music: Ancient Greek ideas: …3rd-century voice was that of Sextus Empiricus, who said that music was an art of tones and rhythms only that meant nothing outside itself.

Richard Avenarius: …theory of knowledge known as empiriocriticism, according to which the major task of philosophy is to develop a “natural concept of the world” based on pure experience. Traditional metaphysicians believed in two categories of experience, inner and outer, and held that outer experience applies to sensory perception, which supplies raw…

employee association, in U.S. private industry, an organization of employees that is concerned primarily with welfare and recreational activities. In public employment, employee associations also advocate legislative and administrative action in matters of compensation and working conditions.

fringe benefit, any nonwage payment or benefit (e.g., pension plans, profit-sharing programs, vacation pay, and company-paid life, health, and unemployment insurance programs) granted to employees by employers. It may be required by law, granted unilaterally by employers, or obtained through

human resources management, the management of the people in working organizations. It is also frequently called personnel management, industrial relations, employee relations, manpower management, and personnel administration. It represents a major subcategory of general management, focusing

organized labour: Establishment of industrial unionism: , company unions) that they had hoped would satisfy the requirements of New Deal labour policy. But when that strategy failed, managers were prepared to have their workplace regimes incorporated into contractual relationships with independent unions within the terms of the Wagner Act.

What is ERISA and how does it protect workers?: What is ERISA?: The Employee Retirement Income Security Act, commonly referred to as ERISA, was passed by Congress in 1974 to establish federal standards for employer-sponsored benefit plans. Lawmakers enacted ERISA after concerns grew that workers were losing promised retirement benefits because of poor management, company abuses, and underfunded…

What’s better than earning a salary? How about earning a salary with incentive stock options that pay off if your employer does well (thanks in part to your hard work)? Employers like them, too. Not only do they help to align incentives, but depending on how the options are structured, the employer

An employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) is a qualified retirement plan that’s primarily invested in employer stock. Rather than employees deferring part of their pay into a retirement account and receiving a company match, as with a 401(k), ESOPs are funded entirely by the employer, typically

employee training, vocational instruction for employed persons. During and after World War II, in-service training by employers became a common practice. The rapid changeover in industry from peace to war led to training schemes for semiskilled workers, for workers transferred to new jobs, and for

Roy Del Ruth: Early films: …anything to increase circulation, and Employees’ Entrance (1933) starred Warren William as an unscrupulous department-store manager who wreaks havoc on the lives of those around him. Del Ruth handled five more films in 1933: The Little Giant, with Edward G. Robinson in good comic form as a beer baron who,…

ARCHIVED TOPIC: This topic was archived on March 11, 2025, and will no longer be updated. Although the debate about employer vaccine mandates in the United States recently centered upon COVID-19 requirements, mandates and the debate about them are as old as the country itself. The first American

United Kingdom: Gladstone and Disraeli: By the Employers and Workmen Act of 1875, “masters” and “men” were put on an equal footing regarding breaches of contract, while by the Trade-Union Act of 1875, which went much further than the Liberal Act of 1871, trade unionists were allowed to engage in peaceful picketing…

Abundance and Unemployment: Our Future: …significant and rapid loss of jobs, from truck driver to anesthesiologist. Don’t get me wrong: it is not the magnitude of this change that worries me. I believe that people are continually losing their jobs to increasing technology and ultimately “upskilling” themselves (in partnership with technology) to become even better…

government economic policy: Stabilization theory: …the United States in the Employment Act of 1946, which stated: “The Congress hereby declares that it is the continuing policy and responsibility of the Federal Government to . . . promote maximum employment, production and purchasing power.” The Employment Act was less specific as to policy than the British…

employment agency, an organization to help workers find employment and employers find workers. Employment agencies may be either privately owned or publicly provided or managed. Their services are available to the unemployed, to those who seek different or better jobs, and to employers. A private

New Zealand: Labour and taxation: …after the passage of the Employment Contracts Act (1991), which ended compulsory union membership, the number of union members fell dramatically.

