Indira Gandhi was an Indian politician who was the first female prime minister of India, serving for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term from 1980 until she was assassinated in 1984. (Read Indira Gandhi’s 1975 Britannica essay on global underprivilege.) Indira Nehru was the only

Kasturba Gandhi was an Indian political activist who was a leader in the struggle for civil rights and for independence from British rule in India. She was the wife of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Kasturba Kapadia was born to Gokuladas Kapadia, a wealthy merchant, and his wife, Vrajkunwerba, in the

Kasturba Gandhi was an Indian political activist who was a leader in the struggle for civil rights and for independence from British rule in India. She was the wife of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Kasturba Kapadia was born to Gokuladas Kapadia, a wealthy merchant, and his wife, Vrajkunwerba, in the

Kasturba Gandhi was an Indian political activist who was a leader in the struggle for civil rights and for independence from British rule in India. She was the wife of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Kasturba Kapadia was born to Gokuladas Kapadia, a wealthy merchant, and his wife, Vrajkunwerba, in the

Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the Indian Independence Movement against British rule. As such, he came to be considered “the father of the nation.” Gandhi is internationally esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protest

Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the Indian Independence Movement against British rule. As such, he came to be considered “the father of the nation.” Gandhi is internationally esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protest

Rahul Gandhi is an Indian politician and leading figure of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). He was born the son of Rajiv Gandhi, a grandson of Indira Gandhi, and a great grandson of Jawaharlal Nehru, all of whom served as prime ministers of India. His mother, Sonia Gandhi, also played

Rajiv Gandhi was an Indian politician and government official who rose to become the leader of the Congress (I) Party (a faction of the Indian National Congress [Congress Party] established in 1981) and served as prime minister of India (1984–89) after the assassination of his mother, Indira

Rajiv Gandhi was an Indian politician and government official who rose to become the leader of the Congress (I) Party (a faction of the Indian National Congress [Congress Party] established in 1981) and served as prime minister of India (1984–89) after the assassination of his mother, Indira

Sanjay Gandhi was an Indian politician and a member of the Indian parliament. He was widely viewed as the heir apparent to his mother, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (1966–77 and 1980–84). He was known for his controversial role in government, particularly during the Emergency (June 1975–March 1977).

Sonia Gandhi is an Italian-born Indian politician who was president of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party; 1998–2017, 2019–22) and chairperson of the United Progressive Alliance (2004– ), a coalition of centre-left parties. While studying English at a language school in Cambridge,

Gandhi-Irwin Pact, agreement signed on March 5, 1931, between Mahatma Gandhi, leader of the Indian nationalist movement, and Lord Irwin (later Lord Halifax), British viceroy of India. It marked the end of a period of civil disobedience (satyagraha) in India against British rule that Gandhi and his

William L. Shirer: In 1979 Shirer published Gandhi: A Memoir, in which he recalled a series of interviews that he conducted with Mohandas Gandhi while stationed as a foreign correspondent in India during the early 1930s. Shirer’s three-volume set of memoirs is collectively entitled Twentieth-Century Journey (1976, 1984, 1990).

Gandhinagar, city, capital of Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies on the banks of the Sabarmati River, just north of Ahmadabad. Gandhinagar was named for Mohandas K. Gandhi, leader of the Indian nationalist movement. Built to supplant Ahmadabad as capital, the city was begun in 1966. State

Gandía, city, Valencia provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain. It lies south of Valencia city at the mouth of the Serpis River. Once a Greek settlement, Gandía was occupied by the Moors in the 8th century and recaptured in 1252 by James I

Black Sox Scandal: …Claude (“Lefty”) Williams, first baseman Arnold (“Chick”) Gandil, shortstop Charles (“Swede”) Risberg, third baseman George (“Buck”) Weaver, outfielders Joe (“Shoeless Joe”) Jackson and Oscar (“Happy”) Felsch, and utility infielder Fred McMullin. Court records suggest that the eight players received $70,000 to $100,000 for losing

Black Sox Scandal: …Claude (“Lefty”) Williams, first baseman Arnold (“Chick”) Gandil, shortstop Charles (“Swede”) Risberg, third baseman George (“Buck”) Weaver, outfielders Joe (“Shoeless Joe”) Jackson and Oscar (“Happy”) Felsch, and utility infielder Fred McMullin. Court records suggest that the eight players received $70,000 to $100,000 for losing

Gwandu, town and traditional emirate, Kebbi state, northwestern Nigeria. It lies near a branch of the Zamfara River, a tributary of the Sokoto. Originally settled by the Kebbawa, a subgroup of the Hausa people, the town was named for the surrounding gandu (“royal farmlands”) that formerly belonged

Gwandu: From 1815 Abdullahi maintained Gwandu as one of the two capitals of the Fulani empire.

