woolly opossum: Derby’s woolly opossum (Caluromys derbianus) is found in Mexico, in Central America, and along the Pacific slope of Colombia and Ecuador. The brown-eared woolly opossum (Caluromys lanatus) occurs from Colombia and Venezuela to Paraguay. The bare-tailed woolly opossum (Caluromys philander) occurs throughout northern and eastern…

woolly opossum: The brown-eared woolly opossum (Caluromys lanatus) occurs from Colombia and Venezuela to Paraguay. The bare-tailed woolly opossum (Caluromys philander) occurs throughout northern and eastern South America. All have large, nearly naked ears, a long prehensile tail, and either a median stripe on the face or bold…

woolly opossum: The bare-tailed woolly opossum (Caluromys philander) occurs throughout northern and eastern South America. All have large, nearly naked ears, a long prehensile tail, and either a median stripe on the face or bold markings on the back. The tail is not well furred in the bare-tailed…

woolly opossum: Woolly opossums include the black-shouldered opossum (Caluromysiops irrupta), the bushy-tailed opossum (Glironia venusta), and three species of true woolly opossums (genus Caluromys). The black-shouldered opossum is found only in southeastern Peru and adjacent Brazil. The bushy-tailed opossum is rare, known from only 25 specimens and a few records based…

Calusa, North American Indian tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida from Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys. According to some authorities their territory also extended inland as far as Lake Okeechobee. Their linguistic affiliation is not

Morris dance: …ball de bastons, and Romania’s călușari—a geographic distribution that some scholars suggest reflects a shared ancient European heritage.

nuclear weapon: Producing a controlled chain reaction: …mass spectrograph (later called a calutron), was exceeding expectations in separating uranium-235, and it was enlarged to a 10-calutron system capable of producing almost 3 grams (about 0.1 ounce) of uranium-235 per day.

Basse-Normandie: …the northwestern départements of Orne, Calvados, and Manche. The northern and western shores of the region are washed by the English Channel. In 2016 the Basse-Normandie région was joined with the région of Haute-Normandie to form the new administrative entity of Normandy.

Jacopo Bassano: …such frescolike canvases as his Calvary (c. 1538–40). About 1540, he was greatly influenced by the elegance of the Florentine and Roman Mannerists. He especially admired the graceful attenuation of Parmigianino’s figures, as can be seen in his “Adoration of the Shepherds.” But the robust modeling, vibrant colour, and thick…

Golgotha, (from Latin calva: “bald head” or “skull”), skull-shaped hill in ancient Jerusalem, the site of Jesus’ Crucifixion. It is referred to in all four Gospels (Matthew 27:33, Mark 15:22, Luke 23:33, and John 19:17). The hill of execution was outside the city walls of Jerusalem, apparently near

Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Indeed, the Rock of Calvary, where the Crucifixion is believed to have occurred, is encased in glass at the lavish Altar of the Crucifixion and is the most-visited area within the church. Whether it is the actual location, however, has been hotly debated. It cannot be determined…

Agaricales: Agaricaceae: Calvatia contains about 35 species, including the giant puffball (C. gigantea), which can be as large as 120 cm (4 feet) across.

basidiocarp: The largest basidiocarps include giant puffballs (Calvatia gigantea), which can be 1.6 m (5.25 feet) long, 1.35 m broad, and 24 cm (9.5 inches) high, and those of bracket fungi (Polyporus squamosus)—2 m in diameter. The smallest are single cells of the yeastlike Sporobolomyces.

Emma Calvé was a French operatic soprano famed for her performances in the title role of Georges Bizet’s Carmen. Calvé spent her early years in Spain. She studied principally under Mathilde Marchesi, one of the most influential voice teachers of the era. A fine actress, she trained herself by long

Calvert, county, south-central Maryland, U.S., consisting of a tidewater peninsula lying between the Patuxent River to the west and south and Chesapeake Bay to the east. Calvert Cliffs State Park towers over the bay, exposing fossils from the Miocene Epoch that are 15 to 20 million years old. The

physical culture: Weightlifting: …due to the efforts of Alan Calvert, a Philadelphia businessman who was inspired by Sandow’s performance at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Calvert virtually started the “iron game” (as lifting weighted objects came to be called after the invention of iron weights) by founding the Milo Barbell…

the Hollies: January 5, 2019), Bernie Calvert (b. September 16, 1943, Burnley), and Terry Sylvester (b. January 8, 1947, Liverpool, Merseyside).

