metabolism: End-product inhibition: This phenomenon, called end-product inhibition, is illustrated by the multienzyme, branched pathway for the formation from oxaloacetate of the aspartate family of amino acids. As mentioned previously in this article, only plants and microorganisms can synthesize many of these amino acids, most animals requiring such amino acids to…

diabetic nephropathy: …is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which is characterized by kidney failure, with the organ’s function reduced to less than one-tenth of normal capacity or lost completely.

end-Triassic extinction, global extinction event occurring at the end of the Triassic Period (about 252 million to 201 million years ago) that resulted in the demise of some 76 percent of all marine and terrestrial species and about 20 percent of all taxonomic families. It is thought that the

Endamoeba, protozoan genus of the rhizopodan order Amoebida that inhabits the intestines of invertebrates. It had been considered the same genus as Entamoeba (q.v.; the genus of the dysentery organism Entamoeba histolytica), but the two were recognized as separate genera in 1954 by the

endangered species: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: …generation times, or isolated habitats) Endangered (EN), species that possess a very high risk of extinction as a result of rapid population declines of 50 to more than 70 percent over the previous 10 years (or three generations), a current population size of fewer than 250 individuals, or other factors…

endangered species, any species that is at risk of extinction because of a sudden rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat. Biodiverse regions that require protection on the grounds that they host a significant number of endangered species are called hot spots. (Read E.O.

Endangered Species Act, U.S. federal law passed in 1973 that obligates federal and state governments to protect all species threatened with extinction that fall within the borders of the United States and its outlying territories. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) of the Department of the

Earth is home to more than 16,000 species of plants, animals, fungi, and algae that are currently listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In the U.S. alone, nearly 700 species of animals and 900 species of plants are considered threatened or endangered. Given that

20th-century international relations: The Philippines and Central America: Although the opposition civilian candidate, Guillermo Endara, appeared to win by a 3-to-1 margin, Noriega annulled the vote, declared his own puppet candidate the victor, and had Endara and other opponents beaten in the streets. President Bush dispatched 2,000 additional soldiers to U.S. bases in the Panama Canal Zone, and…

ghosts, word game in which each player in turn presents a letter that must contribute to the eventual formation of a word but not complete it. The player whose letter completes a word loses the round and becomes one-third of a ghost. Three losses make a player a full ghost, putting him out of the

forebrain: …vertebrate brain; it includes the telencephalon, which contains the cerebral hemispheres, and, under these, the diencephalon, which contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. The forebrain plays a central role in the processing of information related to complex cognitive activities, sensory and

automata theory: The finite automata of McCulloch and Pitts: …a solid dot (suggesting an endbulb of a neuron). A neuron may be assumed to have either an excitatory or an inhibitory effect on a succeeding one; and it may possess a threshold, or minimum number of unit messages, so to speak, that must be received from other neurons before…

Flores: Near Ende, historically the main city and once a mission center, is Mount Kelimutu, the “mountain of the three colored lakes.” In May 1974 a volcanic eruption on nearby Mount Iya caused one of the lakes—the blue-white one—to change to a reddish color, similar to the…

Worpswede school: …Becker (who later married Modersohn), Hans am Ende, Fritz Overbeck, and Heinrich Vogeler. Clara Westoff, a talented sculptor, also worked at Worpswede, where she met the German poet Rainer Maria Rilke, whom she married in 1901. Two years later Rilke published a book, Worpswede, discussing the artists and the landscape.

Japanese architecture: The modern period: The German architects Hermann Ende and Wilhelm Böckmann were active in Japan from the late 1880s. Their expertise in the construction of government ministry buildings was applied to the growing complex of such structures in the Kasumigaseki area of Tokyo. The now much-altered Ministry of Justice building (1895)…

James Cook: Voyages and discoveries: …Whitby coal-hauling bark renamed HMS Endeavour, then four years old, of just 368 tons and less than 98 feet (30 metres) long. Cook’s orders were to convey gentlemen of the Royal Society and their assistants to Tahiti to observe the transit of the planet Venus across the Sun. That done,…

Anya Taylor-Joy: First roles and The Witch: …television shows Vampire Academy and Endeavour. The following year she landed a part in The Witch, a supernatural horror film about a family tormented by black magic while living in the New England wilderness in the 1630s. The small-budget film performed well at festivals and was a critical success, with…

space shuttle: Spacecraft and missions: In 1992, Endeavour, a replacement orbiter for the destroyed Challenger, flew its first mission.