African literature: Hausa: …the bureau published Muhammadu Bello’s Gandoki, in which its hero, Gandoki, struggles against the British colonial regime. Bello does in Gandoki what many writers were doing in other parts of Africa during this period: he experiments with form and content. His novel blends the Hausa oral tradition and the novel,…

James Gandolfini was an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Mafia boss and family man Tony Soprano in the HBO drama series The Sopranos (1999–2007). Gandolfini was the son of Italian immigrants. In 1983 he graduated from Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with a degree in

James Gandolfini was an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Mafia boss and family man Tony Soprano in the HBO drama series The Sopranos (1999–2007). Gandolfini was the son of Italian immigrants. In 1983 he graduated from Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with a degree in

The Sopranos: …was played by Gandolfini’s son, Michael.

Afghanistan: Yaʿqūb Khan (1879): The Treaty of Gandamak (Gandomak; May 26, 1879) recognized Yaʿqūb Khan as emir, and he subsequently agreed to receive a permanent British embassy at Kabul. In addition, he agreed to conduct his foreign relations with other states in accordance “with the wishes and advice” of the…

Western architecture: Great Britain: In Dublin, James Gandon’s Four Courts (1786–96), with its shallow saucer dome raised on a high columnar drum with echoes of Wren’s St. Paul’s Cathedral, and his Custom House (1781–91) owe joint allegiance to the Palladianism of Sir William Chambers and contemporary French Neoclassicism. Edinburgh, the “Athens…

Hayton: …and central Asia, written by Kirakos Gandzaketsi, a member of his suite, gives one of the earliest and most comprehensive accounts of Mongolian geography and ethnology.

Gäncä, city, western Azerbaijan. It lies along the Gäncä River. The town was founded sometime in the 5th or 6th century, about 4 miles (6.5 km) east of the modern city. That town was destroyed by earthquake in 1139 and rebuilt on the present site. Gäncä became an important centre of trade, but in

rocket and missile system: Surface-to-air: The SA-4 Ganef was a long-range mobile system first deployed in the mid-1960s; the missiles, carried in pairs on a tracked launcher, used drop-off solid-fuel boosters and a ramjet sustainer motor. Employing a combination of radar command guidance and active radar homing, and supported by an…

Olympic Games: Tokyo, Japan, 1964: …Israel were excluded from the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO), a competition that had been held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963, the IOC declared that any athlete participating in that sports festival would be ineligible for the Olympics. Indonesia and North Korea then withdrew from the Tokyo Games…

Gemini Ganesan was an Indian actor and one of the stalwarts of Tamil cinema who acted in a variety of roles but was especially noted as a romantic lead, which earned him the title of Kadhal Mannan (“King of Romance”) among fans. With his contemporaries Sivaji Ganesan and M.G. Ramachandran

Gemini Ganesan was an Indian actor and one of the stalwarts of Tamil cinema who acted in a variety of roles but was especially noted as a romantic lead, which earned him the title of Kadhal Mannan (“King of Romance”) among fans. With his contemporaries Sivaji Ganesan and M.G. Ramachandran

Sivaji Ganesan was a versatile star of Indian cinema. Along with M.G. Ramachandran and Gemini Ganesan, he dominated Tamil cinema during the 1950s–70s. He was admired for his portrayal of historical and tragic characters on-screen, earning the moniker Nadigar Thilagam (Tamil: “Pride of Actors”).

Sivaji Ganesan was a versatile star of Indian cinema. Along with M.G. Ramachandran and Gemini Ganesan, he dominated Tamil cinema during the 1950s–70s. He was admired for his portrayal of historical and tragic characters on-screen, earning the moniker Nadigar Thilagam (Tamil: “Pride of Actors”).