American colonies: Founding of the middle colonies: His son, Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, almost immediately succeeded to the grant and resolved to establish a colony where his fellow Roman Catholics could find peace. Early in 1634 the first shipload of Roman Catholic settlers chose a site at St. Marys on a tributary of…

Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore was an English statesman who was commissioned governor of the American colony of Maryland in 1661 and succeeded as proprietor of the colony in 1675. Like his grandfather George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, Charles Calvert was a Roman Catholic, and anti-Catholic

Heinrich Schliemann: Youth and early career: …met with the English archaeologist Frank Calvert, Schliemann published his first archaeological book, Ithaka, der Peloponnes und Troja (“Ithaca, the Peloponnese, and Troy”). In that work he argued what he had been convinced of by Calvert (whose name he conveniently eliminated from the discussion): that Hisarlık, in Asia Minor, and…

Leonard Calvert was the first governor of Maryland colony. Leonard Calvert was the younger brother of Cecilius Calvert and the son of George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore. Upon George Calvert’s death in 1632, Cecilius inherited the family title and also became proprietor of the newly chartered Roman

George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore was an English statesman who projected the founding of the North American province of Maryland, in an effort to find a sanctuary for practicing Roman Catholics. Calvert was educated at Trinity College, Oxford (B.A., 1597), and became secretary to Robert Cecil,

Emma Calvé was a French operatic soprano famed for her performances in the title role of Georges Bizet’s Carmen. Calvé spent her early years in Spain. She studied principally under Mathilde Marchesi, one of the most influential voice teachers of the era. A fine actress, she trained herself by long

Calvin and Hobbes, American newspaper comic strip that ran from 1985 to 1995, chronicling the high jinks of Calvin, a six-year-old boy, and his pet tiger, Hobbes. Calvin and Hobbes was renowned for its vivid portrayal of a child’s imagination. In creating Calvin and Hobbes, cartoonist Bill

Grand Rapids: institutions include Davenport University (1866), Calvin College (1876), Aquinas College (1886), Grand Rapids Community College (1914), and Kendall College of Art and Design (1928). Grand Valley State University (1960) is centred in nearby Allendale, and six of the university’s professional colleges—those of business, community and public services, education, engineering and…

bacteria: Autotrophic metabolism: …the reductive pentose phosphate (Calvin) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the acetyl-CoA pathway. The Calvin cycle, elucidated by American biochemist Melvin Calvin, is the most widely distributed of these pathways, operating in plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria, and most aerobic lithoautotrophic bacteria. The key step in the Calvin

Carolyn Bessette Kennedy: Education and career: …a sales assistant at a Calvin Klein retail shop at the Chestnut Hill Mall near campus and did publicity and marketing for several Boston nightclubs.

Melvin Calvin: In 1942 Calvin married Genevieve Jemtegaard, with later Nobel chemistry laureate Glenn T. Seaborg as best man. The married couple collaborated on an interdisciplinary project to investigate the chemical factors in the Rh blood group system. Genevieve was a juvenile probation officer, but, according to Calvin’s autobiography, “she spent…

John Calvin was a theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. His interpretation of Christianity, advanced above all in his Institutio Christianae religionis (1536 but

John Calvin was a theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. His interpretation of Christianity, advanced above all in his Institutio Christianae religionis (1536 but

Melvin Calvin was an American biochemist who received the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the chemical pathways of photosynthesis. Calvin was the son of immigrant parents. His father was from Kalvaria, Lithuania, so the Ellis Island immigration authorities renamed him Calvin;

bacteria: Autotrophic metabolism: …the reductive pentose phosphate (Calvin) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the acetyl-CoA pathway. The Calvin cycle, elucidated by American biochemist Melvin Calvin, is the most widely distributed of these pathways, operating in plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria, and most aerobic lithoautotrophic bacteria. The key step in the Calvin

glacier: Ablation: …evaporation, wind erosion (deflation), iceberg calving, and the melting of the bottom surfaces of floating ice shelves by warmer seawater.

