Cyriacus of Ancona was an Italian merchant and Humanist whose writings, based on topographical observations and antiquarian findings relating to ancient Greek civilization, proved useful for later archaeological surveys and classical scholarship. Travelling extensively in southern Italy, Greece,

boojum tree, (Fouquieria columnaris), unusual flowering tree (family Fouquieriaceae) endemic to the deserts of Baja California and a small area of Sonora, Mexico. Fancifully, it resembles a slender upside-down carrot, up to 15 metres (50 feet) tall and covered with spiny twigs that bear yellowish

Belém: …the host of the annual Círio de Nazaré, one of the world’s largest celebrations honouring the Virgin Mary, who, as the Virgin of Nazaré, is the patron saint of Pará. The highlight of the 15-day festival occurs on the second Sunday of October, when the city welcomes more than one…

Battle of the Maritsa River, (September 26, 1371), Ottoman Turk victory over Serbian forces that allowed the Turks to extend their control over southern Serbia and Macedonia. After the Ottoman sultan Murad I (reigned 1360–89) advanced into Thrace, conquered Adrianople, and thereby gained control of

Battle of the Maritsa River, (September 26, 1371), Ottoman Turk victory over Serbian forces that allowed the Turks to extend their control over southern Serbia and Macedonia. After the Ottoman sultan Murad I (reigned 1360–89) advanced into Thrace, conquered Adrianople, and thereby gained control of

cirque, (French: “circle”), amphitheatre-shaped basin with precipitous walls, at the head of a glacial valley. It generally results from erosion beneath the bergschrund of a glacier. A bergschrund is a large crevasse that lies a short distance from the exposed rock walls and separates the

Gavarnie-Gèdre: The Cirque de Gavarnie, about 2.5 miles (4 km) south of the village, is described by the 19th-century French writer Victor Hugo as “a mountain and a wall at the same time…the colosseum of nature.” From its floor, glacially eroded rock walls rise to about 5,000…

Salma Hayek: …Bardem and Scarlett Johansson; and Cirque du Freak: The Vampire’s Assistant (2009).

circus: History: …of companies such as the Cirque du Soleil. Such companies employ no animals in their performances and instead emphasize traditional acts of human skill and daring; in addition, contemporary music and dance are integrated into the production. Performances are often given on traditional proscenium stages rather than in circus rings.…

glacier: Classification of mountain glaciers: Cirque glaciers, short and wide, are confined to cirques, or amphitheatres, cut in the mountain landscape. Other types include transection glaciers or ice fields, which fill systems of valleys, and glaciers in special situations, such as summit glaciers, hanging glaciers, ice aprons, crater glaciers, and…

Torngat Mountains: …5,500 feet (1,700 m) at Cirque Mountain (the highest point in Newfoundland) near Ramah, the range is the loftiest in the Canadian Shield (the rocky, glaciated plateau of eastern Canada). Severely glaciated, the peaks rise abruptly from the sea, have a rugged fjord coastline, and are virtually without vegetation or…

Antonio Franconi: He subsequently built the Cirque Olympique de Franconi, management of which he transferred, in 1805, to his sons Henri and Laurent, who likewise gained reputations as notable circus men. His youngest son, Victor, established the first open-air hippodrome in Paris, where he developed a flamboyant circus that especially influenced…

cephalopod: Annotated classification: Suborder Cirrata (Cirromorpha) Holocene; soft-bodied, deep-webbed forms with cirri on arms and small to large paddle-shaped fins; primarily deep-sea. Suborder Incirrata (common octopus) Holocene; compact, saccular to round bodied, finless forms with muscular, contractile arms; somewhat secretive; pelagic to deep-sea and shallow

annelid: Annotated classification: Order Cirratulida Sedentary; prostomium pointed and without appendages; 1 or more pairs of tentacular cirri arising from dorsal surface of anterior segments; gills, if present, long and slender, inserted above parapodia; size, minute to 20 cm; examples of genera: Cirratulus, Cirriformia. Order

annelid: Annotated classification: …20 cm; examples of genera: Cirratulus, Cirriformia. Order Cossurida No prostomial appendages; a single median tentacle arises from the dorsum between segments 2 and 6; parapodia biramous with weakly developed lobes; all setae simple; size, usually less than 2 cm; Cossura. Order

