Meister Eckhart was a Dominican theologian and writer who was the greatest German speculative mystic. In the transcripts of his sermons in German and Latin, he charts the course of union between the individual soul and God. Johannes Eckhart entered the Dominican order when he was 15 and studied in

Hugo Eckener was a German aeronautical engineer and commander of the first lighter-than-air aircraft to fly around the world. As a member of the firm operated by Ferdinand, Count von Zeppelin, Eckener helped to develop the rigid airships of the early 1900s. During World War I, Eckener trained

Johann Peter Eckermann was a German writer, chiefly remembered as the assistant and close associate of the aging author J.W. von Goethe; his Gespräche mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens, 1823–32, 3 vol. (1836–48; “Conversations with Goethe in the Last Years of His Life”), is comparable

arfvedsonite: …in the structure to form eckermannite. Both minerals characteristically occur as dark-green crystals in alkali igneous rocks and their associated pegmatites. For chemical formula and detailed physical properties, see amphibole (table).

Oakland Athletics: showcased slugger Mark McGwire, closer Dennis Eckersley, and stolen-base king Rickey Henderson, and they advanced to three consecutive World Series (1988–90), winning a Bay Area showdown in 1989 over the now San Francisco Giants. The late 1990s saw the Athletics turn to a new management strategy that focused on acquiring…

Japanese music: Religious and military music: …continued through his German successor, Franz Eckert. A court musician, Hayashi Hiromori (1831–96), is credited with the melody, which was given its premiere in 1880 and has remained the national anthem since that time. Hayashi first wrote it in traditional gagaku notation, and Eckert “corrected” it with Western harmonization, noting…

J. Presper Eckert was an American engineer and co-inventor of the first general-purpose electronic computer, a digital machine that was the prototype for most computers in use today. Eckert was educated at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Hanya Holm was a German-born American choreographer of modern dance and Broadway musicals. After early study at the Dalcroze institutes in Frankfurt am Main and Hellerau, she joined Mary Wigman’s Central Institute in Dresden and for several years was chief instructor there. She also danced in and

J. Presper Eckert was an American engineer and co-inventor of the first general-purpose electronic computer, a digital machine that was the prototype for most computers in use today. Eckert was educated at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Wallace J. Eckert was a U.S. astronomer. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University. He was one of the first to apply IBM punched-card equipment to the reduction of astronomical data and to describe planetary orbits numerically. As director of Columbia University’s Watson Scientific Computing

Wallace J. Eckert was a U.S. astronomer. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University. He was one of the first to apply IBM punched-card equipment to the reduction of astronomical data and to describe planetary orbits numerically. As director of Columbia University’s Watson Scientific Computing

baseball: The postwar period: Frick (1951–65), William D. Eckert (1965–69), Bowie Kuhn (1969–84), Peter Ueberroth (1984–89), A. Bartlett Giamatti (1989), Fay Vincent (1989–92), and Allan H. (“Bud”) Selig.

The Dark Knight: Premise and summary: …district attorney, Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart). The leaders of the mob meet to discuss how to respond to these various threats when the Joker crashes the gathering and offers to kill Batman for a price.

Meister Eckhart was a Dominican theologian and writer who was the greatest German speculative mystic. In the transcripts of his sermons in German and Latin, he charts the course of union between the individual soul and God. Johannes Eckhart entered the Dominican order when he was 15 and studied in

Meister Eckhart was a Dominican theologian and writer who was the greatest German speculative mystic. In the transcripts of his sermons in German and Latin, he charts the course of union between the individual soul and God. Johannes Eckhart entered the Dominican order when he was 15 and studied in

Joseph Hilarius Eckhel was an Austrian numismatist whose classification of coins by region, chronology, and type became the model and standard for later systems. Eckhel was educated at the Jesuit gymnasium in Vienna, where he had entered the Jesuit order at age 14. He taught grammar at various

Konrad Ekhof was an actor and director who, with Caroline Neuber and Friedrich Schröder, was a major influence in the development of a German theatrical tradition. In 1739 Ekhof became a member of the company managed by Johann Friedrich Schönemann, an association that extended over 17 years. Ekhof