livestock farming: Beef cattle management: Calving of beef cows is arranged to occur in the spring months to take advantage of the large supplies of cheap and high-quality pasture forages. Fall calving is less common and occurs generally in regions where winters are moderate and supplies of pasture forage are…

Calvinism , the theology advanced by John Calvin, a Protestant reformer in the 16th century, and its development by his followers. The term also refers to doctrines and practices derived from the works of Calvin and his followers that are characteristic of the Reformed churches. The Calvinist form

Presbyterian Church of Wales, church that developed out of the Methodist revivals in Wales in the 18th century. The early leaders were Howel Harris, a layman who became an itinerant preacher after a religious experience of conversion in 1735, and Daniel Rowlands, an Anglican curate in Cardiganshire

Italo Calvino was an Italian journalist, short-story writer, and novelist whose whimsical and imaginative fables made him one of the most important Italian fiction writers in the 20th century. Calvino left Cuba for Italy in his youth. He joined the Italian Resistance during World War II and after

Calvo Doctrine, a body of international rules regulating the jurisdiction of governments over aliens and the scope of their protection by their home states, as well as the use of force in collecting indemnities. The doctrine was advanced by the Argentine diplomat and legal scholar Carlos Calvo, in

Rafael Calvo Serer was a Spanish intellectual and vehement apologist for General Francisco Franco’s regime until the 1950s when he switched his allegiance to exiled pretender Don Juan de Bórbon. Calvo Serer taught history at the University of Madrid. As a youth he joined the powerful Roman Catholic

José María Gil Robles: …eclipsed there by the monarchist José Calvo Sotelo. He was an intended victim of the plot responsible for Calvo Sotelo’s murder (July 1936). Soon after the outbreak of the civil war, he went to Lisbon to set up a mission with Nicolás Franco for the purchase of arms for the…

Gaius Licinius Calvus was a Roman poet and orator who, as a poet, followed his friend Catullus in style and choice of subjects. Calvus was a son of the annalist Gaius Licinius Macer. As an orator he was the leader of a group who opposed the florid Asiatic school, taking the simplest Attic orators

phlogiston: …metal was converted to its calx, or metallic ash (its oxide, in modern terms), phlogiston was lost. Therefore, metals were composed of calx and phlogiston. The function of air was merely to carry away the liberated phlogiston.

Laurales: Other families: The members of Calycanthaceae differ from most of the other families in Laurales in having seeds with a large embryo and little if any endosperm at maturity. Except for Idiospermum, the leaves of Calycanthaceae species tend to be thinner and softer than other members of Laurales because they…

sweet shrub, (genus Calycanthus), genus of small ornamental trees in the family Calycanthaceae, native to North America. They are sometimes cultivated as ornamentals for their aromatic bark and sweet-scented flowers in temperate areas. Sweet shrub leaves are opposite, simple, and smooth-margined.

allspice: Other plants known as allspice: …of the sweet shrubs, the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), a handsome flowering shrub native to the southeastern United States and often cultivated in England. Other allspice varieties include the Japanese allspice (Chimonanthus praecox), native to eastern Asia and planted as an ornamental in England and the United States, and the…

sweet shrub: …allspice or California spicebush (C. occidentalis), is from northern California and has dark reddish brown flowers. Chinese sweet shrub was formerly included in the genus but is now listed as Sinocalycanthus chinensis by most authorities.

Calyceraceae, family of small and economically unimportant dicotyledonous flowering plants containing six genera (Boöpis, Calycera, Acicarpha, Acarpha, Gamocarpha, and Moschopsis) with 60 species distributed in Central and South America. One species (Acicarpha tribuloides) occurs as a roadside weed

renal pelvis: …has roughly cuplike extensions, called calyces, within the kidney—these are cavities in which urine collects before it flows on into the urinary bladder.