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Cirrhitidae (hawkfishes) Small, colourful perchlike fishes having lower rays of pectoral fins unbranched, thick-ended, and separate from one another; small flag of skin projects from tip of each spine of dorsal fin; about 35 species; shallow coastal waters in warm seas. Families Chironemidae, Aplodactylidae, Cheilodactylidae, and…

carpet shark: Taxonomy and notable characteristics: …throat of the aptly named barbelthroat carpet shark (Cirrhoscyllium expolitum).

cirrhosis, irreversible change in the normal liver tissue that results in the degeneration of functioning liver cells and their replacement with fibrous connective tissue. Cirrhosis can have a number of causes; the term is applied whenever the end result is scarring of the liver. Laënnec, or

barnacle: …of food by means of cirri—feathery retractile organs formed by metamorphosis of certain of their swimming legs.

annelid: Annotated classification: …cm; examples of genera: Cirratulus, Cirriformia. Order Cossurida No prostomial appendages; a single median tentacle arises from the dorsum between segments 2 and 6; parapodia biramous with weakly developed lobes; all setae simple; size, usually less than 2 cm; Cossura. Order Opheliida

cirripede, any of the marine crustaceans of the infraclass Cirripedia (subphylum Crustacea). The best known are the barnacles. Adult cirripedes other than barnacles are internal parasites of marine invertebrates such as crabs, jellyfish, and starfish, and have no common name. Nearly 1,000 cirripede

cirripede, any of the marine crustaceans of the infraclass Cirripedia (subphylum Crustacea). The best known are the barnacles. Adult cirripedes other than barnacles are internal parasites of marine invertebrates such as crabs, jellyfish, and starfish, and have no common name. Nearly 1,000 cirripede

cloud: …to 16,500 feet), are cirrus, cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus. Middle clouds, 7 to 2 km (23,000 to 6,500 feet), are altocumulus and altostratus. Low clouds, 2 to 0 km (6,500 to 0 feet), are stratocumulus, stratus, and nimbostratus. A cloud that extends through all three heights is called a

cephalopod: Annotated classification: Suborder Cirrata (Cirromorpha) Holocene; soft-bodied, deep-webbed forms with cirri on arms and small to large paddle-shaped fins; primarily deep-sea. Suborder Incirrata (common octopus) Holocene; compact, saccular to round bodied, finless forms with muscular, contractile arms; somewhat secretive; pelagic to deep-sea and shallow

atmosphere: Cloud formation within the troposphere: …the upper troposphere, the terms cirrostratus and cirrus are used. The cirrus cloud type refers to thin, often wispy, cirrostratus clouds. Stratiform clouds that both extend through a large fraction of the troposphere and precipitate are called nimbostratus.

barnacle: …of food by means of cirri—feathery retractile organs formed by metamorphosis of certain of their swimming legs.

ciliate: …may form limblike tufts called cirri. Most ciliates have a flexible pellicle and contractile vacuoles, and many contain toxicysts or other trichocysts, small organelles with thread- or thorn-like structures that can be discharged for anchorage, for defense, or for capturing prey.

contrail: …to form a layer of cirrus cloud. On rare occasions, when the air is nearly saturated with water vapor, air circulation at the wing tips of an airplane may cause sufficient pressure and temperature reductions to cause cloud streamers to form.

thistle: >Cirsium, Carduus, Echinops, Sonchus, and other plant genera of the family Asteraceae. The word thistle most often refers to prickly leaved species of Carduus and Cirsium, which have dense heads of small, usually pink or purple flowers. Plants of the genus Carduus, sometimes called plumeless…

thistle: Canadian thistle (Cirsium arvense) is a troublesome weed in agricultural areas of North America, and more than 10 species of sow thistle (Sonchus) are widespread throughout Europe. Some species of globe thistle (Echinops) are cultivated as ornamentals. The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland.