Antonin Scalia: Judicial philosophy: …ruling for the majority in Employment Division v. Smith (1990), which reduced the level of scrutiny that courts needed to apply in considering the validity of government restrictions on the free exercise of religion.

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.: Dissenting opinions: In Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990), however, the court held that the balancing test must be abandoned because it “would create an extraordinary right to ignore generally applicable laws that are not supported by ‘compelling governmental interest’ on the basis…

Immanuel Kant: Tutor and Privatdozent: Continet Monadologiam Physicam (1756; The Employment in Natural Philosophy of Metaphysics Combined with Geometry, of Which Sample I Contains the Physical Monadology)—also known as the Monodologia Physica—contrasted the Newtonian methods of thinking with those employed in the philosophy then prevailing in German universities. This was the philosophy of Gottfried…

workers’ compensation, social welfare program through which employers bear some of the cost of their employees’ work-related injuries and occupational diseases. Workers’ compensation was first introduced in Germany in 1884, and by the middle of the 20th century most countries in the world had some

payroll tax, levy imposed on wages and salaries. In contrast to income taxes, payroll taxes do not include income from capital sources such as dividends and interest. Taxes on payrolls are seldom used as a source of general revenues, although in some developing countries the income tax base may

government economic policy: Stabilization theory: …system does not automatically generate full employment and stable prices and that governments should pursue deliberate stabilization policies. There has been much controversy among economists over the substance and meaning of Keynes’s theoretical contribution. Essentially, he argued that high levels of unemployment might persist indefinitely unless governments took monetary and…

leafhopper: Major species: The potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) is a destructive potato pest that causes that plant’s leaves to turn brown and curl; the insect plugs the plant’s xylem and phloem vessels, thus interfering with the transportation of food products. Adult potato leafhoppers are green with white spots on…

leafhopper: Major species: The apple leafhopper (Empoasca maligna) causes apple foliage to pale and become specked with white spots. The adult insects are greenish white, and they are host specific for either apple or rose. There is one generation per year.

Empoli, town, Toscana (Tuscany) regione, north-central Italy, on the lower Arno River. During the medieval Florentine wars, Empoli was the scene of the Ghibelline congress of 1260, where Farinata degli Uberti successfully opposed the destruction of defeated Florence, an episode referred to in

Emporia, city, seat (1860) of Lyon county, east-central Kansas, U.S. It lies between the Cottonwood and Neosho rivers. Established in 1857 by a town company whose charter prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol within the town site, it was named after a legendary ancient city in North Africa

Emporia: The Emporia Gazette became probably the best-known and respected “small-town” newspaper in the United States under the editorship of William Allen White, who bought it in 1895. The William Allen White House is a state historic site. The city is now the trading and shipping…

Emporia State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Emporia, Kansas, U.S. It consists of the schools of Business and of Library and Information Management, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and the Teachers College. In addition to undergraduate studies, the

Emporia State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Emporia, Kansas, U.S. It consists of the schools of Business and of Library and Information Management, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and the Teachers College. In addition to undergraduate studies, the

Phocaea: …as Massilia (Marseille, France) and Emporion (Ampurias in northeastern Spain). When Phocaea was besieged by the Persians about 545 bce, most of the citizens chose emigration rather than submission. In 190 bce, allied with the Seleucids against Rome and Pergamum, the Phocaeans so savagely repelled the Roman forces that the…

Phocaea: …as Massilia (Marseille, France) and Emporion (Ampurias in northeastern Spain). When Phocaea was besieged by the Persians about 545 bce, most of the citizens chose emigration rather than submission. In 190 bce, allied with the Seleucids against Rome and Pergamum, the Phocaeans so savagely repelled the Roman forces that the…

Steve Forbes: …of free-market economics, he founded Empower America, a group advocating so-called supply-side policies, including low taxes and deregulation, as the best means of stimulating growth.

Cuba: Transportation and telecommunications: The Cuban Aviation Enterprise (Empresa Cubana de Aviación), or Cubana, is the state-run airline. International airports operate at Havana, Santiago de Cuba, Camagüey, and Varadero, and domestic airports serve Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas, La Colonia (in Pinar del Río), Nueva Gerona, and several other locations.