Mars Exploration Rover: …km [14 miles] in diameter) Endeavour crater.

John Endecott was a colonial governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and cofounder of Salem, Mass., under whose leadership the new colony made rapid progress. Little is known of Endecott before 1628, when, as one of the six grantees of the New England Company for a Plantation in Massachusetts, he

disease: Epidemiology: …it is considered to be endemic in that area. When the prevalence of disease is subject to wide fluctuations in time, it is considered to be epidemic during periods of high prevalence. Epidemics prevailing over wide geographic areas are called pandemics.

Homo floresiensis: … may have been caused by island dwarfing, or endemic dwarfing, a process whereby some creatures confined to isolated habitats such as islands are known to have become smaller over time. Such dwarfing has never been seen in the remains of other members of the human family, which show that stature…

pellagra, nutritional disorder caused by a dietary deficiency of niacin (also called nicotinic acid) or a failure of the body to absorb this vitamin or the amino acid tryptophan, which is converted to niacin in the body. Pellagra is characterized by skin lesions and by gastrointestinal and

goitre: …common type of goitre is endemic goitre, caused by iodine deficiency. Iodine is an essential nutrient that is required for the production of thyroid hormone. When iodine intake is low, thyroid hormone production is low, and in response the pituitary gland secretes greater quantities of the hormone thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone,…

endemic species, in ecology, any species or other taxon whose geographic range or distribution is confined to a single given area. Although the species may inhabit a very small area, such as a single lake, or its range may extend across an entire continent, it is considered endemic if it is not

bejel, chronic infection characterized by eruptions initially in the mouth and on the skin and typically later involving the bones. Bejel is a nonvenereal form of syphilis. It is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum endemicum, which is closely related to T. pallidum pallidum, the cause of

biogeographic region: Endemism: A taxon whose distribution is confined to a given area is said to be endemic to that area. The taxon may be of any rank, although it is usually at a family level or below, and its range of distribution may be wide, spanning…

Benedict de Spinoza: Association with Collegiants and Quakers: …likely that he stayed with Franciscus van den Enden, a political radical and former Jesuit, and taught classes at the school that van den Enden had established in Amsterdam.

Viola Davis: The Help and How to Get Away with Murder: …drama about missing children; and Ender’s Game (2013), a science-fiction adventure movie.

Kornelia Ender is a former swimmer from East Germany who was the first woman to win four gold medals at a single Olympics. Ender’s natural ability was spotted when she was a child playing on family vacations, and she was trained from a young age by demanding East German coaches who included

Otto Ender was a statesman and government official who served as chancellor of Austria during the early months of the Great Depression. Ender served (1918–30, 1931–34) as governor of the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, on the Swiss border, and after World War I he negotiated unsuccessfully for the

Enderbury Atoll, one of the Phoenix Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean, about 1,650 miles (2,660 km) southwest of Hawaii. Its lagoon is shallow and brackish. The coral island has an area of 2.5 square miles (6.5 square km). The atoll was discovered (1823) by J.J. Coffin of

Enderbury Atoll, one of the Phoenix Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean, about 1,650 miles (2,660 km) southwest of Hawaii. Its lagoon is shallow and brackish. The coral island has an area of 2.5 square miles (6.5 square km). The atoll was discovered (1823) by J.J. Coffin of

Enderby Land, region of Antarctica, bordering on the Indian Ocean and extending from Prince Olav Coast of Queen Maud Land (west) to Edward VIII Bay and Kemp Coast (east). Primarily a barren, ice-capped plateau in the interior sections, it rises to rugged peaks along the coast, where the Napier

Anthony Burgess: …of Saint Venus (1964) and Enderby Outside (1968). The latter is part of a series of humorous novels centred around the lyric poet F.X. Enderby, whom many critics have seen as a stand-in for Burgess himself. His later works include Earthly Powers (1980), The End of the World News (1983),…

metalwork: 16th century to modern: …Briot was copied by Caspar Enderlein, who modeled his own Temperantia Dish directly on Briot’s. The decoration on the ewer that went with it was modeled on Briot’s Mars Dish and on a piece known as the Suzannah Dish, which is also attributed to Briot.