Constantine, city, northeast Algeria. A natural fortress, the city occupies a rocky diamond-shaped plateau that is surrounded, except at the southwest, by a precipitous gorge through the eastern side of which flows the Rhumel River. The plateau is 2,130 feet (650 metres) above sea level and from

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), free association of sovereign states that was formed in 1991 by Russia and 11 other republics that were formerly part of the Soviet Union. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) had its origins on December 8, 1991, when the elected leaders of Russia,

Golgi apparatus: Structure: …are known generally as “cis” (cisternae nearest the endoplasmic reticulum), “medial” (central layers of cisternae), and “trans” (cisternae farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum). Two networks, the cis Golgi network and the trans Golgi network, which are made up of the outermost cisternae at the cis and trans faces, are…

isomerism: Cis and trans forms: For example, cis- and trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopropane are stereoisomers. (In the figure below, “bp” stands for “boiling point.”)

polyisoprene: Cis-1,4 polyisoprene: Natural rubber consists almost exclusively of the cis-1,4 polymer, which is produced in the milky latex of certain plants—most notably the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). The uniqueness of natural rubber lies in its physical properties of extensibility and toughness, summarized by its ability…

isomerism: Cis and trans forms: Consider the possible isomers of cis- and trans-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane. If one methyl group is in the lower-energy equatorial position, then the cis compound, with both methyl groups on the same side of the ring, can be made only by placing the second methyl group in the higher-energy axial position. In constructing…

isomerism: Cis and trans forms: They are traditionally called cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene or, in slightly more modern terms, (Z)- and (E)-2-butene. The Z and E stand for the German words for “together” (zusammen) and “apart” (entgegen). In principle, cis- and trans-2-butene are conformational isomers; in theory, they could be interconverted by a simple rotation…

fat: Functions in plants and animals: …acids—omega-6 linoleic acid and omega-3 linolenic acid. These fatty acids are described as essential because they cannot be synthesized in the body and therefore must be supplied in the diet since. Moreover, without them, physical symptoms of essential-fatty-acid deficiency manifest, typically in the form of skin lesions, scaliness, poor hair…

fat: Functions in plants and animals: …of the essential fatty acids—omega-6 linoleic acid and omega-3 linolenic acid. These fatty acids are described as essential because they cannot be synthesized in the body and therefore must be supplied in the diet since. Moreover, without them, physical symptoms of essential-fatty-acid deficiency manifest, typically in the form of skin…

oleic acid, the most widely distributed of all the fatty acids, apparently occurring to some extent in all oils and fats. In oils such as olive, palm, peanut, and sunflower, it is the principal acid obtained by saponification. Oleic acid, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H, like other fatty acids, does not

maleic acid, unsaturated organic dibasic acid, used in making polyesters for fibre-reinforced laminated moldings and paint vehicles, and in the manufacture of fumaric acid and many other chemical products. Maleic acid and its anhydride are prepared industrially by the catalytic oxidation of

Cis-Sutlej states, Indian principalities, mostly Sikh, that became important in the early 19th century when their fate was in the balance between the British on the one hand and Ranjit Singh of the Sikhs on the other. They were called Cis- (Latin: “On This Side [of]”) Sutlej by the British because

fat and oil processing: Isomerization reactions: …of natural oils has the cis configuration, in which hydrogen atoms lie on one side of a plane cutting through the double bond and alkyl groups lie on the other side. During hydrogenation some of the unsaturation is converted to the trans configuration, with like groups on opposite sides of…

complementation test, in genetics, test for determining whether two mutations associated with a specific phenotype represent two different forms of the same gene (alleles) or are variations of two different genes. The complementation test is relevant for recessive traits (traits normally not

Ural Mountains: Geology: …descends in terraces to the Cis-Ural depression (west of the Urals), to which much of the eroded matter was carried during the late Paleozoic (about 300 million years ago). Found there are widespread karst (a starkly eroded limestone region) and gypsum, with large caverns and subterranean streams. On the eastern…

Cisalpine Gaul, in ancient Roman times, the part of northern Italy between the Apennines and the Alps settled by Celtic tribes. Rome conquered the Celts between 224 and 220 bce, extending its northeastern frontier to the Julian Alps. When Hannibal invaded Italy in 218 bce, the Celts joined his

Cisalpine Republic, republic formed by General Napoleon Bonaparte in June 1797 in conquered territories centred in the Po River valley of northern Italy. Its territory first embraced Lombardy, then extended to Emilia, Modena, and Bologna (collectively known for some months previously as the

RISC: In contrast, CISC chips have a large, complex resident instruction set. Therefore, they typically process complex codes more quickly. RISC chips must break the complicated code down into simpler units before they can execute it. Furthermore, software developed for use with RISC computer systems must provide a…