Varig, Brazilian airline founded on May 7, 1927, with the assistance of a Berlin trading concern, Kondor Syndicat, which had begun flights in the state of Rio Grande do Sul the previous January. Thereafter, Varig opened several more intrastate routes. Major expansion did not begin until 1953,

Angola: Resources and power: The National Diamond Enterprise of Angola, a parastatal company, is responsible for approving diamond concessions, and it also licenses buyers. In 1992–94 most Angolan diamonds on the market were mined and smuggled from regions controlled by UNITA. The Angolan government gained control of this area in…

Endesa, Spanish energy company that is one of the largest private conglomerates in the world. Headquarters are in Madrid. Endesa’s activities are aimed at generating, transporting, distributing, and selling electrical energy and related services. The company was founded by the Spanish government in

emperor: …female rulers were always called empress; both males and females held both titles, i.e., tsar (or tsaritsa) and imperator (or imperatritsa).

Cixi was the consort of the Xianfeng emperor (reigned 1850–61), mother of the Tongzhi emperor (reigned 1861–75), adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor (reigned 1875–1908), and a towering presence over the Chinese empire for almost half a century. By maintaining authority over the Manchu imperial

Victoria was the consort of the emperor Frederick III of Germany and the eldest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Great Britain. Well-educated and multilingual from childhood (spent largely at Windsor and Buckingham Palace), Victoria remained all her life strongly devoted to England and,

José Sarria was a Latino American drag performer and political activist who was the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States. (He ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors—the legislative body of the city and county—in 1961). Sarria was the

Empress of Blandings, fictional creature, a huge Berkshire sow resembling a balloon with ears and a tail, in stories and novels by P.G. Wodehouse. She is the property and pride of Lord Emsworth, and she has won three consecutive Fat Pigs silver medals at the Shropshire Agricultural Show. In the

Oscar Hijuelos: Empress of the Splendid Season (1999) continues the examination of immigrant life, this time revealing the discrepancy between the characters’ rich self-images and their banal lives. In Beautiful María of My Soul; or, The True Story of María García y Cifuentes, the Lady Behind a…

Sir Richard Empson was an English lawyer and minister of King Henry VII, remembered, with Edmund Dudley, for his unpopular administration of the crown revenues. Empson studied law in the Middle Temple and from 1475 held posts in Northamptonshire and then in Lancaster. From March 1486 Henry VII

William Empson was an English critic and poet known for his immense influence on 20th-century literary criticism and for his rational, metaphysical poetry. The youngest of five children, Empson was born to Arthur Reginald Empson and Laura Empson, in East Riding of Yorkshire, a county in

emptiness, in mysticism and religion, a state of “pure consciousness” in which the mind has been emptied of all particular objects and images; also, the undifferentiated reality (a world without distinctions and multiplicity) or quality of reality that the emptied mind reflects or manifests. The

Alberto Moravia: La noia (1960; The Empty Canvas) is the story of a painter unable to find meaning either in love or work. Many of Moravia’s books were made into motion pictures.

Graham Greene: Other works of fiction and nonfiction: The unfinished manuscript The Empty Chair, a murder mystery that Greene began writing in 1926, was discovered in 2008; serialization of it began the following year.

the Who: …Who-like rock records such as Empty Glass (1980) to The Iron Man (1989), a less-successful experiment in musical theatre that nevertheless paved the way for the triumphant delivery of Tommy to Broadway in 1993. Townshend, Daltrey, and Entwistle reunited for tours in 1989 and 1996–97. The Who was about to…

Abraham Cruzvillegas: Empty Lot was an installation for the inaugural Hyundai Commission at Tate Modern in London. The artist did not regard it finished until the exhibition closed on April 3, 2016. Six months earlier his team had collected earth from 36 locations across Greater London to…

microscope: The theory of image formation: This latter condition is called empty magnification.