Louis-Nicolas Davout, duke of Auerstedt was a French marshal who was one of the most distinguished of Napoleon’s field commanders. Born into the noble family of d’Avout, he was educated at the École Royale Militaire in Paris and entered Louis XVI’s service as a second lieutenant in 1788. Amid the

Billy Eckstine was an American singer and bandleader who achieved great personal success while fostering the careers of a number of younger jazz musicians. Eckstine left Howard University after winning an amateur contest in 1933 and began singing in nightclubs and with dance bands. From 1939 to

Billy Eckstine was an American singer and bandleader who achieved great personal success while fostering the careers of a number of younger jazz musicians. Eckstine left Howard University after winning an amateur contest in 1933 and began singing in nightclubs and with dance bands. From 1939 to

Fannie Pearson Hardy Eckstorm was an American writer and ornithologist whose extensive personal knowledge of her native Maine informed her authoritative publications on the history, wildlife, cultures, and lore of the region. Fannie Hardy was the daughter of a well-known fur trader, outdoorsman,

Negro league: The Negro National League and the Eastern Colored League: Foster was a visionary who dreamed that the champion of his Black major league would play the best of the white league clubs in an interracial world series. His original plan called for a Black major league in the Midwest with teams…

development theory: Dependency and world systems theories: …America (ECLA; today known as Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, ECLAC).

Pope Joan: …destroy the myth, in his Éclaircissement familier de la question: si une femme a été assise au siège papal de Rome (1647; “Familiar Enlightenment of the Question: Whether a Woman Has Been Seated on the Papal Throne in Rome”). According to one theory, the fable grew from widespread gossip concerning…

Dominique Rolin: …Corps (1969; “The Body”) and Les Eclairs (1971; “The Flashes”) Rolin investigates the time-space coordinates of self, body, and writing. Inspired by Franz Kafka, Lettre au vieil homme (1973; “Letter to the Old Man”) focuses on the father figure, a process repeated in Dulle Griet (1977), in which the father’s…

preeclampsia and eclampsia: Eclampsia, a more severe condition with convulsions, follows preeclampsia in about 5 percent of preeclamptic women and poses a serious threat to both mother and child.

eclecticism, (from Greek eklektikos, “selective”), in philosophy and theology, the practice of selecting doctrines from different systems of thought without adopting the whole parent system for each doctrine. It is distinct from syncretism—the attempt to reconcile or combine systems—inasmuch as it

psittaciform: Skin and plumage: One, the eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus), was for many years thought to be two separate species until it was noted that only males were known for the predominantly green “species” and only females for the wine-red “species.” The head is crested in a few parrots, especially among…

Robert Pattinson: Twilight and stardom: …as well: New Moon (2009), Eclipse (2010), Breaking Dawn—Part 1 (2011), and Breaking Dawn—Part 2 (2012). The movies became a major pop culture sensation, and Pattinson’s profile rose even further as his romantic relationship with his costar in the films, Kristen Stewart, was constantly publicized in the media. He received…

eclipse, in astronomy, complete or partial obscuring of a celestial body by another. An eclipse occurs when three celestial objects become aligned. From the perspective of a person on Earth, the Sun is eclipsed when the Moon comes between it and Earth, and the Moon is eclipsed when it moves into

Stephenie Meyer: Twilight and other works: In the third book, Eclipse (2007; film 2010), Bella must choose between Edward and Jacob, hoping all the while that she does not inflame an age-old conflict between vampires and werewolves. After only one day on bookstore shelves, Eclipse had sold 150,000 copies.

Walter Abish: …of narratives; and the novel Eclipse Fever (1993). Double Vision, a memoir, was published in 2004.