John Franklin Enders was an American virologist and microbiologist who, with Frederick C. Robbins and Thomas H. Weller, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for 1954 for his part in cultivating the poliomyelitis virus in nonnervous-tissue cultures, a preliminary step to the

Turkish literature: Movements and poets: Fazıl Enderunî went even further in his development of the şehrengiz (city-description) genres, of which Hubanname (“The Book of Beauties”), Zenanname (“The Book of Women”), and Çengîname (“The Book of Dancing Boys”) were part. All of these are replete with dialogue and descriptions that are…

Endesa, Spanish energy company that is one of the largest private conglomerates in the world. Headquarters are in Madrid. Endesa’s activities are aimed at generating, transporting, distributing, and selling electrical energy and related services. The company was founded by the Spanish government in

Endgame, play in one act by Samuel Beckett, written in French as Fin de partie and produced and published in 1957. It was translated into English by the author. Endgame has four characters: Hamm, the master, who is blind, wheelchair-bound, and demanding; Clov, his resentful servant, physically

chess: Computer extension of chess theory: …series of discoveries in basic endgames. By working backward from positions of checkmate, Thompson was able to build up an enormous number of variations showing every possible way of reaching the final ones. This has been possible with only the most elementary endgames, with no more than five pieces on…

Angola: Resources and power: The National Diamond Enterprise of Angola, a parastatal company, is responsible for approving diamond concessions, and it also licenses buyers. In 1992–94 most Angolan diamonds on the market were mined and smuggled from regions controlled by UNITA. The Angolan government gained control of this area in…

John Endecott was a colonial governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and cofounder of Salem, Mass., under whose leadership the new colony made rapid progress. Little is known of Endecott before 1628, when, as one of the six grantees of the New England Company for a Plantation in Massachusetts, he

John Lyly: …finest is considered to be Endimion, which some critics hold a masterpiece.

African music: Fiddles: … of Ethiopia and Eritrea and endingidi of Uganda—the last being a 20th-century invention.

Shailene Woodley: Later roles: Big Little Lies: …costarred in the romantic drama Endings, Beginnings (2019).

endive, (Cichorium endivia), edible annual leafy plant of the family Asteraceae, variously believed to have originated in Egypt and Indonesia and cultivated in Europe since the 16th century. Its many varieties form two groups, the curly-leaved, or narrow-leaved, endive (crispa), and the Batavian,

number symbolism: 11: Sandwiched between the two auspicious and important numbers 10 and 12, the number 11 generally has negative connotations. Bungus stated that 11 has no connection with the divine, and medieval theology refers to the “11 heads of error.” Because at any time one of…

Constantin Brancusi: Maturity of Constantin Brancusi: …the first version of the Endless Column. Created through the repetition of superimposed symmetrical elements, this column, inspired by the pillars of Romanian peasant houses, embodied the need for spiritual elevation that Brancusi often expressed in his works.

Frederick John Kiesler: Kiesler’s “Endless House” was never built full-scale, but a large concrete model was displayed at the Museum of Modern Art, New York City, in 1960. More sculpture than architecture, the house consisted of a group of joined, rounded, shell structures on piers that could be used…

Lawrence Ferlinghetti: …his poems were published as Endless Life (1981) and These Are My Rivers (1995). In 1988 Ferlinghetti published a short novel, Love in the Days of Rage, about a romance during the student revolution in France in 1968.

Lionel Richie: Career with the Commodores and songwriting talent: …with whom he recorded “Endless Love” in 1981. Such musical excursions accelerated Richie’s rapid rise in popularity and ultimately precipitated his split from the Commodores.

