]), which has a lake in its crater. The mountain and its surrounding area are a national park. Hundreds of crater-formed hills from which volcanic material once flowed, seaside precipices with waterfalls, and lava tunnels (or tubes) are international sightseeing…

Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim: …a dull didactic poem entitled Halladat oder das rote Buch (1774), and collections of fables and romances. Of higher merit is his Preussische Kriegslieder von einem Grenadier (1758), inspired by the campaigns of Frederick II.

windmill: …in the United States by Daniel Hallady in 1854, and its production in steel by Stuart Perry in 1883 led to worldwide adoption, for, although inefficient, it was cheap and reliable. The design consists of a number of small vanes set radially in a wheel. Governing is automatic: of yaw…