How to Watch an Eclipse Safely: …it directly only through special eclipse glasses or optical filters. These glasses or filters should conform to the ISO 12312-2 standard. Ordinary sunglasses should not be used, and you should never look directly at the Sun through binoculars or telescopes that do not have solar filters. The American Astronomical Society…

Bendix Corporation: …Bendix Corporation acquired control of Eclipse Machine Company, in Elmira, N.Y., which had been producing Vincent Bendix’s automotive starter since 1914. In 1929 the company turned to aviation products and changed its name to Bendix Aviation Corporation (not reverting to the name Bendix Corporation until 1960). From 1928 to 1948…

Ibn Miskawayh: Margoliouth, The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate, 1921), was noted for its use of all available sources and greatly stimulated the development of Islamic historiography.

anseriform: Life history: …lost, and a dull “eclipse” plumage, rather femalelike, is assumed before the simultaneous molt of the flight feathers. The resulting flightless condition lasts three or four weeks, during which the birds skulk in thick cover or remain on large bodies of water. In female ducks this wing molt is…

eclipse: Prediction and calculation of solar and lunar eclipses: This period is the eclipse season; it starts 19 days before the Sun passes through a lunar node and ends 19 days thereafter. There are two complete eclipse seasons, one at each node, during a calendar year. Because there is a new moon every month, at least one solar…

eclipse: Prediction and calculation of solar and lunar eclipses: …the nodes is termed an eclipse year, and, since the Moon’s node moves so as to meet the advancing Sun, this interval is about 18.6 days less than a tropical (or ordinary) year.

Lupita Nyong’o: Theater work: …in an Off-Broadway production of Eclipsed, a drama centering on the captive wives of a rebel leader during the Liberian civil war. In 2016 Nyong’o made her Broadway debut as the play moved to the John Golden Theatre, and she later earned a Tony Award nomination for her performance.

hydrocarbon: Three-dimensional structures: …with respect to the other—the eclipsed conformation is the least stable, and the staggered conformation is the most stable. The eclipsed conformation is said to suffer torsional strain because of repulsive forces between electron pairs in the C―H bonds of adjacent carbons. These repulsive forces are minimized in the staggered…

Eclipses are of two kinds: solar and lunar. Solar eclipses occur when the Moon comes between the Sun and Earth. Such eclipses are either total, when the Moon completely blocks the Sun; annular, when the Moon is far from Earth and so covers the central part of the Sun, allowing the narrow ring of

eclipsing variable star, pair of stars revolving about their common centre of mass in an orbit whose plane passes through or very near the Earth. An observer on the Earth thus sees one member of the binary pass periodically over the face of the other and diminish its light through an eclipse. The

eclipsing variable star, pair of stars revolving about their common centre of mass in an orbit whose plane passes through or very near the Earth. An observer on the Earth thus sees one member of the binary pass periodically over the face of the other and diminish its light through an eclipse. The

ecliptic, in astronomy, the great circle that is the apparent path of the Sun among the constellations in the course of a year; from another viewpoint, the projection on the celestial sphere of the orbit of Earth around the Sun. The constellations of the zodiac are arranged along the ecliptic. The

astronomical map: The ecliptic system: Celestial longitude and latitude are defined with respect to the ecliptic and ecliptic poles. Celestial longitude is measured eastward from the ascending intersection of the ecliptic with the equator, a position known as the “first point of Aries,” and the place of the…

astronomical map: The ecliptic system: Celestial longitude and latitude are defined with respect to the ecliptic and ecliptic poles. Celestial longitude is measured eastward from the ascending intersection of the ecliptic with the equator, a position known as the “first point of Aries,” and the place of the Sun at the time of…

astronomical map: The ecliptic system: Celestial longitude is measured eastward from the ascending intersection of the ecliptic with the equator, a position known as the “first point of Aries,” and the place of the Sun at the time of the vernal equinox about March 21. The first point of Aries…

astronomical map: The ecliptic system: Celestial longitude and latitude are defined with respect to the ecliptic and ecliptic poles. Celestial longitude is measured eastward from the ascending intersection of the ecliptic with the equator, a position known as the “first point of Aries,” and the place of the…

Alain Delon: …The Leopard) and Michelangelo Antonioni’s L’Eclisse (1962), as well as Mélodie en sous-sol (1963; “Basement Melody”; Any Number Can Win) and La Piscene (1969; The Swimming Pool).