Tom Cruise: Breakout roles in the 1980s: …made his film debut in Endless Love (1981). He had supporting roles in such movies as Taps (1981) and The Outsiders (1983) before starring as a high-school senior who turns his parents’ home into a brothel in Risky Business (1983). The movie was a major success, earning Cruise widespread recognition.…

Alejandro Jodorowsky: Later films, comic books, and psychomagic: …movie, Poesía sin fin (2016; Endless Poetry), was also autobiographical, chronicling Jodorowsky as a young man.

Pink Floyd: Split and later albums: …the final Pink Floyd album, The Endless River (2014). Pink Floyd was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.

the Who: …that made up part of Endless Wire (2006), which was the first album of new Who material since 1982. On it Townshend and Daltrey were supported by drummer Zak Starkey (son of Ringo Starr) and Townshend’s brother Simon on guitar, among others. A full-blown musical based on this material and…

Stephan Endlicher was an Austrian botanist who formulated a major system of plant classification. Endlicher turned from the study of theology to that of natural history and medicine while at the Universities of Budapest and Vienna (M.D., 1840). In 1836 he became curator of the Vienna Museum of

Stephan Endlicher was an Austrian botanist who formulated a major system of plant classification. Endlicher turned from the study of theology to that of natural history and medicine while at the Universities of Budapest and Vienna (M.D., 1840). In 1836 he became curator of the Vienna Museum of

Edith Stein: …she completed her metaphysical work Endliches und ewiges Sein (“Finite and Eternal Being”), an attempt to synthesize the diverse philosophies of Aquinas and Husserl. Other philosophical and spiritual works followed. In 1938, with the Nazi threat growing, she was transferred to the Carmelite convent at Echt in the Netherlands, where…

vanadinite: Endlichite is a highly arsenious variety; the complete substitution of arsenic for vanadium in the crystal structure forms the mineral mimetite. For detailed physical properties, see vanadate mineral (table).

final solution, Nazi plan to eliminate Europe’s Jewish population. The “final solution” was implemented from 1941 to 1945 and resulted in the systematic murder of 6 million Jews across 21 countries. The “final solution” was the culmination of a state-sponsored campaign against Jewish citizens in

final solution, Nazi plan to eliminate Europe’s Jewish population. The “final solution” was implemented from 1941 to 1945 and resulted in the systematic murder of 6 million Jews across 21 countries. The “final solution” was the culmination of a state-sponsored campaign against Jewish citizens in

Endō Shūsaku was a Japanese writer noted for his examination of the relationship between East and West through a Christian perspective. His masterpiece is generally regarded to be the novel Silence (1966), which has been adapted into a film several times. Endō was the younger of two sons born to

bivalve: Size range and diversity of structure: Such a shell form and habit evolved first within sediments (endobyssate), where the byssus serves for anchorage and protection when formed into an enclosing nest. Other bivalves have used the byssus to attach securely within crevices and thus to assume a laterally flattened, circular shape. The best…

cannibalism: …his relatives, a form called endocannibalism. Some Aboriginal Australians performed such practices as acts of respect. In other cases, ritual cannibalism occurred as a part of the drama of secret societies.

endocarditis, inflammation of the heart lining, or endocardium. Endocarditis is caused by any of a number of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, rickettsias, and possibly viruses, that enter the bloodstream and become trapped in the heart. The disease is characterized by the presence of

animal development: Circulatory organs: …tube, which will become the endocardium, or lining of the heart. In vertebrates with complete cleavage, the endocardial tube is single and medial from its start. In higher vertebrates with meroblastic cleavage—reptiles, birds, and mammals—the embryo in early stages of development is flattened out on the surface of the yolk…

angiosperm: Fruits: …regions: the inner layer, or endocarp; the middle layer, or mesocarp; and the outer layer, or exocarp. These regions may be fleshy or dry (sclerified) or any combination of the two, but they are classified as either one or the other.