Ganesha, elephant-headed Hindu god of beginnings, who is traditionally worshipped before any major enterprise and is the patron of intellectuals, bankers, scribes, and authors. His name means both “Lord of the People” (gana means the common people) and “Lord of the Ganas” (Ganesha is the chief of

Ganesh Chaturthi, a festival in Hinduism celebrating the birth of the elephant-headed deity Ganesha (Ganesh), the god of prosperity, wisdom, and removal of obstacles. The holiday begins on the fourth day (chaturthi) of the month of Bhadrapada (August–September), the sixth month of the Hindu

Ganesha, elephant-headed Hindu god of beginnings, who is traditionally worshipped before any major enterprise and is the patron of intellectuals, bankers, scribes, and authors. His name means both “Lord of the People” (gana means the common people) and “Lord of the Ganas” (Ganesha is the chief of

gang, a group of persons, usually youths, who share a common identity and who generally engage in criminal behaviour. In contrast to the criminal behaviour of other youths, the activities of gangs are characterized by some level of organization and continuity over time. There is no consensus on the

Acholi, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies,

Thar Desert: Economy: …means of canals, and the Gang Canal carries water from the Sutlej River to the northwest. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates a vast amount of land in the Indian portion of the Thar. The canal begins at the Harike Barrage—at the confluence of the Sutlej and Beas rivers in the…

machine tool: Gang drills: A gang-drilling machine consists of several individual columns, drilling heads, and spindles mounted on a single base and utilizing a common table. Various numbers of spindles may be used, but four or six are common. These machines are designed for machining parts requiring several…

slavery: Agriculture: …the 16th century was the gang labor system, which was so cost-effective that it made Brazilian sugar cheaper in Europe than the sugar produced in the islands off Africa. A plantation using gang labor could produce, on average, 39 percent more output from comparable inputs than could free farms or…

collapse of the Soviet Union: Aftermath of the coup: The “gang of eight” had not grasped that democratization had made public opinion important and that the population would no longer meekly obey orders from above. The plotters, almost all ethnic Russians, represented the interests of the military-industrial complex.

Gang of Four, the most powerful members of a radical political elite convicted for implementing the harsh policies directed by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) chairman Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76). The group included Mao’s third wife, Jiang Qing, and Wang Hongwen, Zhang

Gang of Four, British rock group known for its Marxist politics and danceable fusion of rock and funk. The principal members were Jon King (b. June 8, 1955, London, England), Andy Gill (b. January 1, 1956, Manchester–d. February 1, 2020), Hugo Burnham (b. March 25, 1956, London), and Dave Allen (b.

Mount Kailash, Himalayan mountain accorded sacred significance in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Bon. The snowy peak rises in the Kailash (Gangdisi) Range, in the Ngari prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. Mount Kailash is considered the home of the Hindu god Shiva, where he

wood: Production at the sawmill: …of three types: band saw, frame (gang) saw, or circular saw. A band saw consists of an endless band of steel, equipped with teeth usually on one edge only, that moves around two wheels—one powered and the other free-running. Frame saws commonly consist of a reciprocating frame in which a…

broadcasting: Entertainment: …music-hall–variety-type program emerged the “gang show,” in which a cast of performers remaining the same from week to week would make use of a series of humorous situations or catchphrases, gradually building up a familiar background against which the incongruities of the script could exploit humour to the full.…

Mount Kailash, Himalayan mountain accorded sacred significance in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Bon. The snowy peak rises in the Kailash (Gangdisi) Range, in the Ngari prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. Mount Kailash is considered the home of the Hindu god Shiva, where he

Kailash Range, one of the highest and most rugged parts of the Himalayas, located in the southwestern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, southwestern China. The range has a roughly northwest-southeast axis and lies to the north of a trough drained in the west by the Langqên (Xiangquan)

Busby Berkeley: Later films: …Twentieth Century-Fox, where he made The Gang’s All Here (1943), his wildest picture since his pre-Code days at Warners, and it was his first in Technicolor. Alice Faye was the star, but the film was memorable for Carmen Miranda, whose flamboyant persona combined wonderfully with Berkeley’s unfettered vision to create…

Jeanne Gang is an American architect known for her innovative responses to issues of environmental and ecological sustainability. She employed sustainable design techniques—such as the use of recycled materials—to conserve resources, decrease urban sprawl, and increase biodiversity. She is perhaps

Varuna: …attended by the river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna.