Ecloga, (from Greek eklogē, “selection”), compilation of Byzantine law issued in 726 by Emperor Leo III the Isaurian in his name and that of his son Constantine. It is the most important Byzantine legal work following the 6th-century Code of Justinian. Leo issued the law code in Greek instead of

eclogite, any member of a small group of igneous and metamorphic rocks whose composition is similar to that of basalt. Eclogites consist primarily of green pyroxene (omphacite) and red garnet (pyrope), with small amounts of various other stable minerals—e.g., rutile. They are formed when volcanic

metamorphic rock: Eclogite facies: The eclogite facies was initially recognized in rocks only of basaltic composition, which are transformed at the pressure-temperature conditions of the eclogite facies into spectacular red and green rocks composed of the anhydrous mineral assemblage garnet plus omphacite. The garnet is rich in…

eclogue, a short pastoral poem, usually in dialogue, on the subject of rural life and the society of shepherds, depicting rural life as free from the complexity and corruption of more civilized life. The eclogue first appeared in the Idylls of the Greek poet Theocritus (c. 310–250 bc), generally

English literature: The transition from medieval to Renaissance: His Eclogues (c. 1515), drawn from 15th-century Italian humanist sources, was an early essay in the fashionable Renaissance genre of pastoral, while his rendering of Sebastian Brant’s Narrenschiff as The Ship of Fools (1509) is a thoroughly medieval satire on contemporary folly and corruption. The Pastime…

Corydon: …name appears notably in Virgil’s Eclogues, a collection of 10 unconnected pastoral poems composed between 42 and 37 bce. In the second eclogue, the shepherd Corydon bewails his unrequited love for the boy Alexis. In the seventh, Corydon and Thyrsis, two Arcadian herdsmen, engage in a singing match. The name…

Calpurnius Siculus: …poet, author of seven pastoral eclogues, probably written when Nero was emperor (ad 54–68).

Carolus Clusius was a Renaissance botanist who contributed to the establishment of modern botany in the 16th century. He was best known by the Latin version of his name, Carolus Clusius, rather than his French name, Charles de l’Escluse. He experimented with the cultivation of exotic plants, such

machine tool: Electrochemical machining (ECM): ECM resembles electroplating in reverse. In this process metal is dissolved from a workpiece with direct current at a controlled rate in an electrolytic cell. The workpiece serves as the anode and is separated by a gap of 0.001 to 0.030 inch (0.025…

cell: The extracellular matrix: A substantial part of tissues is the space outside of the cells, called the extracellular space. This is filled with a composite material, known as the extracellular matrix, composed of a gel in which a number of fibrous proteins are suspended. The gel…

electronic warfare: …falls under the category of electronic countermeasures (ECM), and eavesdropping on enemy communications, which is known as signals intelligence (SIGINT) gathering. The purpose of jamming is to limit an enemy’s ability to exchange information by overriding radio transmissions or by sending signals to prevent radar detection or convey false information.…

inflammatory bowel disease: …variation of a gene called ECM1 (extracellular matrix protein 1) has been linked to ulcerative colitis.

stock exchange: …Internet and the proliferation of electronic communications networks (ECNs) had allowed electronic trading, or e-trading, to alter the investment world. These computerized ECNs made it possible to match the orders of buyers and sellers of securities without the intervention of specialists or market makers. In a traditional full-service or discount…

Umberto Eco was an Italian literary critic, novelist, and semiotician (student of signs and symbols) best known for his novel Il nome della rosa (1980; The Name of the Rose). After receiving a Ph.D. from the University of Turin (1954), Eco worked as a cultural editor for Italian Radio-Television

Mark Burnett: First broadcast in 1995, the Eco-Challenge television series featured mixed-sex teams in arduous multisport competitions emphasizing esprit de corps and environmental consciousness. In 2000 Eco-Challenge: Morocco won a Sports Emmy and a Banff Rockie Award.

