Emporiae

…as Massilia (Marseille, France) and Emporion (Ampurias in northeastern Spain). When Phocaea was besieged by the Persians about 545 bce, most of the citizens chose emigration rather than submission. In 190 bce, allied with the Seleucids against Rome and Pergamum, the Phocaeans so savagely repelled the Roman forces that the…

…in the extreme northeast, at Emporion (Ampurias) and Rhode (Rosas). There was, however, an older Archaic Greek commerce in olive oil, perfumes, fine pottery, bronze jugs, armor, and figurines carried past the Strait of Gibraltar by the Phoenicians. It developed between 800 and 550 bce, peaking sharply from 600 to…

or Greek trading emporiums (Tarragona, Ampurias, and Málaga); and as Roman commercial centers along the Mediterranean coast or military and administrative centers in the north and west, at nodal points in the road system (Mérida, León, and Zaragoza [Saragossa]). Such towns were