Joel Grey: Grey’s other films included The Empty Mirror (1996), in which he played Joseph Goebbels; Lars von Trier’s Dancer in the Dark (2000); Choke (2008); and tick, tick…BOOM! (2021), a musical directed by Lin-Manuel Miranda.

The Golden Girls: Accolades, camp appeal, and legacy: A spin-off series, Empty Nest, debuted in 1988 and ran until 1995.

Rubʿ al-Khali, vast desert region in the southern Arabian Peninsula, constituting the largest portion of the Arabian Desert. It covers an area of about 250,000 square miles (650,000 square km) in a structural basin lying mainly in southeastern Saudi Arabia, with lesser portions in Yemen, Oman, and

formal logic: Set theory: …same, there is only one null class, which is therefore usually called the null class (or sometimes the empty class); it is symbolized by Λ or ø. The notation x = y is used for “x is identical with y,” and ∼(x = y) is usually abbreviated as x ≠…

history of logic: Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF): Axiom of elementary sets. There exists a set with no members: the null, or empty, set. For any two objects a and b, there exists a set (unit set) having as its only member a, as well as a set having as its only members…

Olga Tokarczuk: Novels and other works: …2024 she published Empuzjon (The Empusium), her first novel since winning the Nobel Prize. Set in a Polish sanitarium on the eve of World War I, the book is a subversive reimagining of Thomas Mann’s classic work The Magic Mountain (1924).

Olga Tokarczuk: Novels and other works: …2024 she published Empuzjon (The Empusium), her first novel since winning the Nobel Prize. Set in a Polish sanitarium on the eve of World War I, the book is a subversive reimagining of Thomas Mann’s classic work The Magic Mountain (1924).

empyema, accumulation of pus in a cavity of the body, usually in the pleura, which are the serous membranes covering the lungs. Empyema is the result of a microbial, usually bacterial, infection in a body cavity. Thoracic empyema may be characterized by fever, coughing, shortness of breath, and

Yunus Emre was a poet and mystic who exercised a powerful influence on Turkish literature. Though legend obscures the facts of his life, he is known to have been a Sufi (Islamic mystic) who sat for 40 years at the feet of his master, Tapduk Emre. Yunus Emre was well versed in mystical philosophy,

MRSA: Mechanisms of resistance: …strains of epidemic MRSA (EMRSA), which first appeared in the early 1990s—their emergence corresponding to the dramatic increase in MRSA infections in the following years. The mechanism of MRSA resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics remains unclear. It is suspected that, in people simultaneously infected with MRSA and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE),…

maglev: Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) and electrodynamic suspension (EDS): Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) uses the attractive force between magnets present on the train’s sides and underside and on the guideway to levitate the train. A variation on EMS, called Transrapid, employs an electromagnet to lift the train off the guideway. The attraction from magnets present…

European Union: Creation of the European Economic Community: …in the establishment of the European Monetary System in 1979.

Ems River, river, northwestern Germany. It rises on the south slope of the Teutoburger Forest and flows generally northwest and north through the Länder of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony to the east side of the Dollart (baylike enlargement of its estuary), immediately south of Emden. It

Ems telegram, report of an encounter between King William I of Prussia and the French ambassador; the telegram was sent from Ems (Bad Ems) in the Prussian Rhineland on July 13, 1870, to the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. Its publication in a version edited by Bismarck so as to purposely

Ukraine: Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule: …a secret imperial decree, the Ems Ukaz, of Alexander II in 1876 and extended to the publication of belles lettres in Ukrainian, the importation of Ukrainian-language books, and public readings and stage performances in the language. The prohibition even extended to education—a major contributing factor to the low rate of…

Hieronymus Emser was a German theologian, lecturer, editor, and polemicist who is remembered chiefly for his long public controversy with Martin Luther at the onset of the Reformation. Emser studied humanities at the University of Tübingen and jurisprudence and theology at the University of Basel.