linguistics: Syntax: …described as endocentric; the only endocentric construction in the model sentence above is “poor John.” All the other constructions, according to the analysis, are exocentric. This is clear from the fact that in Figure 2 the letters at the nodes above every phrase other than the phrase A + B…

cervix: …of the cervix is the endocervical canal; the opening of the endocervical canal into the uterine cavity, the internal os. The endocervical canal transports sperm into the uterine cavity, allows the escape of blood from the uterus during menstruation, and supplies mucus (a thick lubricating protein) to the female reproductive…

bone formation: …by bone is known as endochondral ossification. Most short bones have a single ossification centre near the middle of the bone; long bones of the arms and legs typically have three, one at the centre of the bone and one at each end. Ossification of long bones proceeds until only…

human ear: Transduction of mechanical vibrations: …of this process is the endocochlear potential, which exists between the endolymph and perilymph. This direct current potential difference is about +80 millivolts and results from the difference in potassium content between the two fluids. It is thought to be maintained by the continual transport of potassium ions from the…

endocranial cast, a cast taken from the inside of the cranium (braincase), frequently used by paleoanthropologists to determine the shape and approximate size of the brains of fossil animals including extinct hominids and other primates. Since only skeletal materials are preserved in the fossil

endocrine disruptor, any chemical that mimics or interferes with the normal actions of hormones in the body. Endocrine disruptors may be synthetic or natural (e.g., phytoestrogens) in origin and are used in a wide range of products and materials, from cosmetics and plastics to pesticides and

human digestive system: Production and secretion of peptides: Eighteen different endocrine cells can be identified within the gastrointestinal tract, but it is probable that several of these and their particular peptides are evolutionary vestiges that functioned in other stages of human development, while others may represent different stages of maturation of the same endocrine cell.

endocrine disruptor, any chemical that mimics or interferes with the normal actions of hormones in the body. Endocrine disruptors may be synthetic or natural (e.g., phytoestrogens) in origin and are used in a wide range of products and materials, from cosmetics and plastics to pesticides and

endocrine disruptor, any chemical that mimics or interferes with the normal actions of hormones in the body. Endocrine disruptors may be synthetic or natural (e.g., phytoestrogens) in origin and are used in a wide range of products and materials, from cosmetics and plastics to pesticides and

endocrine system, any of the systems found in animals for the production of hormones, substances that regulate the functioning of the organism. Such a system may range, at its simplest, from the neurosecretory, involving one or more centres in the nervous system, to the complex array of glands

human endocrine system, group of ductless glands that regulate body processes by secreting chemical substances called hormones. Hormones act on nearby tissues or are carried in the bloodstream to act on specific target organs and distant tissues. Diseases of the endocrine system can result from the

endocrine disruptor, any chemical that mimics or interferes with the normal actions of hormones in the body. Endocrine disruptors may be synthetic or natural (e.g., phytoestrogens) in origin and are used in a wide range of products and materials, from cosmetics and plastics to pesticides and

endocrinology, medical discipline dealing with the role of hormones and other biochemical mediators in regulating bodily functions and with the treatment of imbalances of these hormones. Although some endocrine diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, have been known since antiquity, endocrinology

arthropod: The exoskeleton and molting: …outer exocuticle and an inner endocuticle. In the exocuticle there is cross-bonding of the chitin–protein chains (tanning), which provides additional strength to the skeletal material. The hardness of various parts of the exoskeleton in different arthropods is related to the thickness and degree of tanning of the exocuticle. In crustaceans,…

horizontal gene transfer: … bacteria to the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is suspected to have facilitated the latter organism’s adaptation to its animal hosts. Likewise, the exchange of a gene from a human cell to the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae—a transfer that appears to have occurred relatively recently in the bacterium’s evolution—may have enabled the…

endoderm, the innermost of the three germ layers, or masses of cells (lying within ectoderm and mesoderm), which appears early in the development of an animal embryo. The endoderm subsequently gives rise to the epithelium (tissue that covers, or lines, a structure) of the pharynx, including the

endoderm: …used to refer to the gastrodermis, the simple tissue that lines the digestive cavity of cnidarians and ctenophores. Compare ectoderm; mesoderm.