biocentrism: Challenges: …environmentalist perspective, identified as “ecocentrism” to distinguish it from biocentrism, holds that ecological collections such as ecosystems, habitats, species, and populations are the central objects for environmental concern. That more holistic approach typically concludes that preserving the integrity of ecosystems and the survival of species and populations is environmentally…

ecofeminism, branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature. Its name was coined by French feminist Françoise d’Eaubonne in 1974. Ecofeminism uses the basic feminist tenets of equality between genders, a revaluing of non-patriarchal or nonlinear structures, and a view of

human ear: Audiometry: …type of test is the electrocochleogram (ECoG). Electric potentials representing impulses in the cochlear nerve are recorded from the outer surface of the cochlea by means of a fine, insulated needle electrode inserted through the tympanic membrane to make contact with the promontory of the basal turn. This test provides…

biblical literature: The modern period: …Christianity), the Dominicans of the École Biblique et Archéologique (The School of the Bible and Archeology) in Jerusalem (to whom one must credit the Jerusalem Bible), and the Jesuits of the Pontifical Biblical Institute and others.

Isabelle Huppert: Versatility in the 1990s and 2000s: …L’École de la chair (1998; The School of Flesh).

drawing: Modern: …of the painters of the École de Paris (School of Paris), such as Pierre Soulages and Hans Hartung, who consider the line, the framework of lines, and the network of lines, as primary manifestations of form. Wols (Alfred Otto Wolfgang Schulze) and also the English artist Graham Sutherland may actually…

Domenico Angelo: …treatise, L’École des armes (1763; The School of Fencing), included colourful instructional sketches by London’s most accomplished illustrators; some historians have suggested that the chevalier d’Éon de Beaumont, who had joined Angelo in London, may have assisted with the French text. This work and its illustrations were considered so excellent…

diplomatics: Post-Renaissance scholarship: …was the founding of the École des Chartes (an institute for the training of French archivists) in Paris in 1821. During the next decades important collections of early-medieval French documents were printed in the Recueil des actes by a variety of eminent editors. But the greatest advances were made by…

The School for Wives, comedy in five acts by Molière, performed in 1662 and published in 1663 as L’École des femmes. The School for Wives presents a pedant, Arnolphe, so frightened of women that he decides to marry his ward, Agnès, a girl entirely unacquainted with the ways of the world. The

Étienne Gilson: …is L’École des muses (1951; The Choir of Muses), a study of writers whose works were inspired by love for a woman.

civil engineering: History: …which in 1747 grew the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (“National School of Bridges and Highways”). Its teachers wrote books that became standard works on the mechanics of materials, machines, and hydraulics, and leading British engineers learned French to read them. As design and calculation replaced experience-based rules of…

Delos: Since 1873 the École Française d’Athènes (“French School of Athens”) has been excavating the island, the complex of buildings of which compares with those of Delphi (Delfoí) and Olympia. Among Delos’s most noted sculptural artifacts are fragments of a colossal Apollo and nine marble lions. Four main groups…

Angkor: Archaeological interest and preservation issues: …École Française d’Extrême Orient (French School of the Far East), a group of French archaeologists and philologists initiated a comprehensive program of research, which yielded much of the knowledge now possessed about the history of the city and the sophisticated religious and political system that informed and guided its…

Canadian literature: The Montreal School, 1895–1935: By the end of the century, Montreal had become the province’s commercial metropolis, and the next literary movement was founded there by Jean Charbonneau and Louvigny de Montigny in 1895 with the École Littéraire de Montréal (Montreal Literary School). The society continued…

maternal school, a French school for children between two and six years old. Private schools for young children were founded in France around 1779, under the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Émile. The central government took over most of them in 1833 and named them maternal schools, hoping

Ange-Jacques Gabriel: …and the construction of the École Militaire (1750–68; Military Academy) in Paris. Gabriel provided virtually all of the royal residences with theatres, built pavilions and hermitages for some of them, and designed hunting lodges in the major royal forests. The magnificent Place Louis XV (now Place de la Concorde) in…

public administration: France: …up a special school, the École National d’Administration, for the training of senior civil servants. This school in particular has attracted worldwide attention for its ability to instill in its graduates both specialist and generalist skills.

civil engineering: History: …which in 1747 grew the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (“National School of Bridges and Highways”). Its teachers wrote books that became standard works on the mechanics of materials, machines, and hydraulics, and leading British engineers learned French to read them. As design and calculation replaced experience-based rules of…

École des Beaux-Arts, school of fine arts founded (as the Académie Royale d’Architecture) in Paris in 1671 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, minister of Louis XIV; it merged with the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (founded in 1648) in 1793. The school offered instruction in drawing, painting,