Caucasus: …the Greater Caucasus is called Ciscaucasia (Predkavkazye, or “Hither Caucasia”) and that south of it is Transcaucasia (Zakavkazye, or “Farther Caucasia”). The whole region, which has an area of 170,000 square miles (440,000 square km), is nevertheless predominantly mountainous. It extends southward from the lowlands of the Kuma and Manych…

golden hamster: …eastern Romania and Bulgaria; the Ciscaucasian hamster (M. raddei) inhabits the steppes along the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains.

cisco, herringlike type of whitefish

Duncan Renaldo: …the popular western television series The Cisco Kid (1951–56).

Irving Cummings: …he reteamed with Baxter on The Cisco Kid. Other notable films from this period include the crime dramas Man Against Woman (1932) and The Night Club Lady (1932).

Cisco Systems, American technology company, operating worldwide, that is best known for its computer networking products. As a company that sold its products mostly to other businesses, Cisco did not become a household name, but in the second decade of the 21st century it was one of the largest

Zoom: While a vice president at Webex by Cisco, Yuan proposed modernizing the company’s videoconferencing software. When his idea was rejected by his superiors, Yuan left, taking with him 40 other engineers to start a new business, Saasbee, in 2011. The new company operated on an initial investment of $3 million…

cisgender, term used in reference to persons whose gender identity corresponds with their sex assigned at birth. The prefix cis is derived from Latin and means “on this side of” or “on the same side as.” The concept of cisgender de-emphasizes the notion that aligning with one’s sex at birth is the

China: 6th millennium bce: The Cishan potters (southern Hebei) employed more cord-marked decoration and made a greater variety of forms, including basins, cups, serving stands, and pot supports. The discovery of two pottery models of silkworm chrysalides and 70 shuttlelike objects at a 6th-millennium-bce site at Nanyangzhuang (southern Hebei) suggests…

Ciskei, former republic (though never internationally recognized as such) and Bantustan that was inhabited principally by Xhosa-speaking people in Southern Africa. It bordered the Indian Ocean on the southeast and was bounded by the Republic of South Africa on the southwest, northwest, and

Italian Confederation of Workers’ Unions, Italy’s second largest trade union federation. The CISL was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Free General Italian Confederation of Labour (Libera Confederazione Generale Italiana dei Lavoratori) and the Italian Federation of Labour (Federazione Italiana

Pedro Calderón de la Barca: Aesthetic milieu and achievement: …of His Own Dishonor) and La cisma de Ingalaterra (c. 1627; “The Schism of England”) are masterly examples of this technique, in which poetic imagery, characters, and action are subtly interconnected by dominant symbols that elucidate the significance of the theme. Although rhetorical devices typical of the Spanish Baroque style…

Swan Islands, two islets (Greater and Lesser Swan) in the Caribbean Sea, 97 miles (156 km) north of Honduras. Discovered by Christopher Columbus on St. Anne’s feast day in 1502, they were named Islas Santa Ana. The islands, only 1.6 square miles (4 square km) in area, served as a pirate haunt from

Henry Cisneros is an American politician who, as mayor of San Antonio (1981–89), was the first Latino to serve as mayor of a major U.S. city in the 20th century and who served as secretary of housing and urban development (1993–97) under U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton. Cisneros graduated from Texas A&M

Sandra Cisneros is an American novelist, short-story writer, memoirist, and poet best known for her groundbreaking evocation of Mexican American life in Chicago, in particular in her 1983 novella The House on Mango Street. Cisneros’s father, Alfredo Cisneros del Moral, was a Mexican immigrant who

Río de Oro: Its principal town, Al-Dakhla (formerly Villa Cisneros), has a small port and must rely on imported drinking water. The Portuguese called the narrow inlet of the Atlantic Ocean at Al-Dakhla the Rio do Ouro (“River of Gold”), because the local inhabitants traded the gold dust of western Africa.…

Cispadane Republic, state formed in December 1796 by General Napoleon Bonaparte out of the merger of the duchies of Reggio and Modena and the legate states of Bologna and Ferrara. By the Treaty of Tolentino (Feb. 19, 1797), the pope also ceded Romagna to the republic. Deputies from the constituent

cisplatin, widely used platinum-containing anticancer drug. Cisplatin is one of the earliest examples of a successful metal-based anticancer agent. Since its clinical introduction in the 1970s, it has been a cornerstone of cancer treatment, particularly for testicular cancer, ovarian cancer,

Mali: 2012 coup and warfare in the north: …Keïta and former finance minister Soumaïla Cissé, faced each other in a second round of voting, held on August 11. Keïta was victorious, winning almost 78 percent of the vote, and Cissé conceded defeat. Traoré handed power over to Keïta, who was sworn in on September 4, 2013.