Ganges River, great river of the plains of the northern Indian subcontinent. Although officially as well as popularly called the Ganga in Hindi and in other Indian languages, internationally it is known by its conventional name, the Ganges. From time immemorial it has been the holy river of

Ganga dynasty, either of two distinct but remotely related Indian dynasties. The Western Gangas ruled in Mysore state (Gangavadi) from about 350 to about 1004 ce. The Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga starting about 498 ce and then going on to establish an almost 400-year rule over the region known as

Raghubir Singh: The earliest of his books, Ganga: Sacred River of India (1974), revealed the photographer’s enchantment with the myths and ceremonies associated with that river. Later he photographed the people of Rajasthan, Kashmir, Varanasi, and Calcutta, among other places.

South Indian temple architecture: …and the great temple at Gaṅgaikoṇḍacōḻapuram, built about 1025 by his son Rājendra Cōla. Subsequently, the style became increasingly elaborate—the complex of temple buildings enclosed by the court became larger, and a number of successive enclosures, each with its own gateway (gopura), were added. By the Vijayanagar period (1336–1565) the…

Garamba National Park: …there is an elephant station, Gangala-Na-Bodio, one of the few of its kind in the world, where the animals are domesticated for use in forestry.

Sri Ganganagar, city, extreme northern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It lies in a level plain of irrigated farmland about 12 miles (19 km) southeast of the Pakistan border. During the 1970s Sri Ganganagar grew rapidly as an agricultural distribution center. The city has textile, sugar, and

Clement XIV was the pope from 1769 to 1774. Educated by the Jesuits at Rimini, he joined the Conventual Franciscans at Mondaino, taking the religious name of Lorenzo. After holding various academic offices, he was made cardinal in 1759 by Pope Clement XIII because he was supposed to be friendly

Seoul: City layout: …sometimes known today as the North City, was founded in 1394, when it was chosen to be the capital of the Joseon dynasty. Its central district, inside the four gates, was planned and has a rectangular street pattern. Gyeongbok Palace, the main palace of the dynasty, stands in the north-central…

radio: Police and detective dramas: …the show was revamped as Gangbusters. Like Calling All Cars, it used real events as the basis for its scripts. The program’s opening—an ear-splitting montage of police whistles, marching feet, breaking glass, machine-gun fire, sirens, and screeching tires—was so distinctive that it inspired the slang phrase “coming on like Gangbusters.”

Kanchenjunga, world’s third highest mountain, with an elevation of 28,169 feet (8,586 metres). It is situated in the eastern Himalayas on the border between Sikkim state, northeastern India, and eastern Nepal, 46 miles (74 km) north-northwest of Darjiling, Sikkim. The mountain is part of the Great

Kailash Range, one of the highest and most rugged parts of the Himalayas, located in the southwestern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, southwestern China. The range has a roughly northwest-southeast axis and lies to the north of a trough drained in the west by the Langqên (Xiangquan)

Kailash Range, one of the highest and most rugged parts of the Himalayas, located in the southwestern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, southwestern China. The range has a roughly northwest-southeast axis and lies to the north of a trough drained in the west by the Langqên (Xiangquan)

Ganges delta, region in West Bengal state, India, and Bangladesh. An area of about 220 miles (355 km) wide along the Bay of Bengal, it is covered by the network of streams forming the mouths of the Ganges (Ganga) and Brahmaputra rivers. In Bangladesh the Brahmaputra is joined by the Tista River

Ganges River, great river of the plains of the northern Indian subcontinent. Although officially as well as popularly called the Ganga in Hindi and in other Indian languages, internationally it is known by its conventional name, the Ganges. From time immemorial it has been the holy river of

dolphin: Conservation status: …the Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) and the Indus river dolphin (P. minor), which are classified as endangered species, and the Atlantic humpbacked dolphin (Sousa teuszii), which is classified as critically endangered.