cortex: …a cell layer called the endodermis. The cell walls of the endodermis possess a woody and corky band, called the casparian strip, around all the cell walls except those facing toward the axis and the surface of the root or stem. The endodermis with its casparian strips may function in…

endodontics, in dentistry, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases of the dental pulp and the surrounding tissues. (The dental pulp is soft tissue in the centre of the tooth; it contains the nerve, blood and lymphatic vessels, and connective tissue.) The practice of endodontics is

gastropod: Classification: …mainly in Southern Hemisphere (Endodontidae); slugs (Arionidae and Philomycidae) in the Northern Hemisphere. Superfamily Limacacea Marginal teeth of radula with narrow, lengthened basal plates, usually unicuspid; zonitid snails with smooth shells and many sluglike species, common in wet, tropical areas and in temperate regions; about 12 families,

chemical reaction: Energy considerations: The opposite of endothermic is exothermic; in an exothermic reaction, energy as heat is evolved. The more general terms exoergic (energy evolved) and endoergic (energy required) are used when forms of energy other than heat are involved.

endogamy, custom enjoining one to marry within one’s own group. The penalties for transgressing endogamous restrictions have varied greatly among cultures and have ranged from death to mild disapproval. When marriage to an outside group is mandated, it is referred to as exogamy. Endogamy has been

gold processing: Ores: …at the Earth’s surface) and endogenetic (formed within the Earth). The best-known of the exogenetic ores is alluvial gold. Alluvial gold refers to gold found in riverbeds, streambeds, and floodplains. It is invariably elemental gold and usually made up of very fine particles. Alluvial gold deposits are formed through the…

gold processing: Ores: …at the Earth’s surface) and endogenetic (formed within the Earth). The best-known of the exogenetic ores is alluvial gold. Alluvial gold refers to gold found in riverbeds, streambeds, and floodplains. It is invariably elemental gold and usually made up of very fine particles. Alluvial gold deposits are formed through the…

economics: Growth and development: …the 1990s was labeled “endogenous growth theory” because it attempted to explain technical change as the result of profit-motivated research and development (R&D) expenditure by private firms. This was driven by competition along the lines of what Schumpeter called product innovations (as distinct from process innovations). In contrast to…

psychosis: …into two categories: organic and functional. Organic psychoses are characterized by abnormal brain function that is caused by a known physical abnormality, which in most cases is some organic disease of the brain. However, altered brain function that precipitates hallucinations and delusions is more often associated with specific psychiatric disorders,…

retrovirus: So-called endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are persistent features of the genomes of many animals. ERVs consist of the genetic material of extinct, or “fossil,” viruses, the genomic constitution of which is similar to that of extant retroviruses. Human ERVs (HERVs) have become distributed within human DNA over…

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Endogonales Saprotrophic or mycorrhizal; filamentous; coenocytic mycelium; underground sporocarp; example genera include Endogone, Peridiospora, Sclerogone, and Youngiomyces. Order Mortierellales Parasitic or saprotrophic; fine mycelium, branched (arachnoid); sporangia with 1 or many spores; may form chlamydospores

human ear: Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea: …motion is transmitted to the endolymph inside the cochlear duct. As a result the basilar membrane vibrates, which causes the organ of Corti to move against the tectoral membrane, stimulating generation of nerve impulses to the brain.

sound reception: Sound reception in vertebrates— auditory mechanisms of fishes and amphibians: … and the saccule is the endolymphatic duct, which ends in an endolymphatic sac; this structure probably regulates fluid pressures in the labyrinth and aids in the disposal of waste materials.

Ménière disease, recurrent and generally progressive group of symptoms that include loss of hearing, ringing in the ears, dizziness, and a sense of fullness or pressure in the ears. Ménière disease can affect one or both ears. The disease causes episodic attacks that seldom last longer than 24

endometriosis: …has shown promise involves endometrial biopsy, in which tissue samples are investigated for the presence of abnormal nerve fibres. Clinical trials have indicated that this approach may be useful in the early detection of endometriosis.