Emsian Stage, uppermost of the three standard worldwide divisions of Early Devonian rocks and time. Emsian time spans the interval between 407.6 million and 393.3 million years ago. The Emsian Stage was named for exposures studied in the region of the Ems River in western Germany, where it consists

Emsland, region along the lower Ems River, in Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies on both sides of the river, from the town of Lingen to the Ems estuary. Comprising a belt about 60 miles (100 km) long from south to north and 6–9 miles (10–15 km) wide, it includes three strips

Sir Richard Empson was an English lawyer and minister of King Henry VII, remembered, with Edmund Dudley, for his unpopular administration of the crown revenues. Empson studied law in the Middle Temple and from 1475 held posts in Northamptonshire and then in Lancaster. From March 1486 Henry VII

Lord Emsworth, fictional character, the elderly absentminded ninth proprietor of Blandings Castle, Shropshire, Eng., the setting of many short stories and novels by P.G. Wodehouse—from Something Fresh (1915) to his final, unfinished Sunset at Blandings (1977). Lord Emsworth is almost invariably

Lord Emsworth, fictional character, the elderly absentminded ninth proprietor of Blandings Castle, Shropshire, Eng., the setting of many short stories and novels by P.G. Wodehouse—from Something Fresh (1915) to his final, unfinished Sunset at Blandings (1977). Lord Emsworth is almost invariably

search engine: History: …at McGill University in Montreal—Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan, and Peter Deutsch—created the first search engine, Archie (short for archive). Archie did not seek out Web pages, since the World Wide Web would not exist for another year, but the names of files hosted on FTP (file transfer protocol) servers.…

emu, (Dromaius novaehollandiae), flightless bird of Australia that is the second largest living bird: the emu is more than 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall and may weigh more than 45 kg (100 pounds). The emu is the sole living member of the family Dromaiidae (or Dromiceiidae) of the order Casuariiformes,

euro: Origins of the euro: …included the creation of an economic and monetary union (EMU).

Burnie, city and port, northern Tasmania, Australia. Burnie is situated on Emu Bay, an inlet of Bass Strait, at the mouth of the Emu River. Established in the late 1820s by the Van Diemen’s Land Company as Emu Bay Settlement, the settlement was renamed to honour a company director, William Burnie,

Emu War, short-lived and ultimately unsuccessful military operation to address the issue of emus—large flightless birds native to Australia—damaging large amounts of crops in Western Australia. The campaign lasted from November to December 1932. Three members of the Royal Australian Artillery were

emu-wren, any of the three species of the Australian genus Stipiturus, of the songbird family Maluridae. In these tiny birds the narrow, cocked tail consists of six wispy feathers—in quality, like the feathers of the emu. The most widespread species, the southern emu-wren (S. malachurus), is

emulsifier, in foods, any of numerous chemical additives that encourage the suspension of one liquid in another, as in the mixture of oil and water in margarine, shortening, ice cream, and salad dressing. A number of emulsifiers are derived from algae, among them algin, carrageenan, and agar.

emulsion, in physical chemistry, mixture of two or more liquids in which one is present as droplets, of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size, distributed throughout the other. Emulsions are formed from the component liquids either spontaneously or, more often, by mechanical means, such as

chemistry of industrial polymers: Emulsion polymerization: One of the most widely used methods of manufacturing vinyl polymers, emulsion polymerization involves formation of a stable emulsion (often referred to as a latex) of monomer in water using a soap or detergent as the emulsifying agent. Free-radical initiators, dissolved in the…

man-made fibre: Emulsion spinning: Some nonmelting and insoluble polymers can be ground to a finely divided powder, mixed into a solution of another polymer, and solution-spun to fibres. The soluble polymer can be removed by a solvent or by burning and the residual fibre collected. Such a…

Martin Buber: From mysticism to dialogue.: …by the Hebrew term for trust, emuna, spelling mutual confidence between God and man (I and Thou), and the other called by the Greek term for faith, pistis, spelling the belief in the factuality of crucial events in salvation history—e.g., Paul’s statements about Jesus’ life, death, and Resurrection. Judaism for…

Emydidae, family of hard-shelled turtles native to both the Old and New Worlds, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. The emydid turtles comprise more than 25 genera and 85 living species—roughly one-half of all the genera and one-third of all the species of turtles now living. With the exception

Emydidae, family of hard-shelled turtles native to both the Old and New Worlds, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. The emydid turtles comprise more than 25 genera and 85 living species—roughly one-half of all the genera and one-third of all the species of turtles now living. With the exception

sea snake: …primitive groups (genera Aipysurus and Emydocephalus) eat only fish eggs; Hydrophis specializes in burrowing eels.