Cissus, genus of about 350 species of tropical and subtropical, chiefly woody vines of the grape family (Vitaceae). The leaves are often fleshy and somewhat succulent. The species C. incisa, commonly known as ivy treebine, marine ivy, or grape ivy, is native to the southern and south-central United

Cissus: incisa, commonly known as ivy treebine, marine ivy, or grape ivy, is native to the southern and south-central United States. It grows up to 9 m (30 feet) long and has compound leaves with three leaflets. The black fruit is about 2 cm (0.78 inch) in diameter. C. sicyoides,…

Cissus: sicyoides, known as waterwithe treebine or princess vine, is native from southern Florida to tropical America and is especially noted for its abundance of long, slender aerial roots.

cist, prehistoric European coffin containing a body or ashes, usually made of stone or a hollowed-out tree; also, a storage place for sacred objects. “Cist” has also been used in a more general sense to refer to the stone burial place itself, usually built in the form of a dolmen, with several

Malvales: Malvaceae, Cistaceae, and Muntingiaceae: Cistaceae, or the rock rose family, contains 8 genera and 175 species, which are commonly found in temperate or warm temperate areas, especially the Mediterranean region. Among the major genera in the family, Helianthemum (80–110 species) grows from Europe and North Africa to Central Asia…

Cistercian, member of a Roman Catholic monastic order that was founded in 1098 and named after the original establishment at Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium), a locality in Burgundy, near Dijon, France. The order’s founders, led by St. Robert of Molesme, were a group of Benedictine monks from the abbey

Cistercian style, architecture of the Cistercian monastic order in the 12th century. The order was an austere community characterized by devotion to humility and to rigid discipline. Unlike most orders of the period, under which the arts flourished, the Cistercians exercised severe restrictions on

Cistercian ware, lead-glazed English earthenware of the 16th century. Fragments of dark-red, hard earthenware with a black or iron-brown metallic-appearing glaze were designated Cistercian because they were excavated at Yorkshire Cistercian abbeys; the pottery predates the dissolution of the

Cistercian, member of a Roman Catholic monastic order that was founded in 1098 and named after the original establishment at Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium), a locality in Burgundy, near Dijon, France. The order’s founders, led by St. Robert of Molesme, were a group of Benedictine monks from the abbey

Trappist, member of the reformed branch of Roman Catholic Cistercians founded by Armand-Jean Le Bouthillier de Rancé in France in 1664. The order follows the Rule of St. Benedict and consist of both monks and nuns; the nuns are known as Trappistines. To generate income, most Trappist monasteries

Cîteaux, village, site of a famous abbey in Côte-d’Or département, Burgundy région, France, south of Dijon. Founded in 1098 by St. Robert, abbot of Molesme, the abbey, largely through the activities of the 12th-century churchman and mystic St. Bernard of Clairvaux, became the headquarters of the

Western painting: France: At Cîteaux the early manuscripts show evidence of strong Norman and English influence in their decoration and a satirical delight in observation (as in Gregory the Great’s Moralia in Job, 1111). Later, in a group of manuscripts of the second quarter of the century, the illustrations…

Western architecture: The early Byzantine period (330–726): Also distinctive were the underground cisterns, of which more than 30 are known in Constantinople today. They all took on the same character, with strong outer walls and roofs of small domes supported on tall columns. Some are of great size, some comparatively small. In some, like the great Basilica…

Western architecture: The early Byzantine period (330–726): …like the even more impressive Binbirdirek (Thousand and One Columns) cistern, new columns of unusually tall and slender proportions and new capitals of cubic form were designed specially. These cisterns assured an adequate supply of water even when the aqueducts that fed the city were cut by an attacking enemy.…

Golgi apparatus: …of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell

human nervous system: Medulla oblongata: …cerebral aqueduct passes into the cisterna magna, a subarachnoid space surrounding the medulla and the cerebellum, via openings in the lateral recesses in the midline of the ventricle.