Calydon, ancient Aetolian town in Greece, located on the Euenus (Évinos) River about 6 miles (9.5 km) east of modern Mesolóngion. According to tradition, the town was founded by Calydon, son of Aetolus; Meleager and other heroes hunted the Calydonian boar there (see Meleager); and Calydonians

Meleager: …mythology, the leader of the Calydonian boar hunt. The Iliad relates how Meleager’s father, King Oeneus of Calydon, had omitted to sacrifice to Artemis, who sent a wild boar to ravage the country. Meleager collected a band of heroes to hunt it, and he eventually killed it himself. The Calydonians…

Calymene, genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) dating from the Ordovician Period (505 to 438 million years ago). Well known in the fossil record, Calymene remains have been found in which impressions or actual remains of appendages are preserved. Calymene and its close relative Flexicalymene

granuloma inguinale: …bacilli called Donovan bodies (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) occur in smears from the lesions or in biopsy material and are thought to be the cause of the disease. Granuloma inguinale is treated with streptomycin or with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Jacques Cousteau: …a British minesweeper into the Calypso, an oceanographic research ship, aboard which he and his crew carried out numerous expeditions. Cousteau eventually popularized oceanographic research and the sport of scuba diving in the book Le Monde du silence (1953; The Silent World), written with Frédéric Dumas. In 1956 he adapted…

Saturn: Orbital and rotational dynamics: …Tethys’s two co-orbiters, Telesto and Calypso, are located at the stable Lagrangian points along Tethys’s orbit, leading and following Tethys by 60°, respectively, analogous to the Trojan asteroids in Jupiter’s orbit. Dione’s Trojan-like companions, Helene and Polydeuces, lead and follow it by 60°, respectively, on average.

calypso, a type of folk song primarily from Trinidad though sung elsewhere in the southern and eastern Caribbean islands. The subject of a calypso text, usually witty and satiric, is a local and topical event of political and social import, and the tone is one of allusion, mockery, and double

David Sedaris: In the essay collection Calypso (2018), Sedaris wrote about family, aging, and loss. The Best of Me (2020) is a compilation of previously published works. After A Carnival of Snackery: Diaries 2003–2020 (2021), he released Happy-Go-Lucky (2022), a volume of personal essays. In 2026 he followed up with the…

Calypso, in Greek mythology, a nymph of the mythical island of Ogygia. In Homer’s Odyssey she entertained the Greek hero Odysseus for seven years, but she could not overcome his longing for home even by promising him immortality. According to Hesiod’s Theogony, she bore Odysseus twin sons,

fairy slipper, (Calypso bulbosa), terrestrial orchid (family Orchidaceae) native to North America and Eurasia. The fairy slipper thrives in cool coniferous forests and bogs and requires specific mycorrhizal fungi to survive. The plant is the only species in its genus. The fairy slipper is a small

Alan Arkin: …in the low-budget beach movie Calypso Heat Wave (1957). Arkin had a small singing part in 1958 in an Off-Broadway production of Heloise before joining the Compass Players improv troupe in St. Louis, Missouri. From there he joined the new Second City improv group in Chicago, and it was there…

fairy slipper, (Calypso bulbosa), terrestrial orchid (family Orchidaceae) native to North America and Eurasia. The fairy slipper thrives in cool coniferous forests and bogs and requires specific mycorrhizal fungi to survive. The plant is the only species in its genus. The fairy slipper is a small

hummingbird: Natural history: The smallest hummingbird species, the bee hummingbird (Mellisuga, sometimes Calypte, helenae) of Cuba and the Isle of Pines, measures slightly more than 5.5 cm (2.2 inches), of which the bill and tail make up about half. Weighing about 2 g, this species is the smallest living bird and ranks with…

broadbill: …represented by the 15-cm (6-inch) lesser green broadbill (Calyptomena viridis), of Malaysia; it is green, with a stubby tail and a puff of feathers over its bill.

bryophyte: Reproduction and life cycle: …a protective structure, called the calyptra, that sheathes the growing embryo.