Emmanuel Lévinas: …taught in Paris at the École Normale Israelite Orientale (ENIO), a school for Jewish students, and the Alliance Israelite Universelle, which tried to build bridges between French and Jewish intellectual traditions. Serving as an officer in the French army at the outbreak of World War II, he was captured by…

normal school: …first schools so named, the École Normale Supérieure (“Normal Superior School”), was established in Paris in 1794. Based on various German exemplars, the school was intended to serve as a model for other teacher-training schools. Later it became affiliated with the University of Paris.

École Polytechnique, (French: “Polytechnic School”), engineering school located originally in Paris but, since 1976, in Palaiseau, Fr., and directed by the Ministry of Defense. It was established in 1794 by the National Convention as the École Centrale des Travaux Publics (“Central School of Public

Dominique Perrault: …mechanical engineering department at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland (2016), though there he used panels of metal screens that fold and unfold to temper sunlight. Meanwhile, he built Vienna’s tallest skyscraper, DC Tower 1 (2014), and refurbished the Longchamp racecourse, Paris (2017). He also repurposed the Poste…

education: Secondary education: …19th century, France instituted the écoles primaires supérieures, or “higher primary schools,” for those who did not go on to universities but who needed a better education than the primary schools could give. The curricula of these schools were somewhat more advanced than those of the primary schools; pupils remained…

Charles Maurras: …and later known as the école romane. The group favoured classical restraint and clarity over what they considered to be the vague, emotional character of Symbolist work. After the “Dreyfus affair,” which polarized French opinion of the right and left, Maurras became an ardent monarchist. In June 1899 he was…

Saint-Cyr, French national military academy at Coëtquidan, founded in Fontainebleau in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1808 Napoleon moved it to the town of Saint-Cyr-l’École near Versailles, on the site of a famous school founded in the 17th century by Madame de Maintenon, wife of Louis XIV. The

animal social behavior: A historical perspective on the study of social behavior: …peaked with the publication of Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds (1968). This work was one of the first major studies of social behavior to make extensive use of the comparative method, which attempts to understand how natural selection favors particular traits by comparing the ecology of related species.

anthropology: Environmental and ecological studies in anthropology: …the most famous works in ecological anthropology is Roy Rappaport’s study of the Tsembaga Maring of highland New Guinea. In it he argued that Tsembaga ritual regulated pig husbandry and the incidence of warfare and thereby responded to environmental “feedback” by adjusting human population densities, work effort, food production, and…

ecological footprint: Using the EF: …whether it is an “ecological debtor,” drawing on the ecological “capital” of other parts of the world. Per capita EFs show a wide divergence in the demands on nature from people in different societies, ranging from Qatar at the high end (13.1 gha/person) to Rwanda at the low end…

ecological disturbance, an event or force, of nonbiological or biological origin, that brings about mortality to organisms and changes in their spatial patterning in the ecosystems they inhabit. Disturbance plays a significant role in shaping the structure of individual populations and the

biosphere: Energy transfers and pyramids: …level to another is called ecological efficiency. On average it is estimated that there is only a 10 percent transfer of energy (Figure 2).

ecological fallacy, in epidemiology, failure in reasoning that arises when an inference is made about an individual based on aggregate data for a group. In ecological studies (observational studies of relationships between risk-modifying factors and health or other outcomes in populations), the

ecofeminism, branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature. Its name was coined by French feminist Françoise d’Eaubonne in 1974. Ecofeminism uses the basic feminist tenets of equality between genders, a revaluing of non-patriarchal or nonlinear structures, and a view of

ecological footprint (EF), measure of the demands made by a person or group of people on global natural resources. It has become one of the most widely used measures of humanity’s effect upon the environment and has been used to highlight both the apparent unsustainability of current practices and

Edmund Brisco Ford: …and developed the science of ecological genetics.

ecological fallacy, in epidemiology, failure in reasoning that arises when an inference is made about an individual based on aggregate data for a group. In ecological studies (observational studies of relationships between risk-modifying factors and health or other outcomes in populations), the