Blanding’s turtle, (Emydoidea blandingii), freshwater turtle, family Emydidae, found in southern Canada and the north-central to northeastern United States. The upper shell (carapace) of Blanding’s turtle averages about 20 cm (8 inches) in length; it is smooth, rounded, and elongate with yellow

pond turtle: …turtle (Clemmys marmorata) and the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis).

endangered species: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: …generation times, or isolated habitats) Endangered (EN), species that possess a very high risk of extinction as a result of rapid population declines of 50 to more than 70 percent over the previous 10 years (or three generations), a current population size of fewer than 250 individuals, or other factors…

endangered species, any species that is at risk of extinction because of a sudden rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat. Biodiverse regions that require protection on the grounds that they host a significant number of endangered species are called hot spots. (Read E.O.

history of Mesopotamia: The Sumerians to the end of the Early Dynastic period: …the ruler’s special title was en. In later periods this word (etymology unknown), which is also found in divine names such as Enlil and Enki, has a predominantly religious connotation that is translated, for want of a better designation, as “en-priest, en-priestess.” En, as the ruler’s title, is encountered in…

Waiting for Godot, tragicomedy in two acts by Irish writer Samuel Beckett, published in 1952 in French as En attendant Godot and first produced in 1953. Waiting for Godot was a true innovation in drama and the Theatre of the Absurd’s first theatrical success. The play consists of conversations

Birgitta Trotzig: Her next novel, En berättelse från kusten (1961; “A Tale from the Coast”), is a legend about human suffering, set in Scania in the 15th century. Her later works include I kejsarens tid: Sagor (1975; “In the Time of the Emperor”); Berättelser (1977; “Stories”); and Dykungens dotter (1985),…

cabochon cut, method of cutting gemstones with a convex, rounded surface that is polished but unfaceted. Opaque, asteriated, iridescent, opalescent, or chatoyant stones are usually cut en cabochon. The back of a normal cabochon-cut stone is flat, but it may be hollowed to lighten the colour.

Ernesto Cardenal: Solentiname, visit to Cuba, and second conversion: …essays, and En Cuba (1972; In Cuba), recollections of his visit there in 1970, constitute his prose work. Volumes of his poetry have been translated into all the major European languages.

Sigurd Hoel: …En dag i oktober (1931; One Day in October), in which the inhabitants of an Oslo apartment building are deeply affected by the tragic life and death of a fellow lodger. In this novel Hoel made extended use of interior monologues. Hoel was a close friend of the Austrian psychologist…

Daniel François Malherbe: … (1933–37), a biblical trilogy; and En die wawiele rol (1945; “And the Wagon Wheels Roll On”), which describes the Great Trek. He served as professor of literature at the University of Bloemfontein (1922–42).

Carlos Germán Belli: …“Songs and Other Poems”) and En el restante tiempo terrenal (1988; “In the Remaining Time on Earth”), is more reflective and metaphysical in character, though still marked by the poet’s frustrated longing for some unattainable fulfillment.

ʿEn Gedi, oasis, archaeological site, and kibbutz (communal settlement) in southeastern Israel on the west bank of the Dead Sea. Because of its spring in an otherwise totally arid country, the site has been inhabited from remote antiquity. Excavations in the 1960s and early 1970s at an adjoining

Audrey Tautou: ) and En liberte! (2018; The Trouble with You), in which she played the wife of a man wrongfully imprisoned. She played a free-spirited hairdresser in The Jesus Rolls (2019), an adaptation of Les valseuses (1974; Going Places) that was a spin-off of the Coen brothers’ The Big Lebowski (1998).