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Calyptraeacea Cap shells (Capulidae) and slipper shells (Calyptraeidae) are limpets with irregularly shaped shells with a small internal cup or shelf; many species show sex reversal, becoming males early in life, then changing into females during old age; common on rocks and clamshells and in…

gastropod: Classification: … (Capulidae) and slipper shells (Calyptraeidae) are limpets with irregularly shaped shells with a small internal cup or shelf; many species show sex reversal, becoming males early in life, then changing into females during old age; common on rocks and clamshells and in dead large snail shells in most oceans.…

Diptera: Annotated classification: Section Calyptrata Characterized by large squamae (calypters that join base of wing to thorax); Scatophagidae are transitional. Family Scatophagidae (dung flies) Live around dung, other decaying materials; many also predacious as larvae and as adults. Family Muscidae (housefly and allies)

angiosperm: Roots: …of meristematic cells called the calyptrogen. Root hairs also begin to develop as simple extensions of protodermal cells near the root apex. They greatly increase the surface area of the root and facilitate the absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

palm: Ecology: …have been found to pollinate Calyptrogyne in Costa Rica.

entoproct, any member of the phylum Entoprocta, a group of aquatic invertebrate animals composed of about 150 species and subdivided into four families. Entoprocts occur throughout the world, primarily in marine habitats, although one genus, Urnatella, is a freshwater form. Entoprocts may either

bindweed: Bellbine, or hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium), native to Eurasia and North America, bears arrow-shaped leaves and white to pink 5-cm (2-inch) flowers. This twining perennial grows from creeping underground stems and is common in hedges and woods and along roadsides. Its range tends to coincide…

bindweed: Seashore false bindweed (Calystegia soldanella), with fleshy kidney-shaped leaves and deep pink 5-cm blooms, creeps along European seaside sand and gravel.

renal pelvis: …has roughly cuplike extensions, called calyces, within the kidney—these are cavities in which urine collects before it flows on into the urinary bladder.

calyx, the usually green outer whorl of a flower consisting of separate or fused sepals. The calyx serves primarily to protect the developing flower bud and, in some cases, to support the flower once it has bloomed. In some species, the calyx persists even when the fruit matures, as seen in

krater: …well above the rim; the calyx krater, the shape of which spreads out like the cup or calyx of a flower; and the column krater, with columnar handles rising from the shoulder to a flat, projecting lip rim.

Ranieri Calzabigi was an Italian poet, librettist, and music theorist who exerted an important influence on Christoph Willibald Gluck’s reforms in opera. During the 1750s, Calzabigi formed an association with Pietro Metastasio, the most important librettist for serious opera and oratorio in the

Joe Calzaghe is a Welsh professional boxer. At the start of the 21st century, he ranked as the longest-reigning champion in professional boxing history, with an undefeated record in both the super middleweight and light heavyweight categories. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.)

calzone, a half-moon pocket of pizza or bread dough that is stuffed with typical pizza toppings—such as cheese, meat, and vegetables—and often served with marinara sauce. It originated in Naples—calzone means “trouser” in Italian—but has become popular across the globe, with many regional

automation: Computer-integrated manufacturing: Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) involves the use of computer systems to assist in the planning, control, and management of production operations. This is accomplished by either direct or indirect connections between the computer and production operations. In the case of the direct connection, the computer is…

agave: Physical description: …a photosynthetic pathway known as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), in which carbon dioxide is fixed at night to limit the amount of water lost from the leaf stomata.

cam, machine component that either rotates or moves back and forth (reciprocates) to create a prescribed motion in a contacting element known as a follower. The shape of the contacting surface of the cam is determined by the prescribed motion and the profile of the follower; the latter is usually

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), any of various approaches intended to improve or maintain human health that are not part of standard medical care, also known as conventional, or Western, medicine. The various approaches of CAM typically are used in a manner that is complementary to

Gerald Maurice Edelman: …1975 he discovered substances called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which “glue” cells together to form tissues. Edelman found that, as the brain develops, CAMs bind neurons together to form the brain’s basic circuitry. His work led to the construction of a general theory of brain development and function called neuronal…

gasoline engine: Valves, pushrods, and rocker arms: The hydraulic lifter comprises a cam follower that is moved up and down by contact with the cam profile, and an inner bore into which the valve lifter is closely fitted and retained by a spring clip. The valve lifter, in turn, is a cup closed at the top by…

Cam Ranh: Cam Lam (Ba Ngoi), on the western shore of the bay, was the area’s major port and naval base during French colonial days. The U.S. military intervention in South Vietnam in 1965 created new installations and airfields, many of them at Cam Ranh. Pop. (1999)…

Cam Ranh Bay: …off the tip of Point Cam Linh, offers some protection to ships at anchor, but the 1-mile- (1.6-kilometre-) wide strait that opens into the inner bay of Cam Linh provides year-round protection from monsoons and typhoons. On the western shore of Cam Linh is the site of the former French…

pump: Positive displacement pumps.: …gear, lobe, screw, vane, and cam pumps.