Golgi apparatus: …of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell

Golgi apparatus: Models of protein movement: In contrast, the cisternal maturation model depicts the Golgi apparatus as a far more dynamic organelle than does the vesicular transport model. The cisternal maturation model indicates that cis cisternae move forward and mature into trans cisternae, with new cis cisternae forming from the fusion of vesicles at…

thermionic power converter: Development of thermionic devices: …early as the mid-18th century, Charles François de Cisternay Du Fay, a French chemist, noted that electricity may be conducted in the gaseous matter—that is to say, plasma—adjacent to a red-hot body. In 1853 the French physicist Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel reported that only a few volts were required to drive electric…

cisticola, any of about 75 species of the genus Cisticola, belonging to the Old World warbler family, Sylviidae. Some classifications group these species into their own family, the Cisticolidae. They occur in grasslands, thorny scrub, and marshes, most numerously in Africa but also across southern

cisticola: Like most cisticolas it makes a domed nest. The most common species from India to the Philippines and Australia is C. exilis, often called tailorbird, because it sews green leaves into its nest.

cisticola: …most widespread example is the zitting cisticola, or common fantail warbler (C. juncidis), a reddish brown, streaky bird, 11 cm (4.5 inches) long, found from Europe and Africa to Japan and Australia. Like most cisticolas it makes a domed nest. The most common species from India to the Philippines and…

Chistopol, city and administrative centre, Chistopol rayon (sector), Tatarstan, west-central Russia. Formed in 1781 when the village of Chistoye Pole became the town of Chistopol, it is today a port along a large reservoir on the Kama River, just above its confluence with the Volga. The city’s main

Seymour Benzer: …genes and coined the term cistron to denote functional subunits of genes. He also did much to elucidate the nature of genetic anomalies, called nonsense mutations, in terms of the nucleotide sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the “gene substance,” and discovered a reversal, or suppression, of these mutations in certain…

rock rose, (Cistus), any of a genus of 18 species of low to medium-sized shrubs, in the rock rose family (Cistaceae), native to the Mediterranean region and long known to horticulture. There are a number of garden hybrids useful in warm areas (mostly including C. ladanifer as one of the parents),

rock rose, (Cistus), any of a genus of 18 species of low to medium-sized shrubs, in the rock rose family (Cistaceae), native to the Mediterranean region and long known to horticulture. There are a number of garden hybrids useful in warm areas (mostly including C. ladanifer as one of the parents),

rock rose: …in warm areas (mostly including C. ladanifer as one of the parents), where they are often grown in rock gardens. The large flowers are single and roselike, in white, pink, or rosy-purple, often with a yellowish or dark blotch at the base of the petals. The foliage is scented, often…

Chita, former oblast (region), far eastern Russia. In 2008 it merged with Agin Buryat autonomous okrug (district) to form Zabaykalye kray

Chita, city and administrative centre of the former Chita oblast (region), far eastern Russia. In 2008 Chita region merged with Agin-Buryat autonomous okrug (district) to form Zabaykalsky kray (territory). The city lies at the confluence of the Chita and Ingoda rivers. It was founded in 1653 as a

Atom Egoyan: Egoyan also directed the documentary Citadel (2006), which follows his wife, actress Arsinée Khanjian, as she returns to her homeland of Lebanon for the first time in 28 years.

citadel, fortified structure that is often located within a city or town. While designed to protect or subjugate social groups, citadels often played a significant role in shaping culture. The word is from the Latin civitas ( “citizenship,” “the state,” or “city”) via the Italian cittadella (“small

Teotihuacán: …of the avenue lies the Ciudadela (“Citadel”), a large square courtyard covering 38 acres (15 hectares). Within the Citadel stands the Temple of Quetzalcóatl (the Feathered Serpent) in the form of a truncated pyramid; projecting from its ornately decorated walls are numerous stone heads of the deity. The temple walls…

Budapest: Buda: At the top stands the Citadel (Citadella)—built by the Austrian army in the mid-19th century in order to keep watch over the town—which serves today as a hotel and restaurant and doubles on St. Stephen’s Day (August 20) as the stage for a splendid fireworks display. The Liberation Statue near…