Ganges shark, (Glyphis gangeticus), species of river shark endemic to shallow tropical freshwater, brackish water, and coastal marine estuary habitats that border the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. The Ganges shark is extremely rare and seldom observed in the wild, and evidence of its

Ganges shark, (Glyphis gangeticus), species of river shark endemic to shallow tropical freshwater, brackish water, and coastal marine estuary habitats that border the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. The Ganges shark is extremely rare and seldom observed in the wild, and evidence of its

Ganges delta, region in West Bengal state, India, and Bangladesh. An area of about 220 miles (355 km) wide along the Bay of Bengal, it is covered by the network of streams forming the mouths of the Ganges (Ganga) and Brahmaputra rivers. In Bangladesh the Brahmaputra is joined by the Tista River

Ganges-Brahmaputra delta cyclone, catastrophic tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) on Nov. 12, 1970, killing hundreds of thousands of people in the densely populated Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. Even though it was not ranked in the top category of cyclone intensity scales, it

Tripura Plains: …a section of the greater Ganges-Brahmaputra lowlands (also called the Eastern Plains), west of the Tripura Hills. They are dotted with lakes and marshes and there is much forest cover. The soil is thin except in the river valleys, but everywhere the tropical sun and torrential rains have leached minerals…

Ganges River: Irrigation: The Ganges-Kabadak scheme in Bangladesh, largely an irrigation plan, covers parts of the districts of Khulna, Jessore, and Kushtia that lie within the part of the delta where silt and overgrowth choke the slowly flowing rivers. The system of irrigation is based on both gravity canals…

Ganges-Yamuna Doab, segment of the Indo-Gangetic Plain in western and southwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northeastern India. Having an area of about 23,360 square miles (60,500 square km), it lies between the Ganges (Ganga) and Yamuna rivers, west of the Upper Ganges Plain. The doab (river basin) is

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: The 12th–13th-century philosopher Gangesa’s Tattvachintamani (“The Jewel of Thought on the Nature of Things”) laid the foundations of the school of Navya-Nyaya (“New Nyaya”). Four great members of this school were Pakshadhara Mishra of Mithila, Vasudeva Sarvabhauma (16th century), his disciple Raghunatha Shiromani (both of Bengal), and

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: The 12th–13th-century philosopher Gangesa’s Tattvachintamani (“The Jewel of Thought on the Nature of Things”) laid the foundations of the school of Navya-Nyaya (“New Nyaya”). Four great members of this school were Pakshadhara Mishra of Mithila, Vasudeva Sarvabhauma (16th century), his disciple Raghunatha Shiromani (both of Bengal), and

Indo-Gangetic Plain, extensive north-central section of the Indian subcontinent, stretching westward from (and including) the combined delta of the Brahmaputra and Ganges (Ganga) rivers to the Indus River valley. The region contains the subcontinent’s richest and most densely populated areas. The

India: The Rajputs of India: …century during the reigns of Gangeyadeva and his son Lakshmikarna, when attempts were made to conquer territories as far afield as Utkala, Bihar, and the Ganges–Yamuna Doab. There they came into conflict with the Turkish governor of the Punjab, who briefly had extended his territory as far as Varanasi. To…

Ganghwa Island, island, Gyeonggi do (province), northwestern South Korea. Ganghwa Island lies in the Yellow Sea just off the northwestern coast, northwest of Incheon. Roughly rectangular in shape, it lies at the mouth of the Han River and has an area of 163 square miles (422 square km). The land is

Ganghwa Island, island, Gyeonggi do (province), northwestern South Korea. Ganghwa Island lies in the Yellow Sea just off the northwestern coast, northwest of Incheon. Roughly rectangular in shape, it lies at the mouth of the Han River and has an area of 163 square miles (422 square km). The land is

ganglion, dense group of nerve-cell bodies present in most animals above the level of cnidarians. In flatworms (e.g., planaria) two lateral neuronal cords carry impulses to and from a pair of ganglia at the head of the animal. In more advanced organisms, such as earthworms and arthropods, pairs of

ganglion, dense group of nerve-cell bodies present in most animals above the level of cnidarians. In flatworms (e.g., planaria) two lateral neuronal cords carry impulses to and from a pair of ganglia at the head of the animal. In more advanced organisms, such as earthworms and arthropods, pairs of

human eye: The retina: …innermost layer of neurons, the ganglion cells; and the transmitted messages are carried out of the eye along their projections, or axons, which constitute the optic nerve fibres. Thus, the optic nerve is really a central tract, rather than a nerve, connecting two regions of the nervous system, namely, the…

ganglion cyst, saclike structure containing thick gelatinous fluid that appears on the top or underside of the wrist or, less commonly, on the top of the foot. The cause is unknown, but trauma (wound or injury) to the tendon sheaths or the lining material of the joint may be implicated; it is most

human nervous system: Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII or 8): …located in the vestibular (Scarpa) ganglion. The central processes of these neurons exit the temporal bone via the internal acoustic meatus and enter the brainstem alongside the facial nerve.