Cam Ranh, city, southeastern Vietnam. It is situated on a peninsula enclosing Cam Ranh Bay, an inlet of the South China Sea. Cam Lam (Ba Ngoi), on the western shore of the bay, was the area’s major port and naval base during French colonial days. The U.S. military intervention in South Vietnam in

Cam Ranh Bay, a two-part deepwater inlet on the South China Sea, south-central Vietnam. It is approximately 20 miles (32 km) long from north to south and up to 10 miles (16 km) wide. It has been called the finest deepwater shelter in Southeast Asia. The Binh Ba Bay, or outer bay, with Binh Ba

Diogo Cão was a Portuguese navigator and explorer. Cão was the first European to discover the mouth of the Congo River (August 1482). There he set up a stone pillar to mark Portuguese overlordship of the area. Sailing a short way upstream, he found that the inhabitants along the banks appeared

Cambridge: During the medieval period the River Cam was heavily used for water transport, the local wharfing facilities (which have gradually disappeared) being in heavy demand during the annual period of Stourbridge Fair. Today the Cam is extensively used for pleasure boating, punting, and canoeing.

Bhikaiji Cama was an Indian political activist and advocate for women’s rights who had the unique distinction of unfurling the first version of the Indian national flag—a tricolor of green, saffron, and red stripes—at the International Socialist Congress held at Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907. Born to

Bhikaiji Cama was an Indian political activist and advocate for women’s rights who had the unique distinction of unfurling the first version of the Indian national flag—a tricolor of green, saffron, and red stripes—at the International Socialist Congress held at Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907. Born to

Bhikaiji Cama was an Indian political activist and advocate for women’s rights who had the unique distinction of unfurling the first version of the Indian national flag—a tricolor of green, saffron, and red stripes—at the International Socialist Congress held at Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907. Born to

Manuel Ávila Camacho was a soldier and moderate statesman whose presidency (1940–46) saw a consolidation of the social reforms of the Mexican Revolution and the beginning of an unprecedented period of friendship with the United States. Ávila Camacho joined the army of Venustiano Carranza in 1914

gastropod: Classification: Land snails without (Oreohelicidae and Camaenidae) or with (Bradybaenidae, Helminthoglyptidae, and Helicidae) accessory glands on the genitalia; dominant land snails in most regions, including the edible snails of Europe (Helicidae).

Camagüey, city, capital of Camagüey provincia (province), east-central Cuba. It is situated on the San Pedro River, about 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Florida. The city was founded in 1514 as Santa María del Puerto del Príncipe (also called Puerto Príncipe), at the site of present-day Nuevitas,

camaieu, painting technique by which an image is executed either entirely in shades or tints of a single colour or in several hues unnatural to the object, figure, or scene represented. When a picture is monochromatically rendered in gray, it is called grisaille; when in yellow, cirage. Originating

camaieu, painting technique by which an image is executed either entirely in shades or tints of a single colour or in several hues unnatural to the object, figure, or scene represented. When a picture is monochromatically rendered in gray, it is called grisaille; when in yellow, cirage. Originating

Camaldolese, an independent offshoot of the Benedictine order, founded about 1012 at Camaldoli near Arezzo, Italy, by St. Romuald as part of the monastic-reform movement of the 11th and 12th centuries. The order combined the solitary life of the hermit with an austere form of the common life of the

Ambrose Of Camaldoli was a Humanist, ecclesiastic, and patristic translator who helped effect the brief reunion of the Eastern and Western churches in the 15th century. He entered the Camaldolese Order in 1400 at Florence, where, over a period of 30 years, he mastered Latin and particularly Greek,