lipid storage disease: …disease, or amaurotic (blind) idiocy, gangliosides are deposited in body tissues, chiefly those of the central nervous system, which deteriorates, resulting in severe mental deficiency. Characteristic early symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease include extreme sensitivity to noise, muscle weakness, and the appearance of a cherry-red spot on the small, highly sensitive…

Seoul: City site: Known as Gangnam (“South River”), or “South City”—as opposed to Gangpuk (“North River”), or “North City,” north of the Han—the affluent area contains more than half the city’s population and, correspondingly, supplies half the local tax income. Gangnam is characterized by high-rise apartment blocks and new office…

PSY: …which contained the single “Gangnam Style,” a lighthearted dance song that mocked the pretensions of people wishing to be associated with that area of Seoul. The video for the single featured a deadpan PSY performing a distinctive comic “horse-riding” dance at various incongruously unstylish locations, including a horse stable…

Gangneung, city, Gangwon do (province), northeastern South Korea. A coastal city on the East Sea (Sea of Japan), it has been the administrative and economic center for the eastern areas of the Taebaek Mountains from ancient times. The city’s many historical remains include Ojukheon, the former home

Gangneung, city, Gangwon do (province), northeastern South Korea. A coastal city on the East Sea (Sea of Japan), it has been the administrative and economic center for the eastern areas of the Taebaek Mountains from ancient times. The city’s many historical remains include Ojukheon, the former home

Rajasthan: Festivals: …of those celebrations is the Gangaur festival, during which clay images of Mahadevi and Parvati (representing the benevolent aspects of the Hindu mother goddess) are worshipped by women of all castes for 15 days and are then taken out to be immersed in water. Another important festival, held at Pushkar…

Himalayas: Drainage of the Himalayas: …of which the largest, the Gangotri, is 20 miles (32 km) long and is one of the sources of the Ganges. The Khumbu Glacier drains the Everest region in Nepal and is one of the most popular routes for the ascent of the mountain. The rate of movement of the…

Gangotri, celebrated place of Hindu pilgrimage in Uttarakhand state in northern India. It is located near Shivaling Peak in the Himalayas, at the base of the Gangotri glacier and astride the Bhagirathi River, one of the two chief headstreams of the Ganges. Gangotri contains a small temple with

Uttarakhand: Pilgrimage centres: The shrine of Gangotri, in the northwestern part of the state, is situated in a cedar- and pine-wooded area at an elevation of nearly 10,000 feet (3,000 meters); submerged in a river at the site is the natural rock linga (phallic symbol of the god Shiva)…

Çankırı, city, north-central Turkey. It lies at the confluence of the Tatlı and the Acı rivers. Gangra, capital of the ancient Paphlagonian kings, was incorporated into the Roman province of Galatia (c. 6 bce) and renamed Germanicopolis. It was captured by the Seljuq Turks after their victory over

gangrene, localized death of animal soft tissue, caused by prolonged interruption of the blood supply that may result from injury or infection. Diseases in which gangrene is prone to occur include arteriosclerosis, diabetes, Raynaud’s disease, thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease), and

Kenneth Lonergan: …Oscar-nominated script for Martin Scorsese’s Gangs of New York (2002) before writing and directing Margaret, about a teenage girl (Anna Paquin) whose distraction of a bus driver (Ruffalo) results in a fatal accident. It was filmed in 2005, but editing disagreements between Lonergan and the studio—which led to three lawsuits—delayed…

James Cruze: …Road (1937), Prison Nurse (1938), Gangs of New York (1938; with a script by Samuel Fuller), and Come On, Leathernecks! (1938)—were programmatic features made for Republic, which was considered a mere picture mill among film studios, illustrating how far his once-lofty stature had slipped.

Tibet, historic region and autonomous region of China that is often called “the roof of the world.” It occupies a vast area of plateaus and mountains in Central Asia, including Mount Everest (Qomolangma [or Zhumulangma] Feng; Tibetan: Chomolungma). It is bordered by the Chinese provinces of Qinghai

gangsta rap, form of hip-hop music that became the genre’s dominant style in the 1990s, a reflection and product of the often violent lifestyle of American inner cities afflicted with poverty and the dangers of drug use and drug dealing. The romanticization of the outlaw at the center of much of